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By the late 1800s, factories were making goods across much of Western Europe. The growth of industry helped lead to a new economic system, capitalism. In the system, individuals own most businesses and resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit.

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A big step toward manufactured clothing came in 1769. That year, an Englishman, named Richard Arkwright invented a water-powered spinning machine. Called a water frame, this machine could produce dozens of threads at one time. In contrast, a person using a traditional spinning wheel could produce only one thread a time.

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In the early 1700s people made cloth by hand. They used spinning wheels to make thread and looms to weave it into cloth. Given the time and effort this took, it is not surprising that people would want a way to make cloth quickly.

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Jethro Tull and his invention the Seed Drill

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Jethro Tull and his invention the Seed Drill

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Farmers began to experiment with new methods. They also began improving farm technology. Englishmen Jethro Tull, for example, invented a seed drill. This device made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows and at certain depths. As a result, more seeds grew into plants.

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They made most of the items they needed by hand. For power, they used animals or water or their own muscles. Then around the mid-1700s, everything changed. People began inventing machines to make goods an supply power. These machines completely changed the way people across Europe worked and lived. We call this period of rapid growth in machine-made goods the Industrial Revolution.

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In 1775 the protest turned to violence, starting the Revolutionary War. Colonial leaders, influenced by the ideas of Locke and Rousseau, claimed Great Britain had denied their rights. In July 1776 they signed the the Declaration of Independence. Largely written by Thomas Jefferson, this document declared the American colonies' independence form Britain. A new nation, the United States of America, was born.

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He said that the government should express the will, or desire, of the people. According to him, citizens give the government the power to make and enforce laws. But if these laws do not serve the people, the government should give up its power.

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This English philosopher, had a major influence on Enlightenment thinking about the role of the government. He thought there should be a contract between the government and the people. A contract bonds both sides, so it would limit the ruler's power. He also believed the people had certain natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property. If a ruler didn't protect these natural rights, people had the right to change the ruler.

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Some people began using reason, these people hoped to solve problems such as poverty and war. They believed the use of reason could achieve three great goals-knowledge, freedom, and happiness-and thereby improve society.The use of reason in shaping people's ideas about society and politics defined a period called the Enlightenment. Because of its focus on reason, this period was known as the Age of Reason.

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He hoped to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. The voyage was long and difficult, but he finally reached land after several months at sea. He landed on an island in what is now the Bahamas.

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Before the 1500's, most educated people who studied the world relied on authorities such as ancient Greek writers and church officials. People thought these authorities could tell them all they needed to know. Between about 1540 and 1700, though, European views about how to study the world changed. This Widespread change in views was part of the Scientific Revolution, the series of events that led to the birth of Modern Day Science.

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Many Catholic officials wanted to reform the church as well. As part of the Catholic Reformation church leaders began focusing more on spiritual concerns and less on political power. To tell people about the changes, church leaders sent priest and teachers all over Europe. Church leaders also worked to spread Catholic teachings into Asia, Africa, and other parts of the world.

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He was a German monk and one of the first people to express a protest against the Catholic Church. His protest angered church officials, who soon expelled him from the church and in response, his followers formed a separate church called Protestants. Others who followed him began creating churches of their own as well.

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He drew sketches of many devices and made really great art and he excelled in many areas. He was not only a great painter and sculptor but also an architect, scientists, and engineer. He collected knowledge about the human body.

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It lasted from 1350 to the 1500's. Renaissance is French for "rebirth". The people who named this period believed it represented a new beginning, or rebirth, in Europe's history and culture because they started learning and reading.