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I graduated with my Bachelor of Science in Multidisciplinary Studies with a certification in ESL from Texas Tech University. I have also taught 4th grade writing, 3rd grade self-contained, and 3rd grade math. As I prepare to complete my time at Angelo State University with a Masters of Education in Student Development and Leadership in Higher Education, I hope to become a field placement advisor working with future student teachers as they prepare for their journey in education.

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Top 5 According to a Current Professional

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Top 5 According to a Current Professional

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For my interview, I discussed current laws and policy associated with student teachers and their field placements with Lori Herron, a field placement advisor at Angelo State University.

#1 For any student participating in their initial observations or student teaching practicums with the College of Education, field placement advisors are held to Texas Education Agency (TEA) requirements such as providing the number of hours each student is required to obtain in order to be qualified upon graduation.

#2 All students who are entering their 14 week practicum must join a professional organization such as Texas Classroom Teacher's Association (TCTA) or Association of Texas Professional Educators (ATPE) for liability insurance as a protection to the student while working with children.

#3 Field placement advisors must also be knowledgeable of the
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) when working with their student teachers. Academic expectations and responsibilities transfer from the parent to the student, so unless a student grants their parental guardians permission to access their educational files, advisors are unable to provide information.

#4 Field placement advisors are also held accountable to follow Texas Administrative Code Rule 247.2 Code of Ethics and Standard Practices for Texas Educators which is dissected into three parts. Those sections address general ethical conduct, practices and performances, ethical conduct towards colleagues, and ethical conduct towards students.

#5 Practicum students are provided with a session on internet professionalism. In a day in age where technology and social media is at everybody's finger tips, students are informed on the dangers as well as professional repercussions of posting their students on any form of social media. Students who do post information or pictures are subject to immediate removal from their field experience.

(L. Herron, personal communications, June 7, 2018).

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Inside Higher Ed: Sexual Assault on Campus

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Inside Higher Ed: Sexual Assault on Campus

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There have been many articles, news stories, and interviews flooding many media outlets relating to the #MeToo era. As I began exploring Inside Higher Ed, there were several articles discussing the severity of sexual assault on campus and the lack of reporting by administration. There are two main reasons why sexual assault may not be prevented. According to Greg Toppo (2018) fear of bad publicity and reputation when sexual assault takes place on campus as well as the the belief that sexual assault will absolutely not take place on campus because the staff that has been hired is professional are two issues presidents of universities seem to struggle with daily.

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When horrific, large-scale cases of sexual abuse emerged at Pennsylvania State University in 2011 and more recently at Michigan State University, higher education leaders expressed shock and vowed that such abuses would never happen again.

Then last month, it happened again. The Los Angeles Times reported on a University of Southern California gynecologist accused of decades of "serial misconduct" at a student health clinic, accusations now being investigated by police.

In each of the abuse cases, critics say key leaders failed to act on abuse reports until it was too late and dozens or even hundreds of victims came forward. How could the complaints fall through the cracks?

In several recent cases, presidents who mishandled abuse cases made one key error, said Susan Resneck Pierce, president emerita of the University of Puget Sound, who now serves as a consultant to presidents and trustees. She said they hadn't created a campus culture in which it was expected that they'd be informed of allegations of inappropriate behavior.

"I don't care how large the institution is," said Pierce, an Inside Higher Ed columnist and author of the 2011 book On Being Presidential: A Guide for College and University Leaders. "I fervently believe that presidents share the responsibility with their boards for the health and integrity of the institution and all of its aspects. They not only need to understand that, but it needs to be understood on campus."

In cases where presidents know about misbehavior but don't act, she said, fears of bad publicity often drive inaction. But she noted that in many cases, "The cover-up creates more negative publicity than actually acting on an original allegation would have done."

At Penn State, Michigan State and USC, anger at senior administrators has been mostly focused on the abuse cases discovered after someone should have recognized and reported the problem.

After the Times last month detailed nearly three decades of complaints at USC against George Tyndall, more than 400 people contacted a USC hotline with reports that he photographed patients' genitals, touched women inappropriately and made "suggestive and sometimes crude remarks about their bodies." Tyndall has denied wrongdoing and told the Times that his exams were thorough but medically appropriate.

The scandal cost USC president C. L. Max Nikias his job, which he'd held since 2010.

The Tyndall revelations came a year after the Times reported on drug and alcohol abuse by Dr. Carmen A. Puliafito, the onetime dean of USC's medical school who reportedly led "a second life of partying with young criminals and addicts." Puliafito's replacement, Rohit Varma, resigned amid allegations that he sexually harassed a colleague in 2002.

USC says Nikias first learned of the allegations against Tyndall in the fall of 2017, but the Times reported that Tyndall was the subject of staff and patient complaints stretching back decades. The university barred him from treating patients only after a nurse reported him to the campus rape crisis center. An investigation found that Tyndall had sexually harassed students and performed pelvic exams that departed from "current medical standards," but USC agreed to allow him to resign with a financial payout. It also didn't report him to the Medical Board of California or tell his former patients, but later acknowledged that it should have.

At least 20 plaintiffs have filed civil lawsuits against USC and Tyndall, the Times reported. The Los Angeles Police Department has also opened an investigation.

Laura L. Dunn, a Washington lawyer who specializes in campus sexual assault cases, said a kind of "institutional loyalty" often blinds presidents to lurking potential dangers.

"There really is a sense of some people that there's no way anyone on their campus could do harm," she said. "Their campus is a great place and a great culture, and they don't leave the possibility there might be a bad egg in the mix. And there always can be."

Too often, Dunn said, because colleges and universities don't anticipate that there could be "a serious predator" on campus, they don't establish chains of communication that could handle the problem quickly and appropriately. "And that really is a failure at the top."

Peter McDonough, general counsel of the American Council on Education, said that once university leaders hear about abuse claims, they must ask themselves whether the cases are truly one-time events or an indicator of more criminal behavior on campus.

"Do you really press as to whether it's more likely that it's the tip of an iceberg?" he said. "Maybe you do. Do you really, really press as to whether it's indicative of a cultural or operational problem that has a much larger scale to it?"

If anything, McDonough and others said, college presidents suffer from the opposite problem: they tend to view their campuses as better prepared for such crises than others.

While it measures a slightly different phenomenon, an ACE survey released last April found that 55 percent of presidents said staff and administrators at other institutions were "good" or "very good" at seeking out and listening to differing viewpoints; 73 percent said the same of their own staff and administrators.

The problem affects most organizations, said McDonough, not just colleges and universities. He noted that the top commander of the U.S. Navy's Seventh Fleet lost his job last year after a pair of collisions involving the destroyers Fitzgerald and John S. McCain cost the lives of 17 sailors.

"I kept thinking, 'How likely is it that he was actually responsible for those accidents?'" said McDonough. "'Was it something about the culture, or was it something about the priorities that caused some slippage in focus on safety?'"

A review last December found that the collisions were the result of an "over-bureaucratized" Navy with "misaligned authorities, complicated command and control responsibilities, and diffuse accountability structures."

McDonough said the coffee chain Starbucks offers a more helpful leadership model. After police in Philadelphia arrested two 23-year-old African-American businessmen who were sitting in a Starbucks shop in April, the company could have simply "refocused" that location's staff on customer service without bias. Instead, "They shut down all of the stores in America, basically. The leadership there said, 'We are not going to presume this is an isolated situation or issue.'"

Just as importantly, he said, Starbucks executives took a larger view of the incident. "They were recognizing that whatever they thought was probably less relevant than what the world thought."

But unlike Starbucks, he said, college and university presidents can't easily make big, sweeping decisions, since faculty are, in essence, running their portion of the institution, with students and donors keeping an eye on the process.

"It's not a pyramid in which the president can decree to two people who report to her what is going to happen, and then they decree down, and it happens," he said. "A president, at some level, needs to be in a negotiation with constituencies on campus in a way that corporate leaders are never in negotiations with constituencies." Public institutions have even more players, he said, including lawmakers and taxpayers.

In large colleges and universities, where the president is, for instance, a political scientist by training, he will naturally rely on the dean of the medical school to evaluate serious issues there and bring them to his attention only when necessary.

Before he became president at USC, Nikias was an engineering professor. Graham Spanier, Penn State's former president, was a well-known professor of human development and family studies, sociology, demography, and family and community medicine.

"The larger the institution, the more likely that you are counting on people who run the sections of it, what we might call the silos, to frankly only bring to you something that demands your attention," McDonough said. "Because a president's time is a zero-sum game."

Pierce, the former University of Puget Sound president, said presidents of any background -- historians or poets or engineers -- must still be held accountable for what happens. "I was an English major," she joked. "If you're going to be a college president, you really should understand, in at least broad strokes, what is permissible and what's not and what's expected of you in your role as president."

That includes familiarity with the law. "And there are pretty clearly established laws about the requirement that any allegation of sexual harassment must be investigated."

Similarly, the president of a large university like Michigan State or USC can't make an excuse about layers of bureaucracy between them and the department where abuse took place.

"In a larger institution, there are more layers of people with various responsibilities below the president than on a small campus," Pierce said. "Nevertheless, the principle is still the same: the buck stops here. It is the president's responsibility."

All the same, she cautioned that it's difficult for most of us to fully understand exactly how most college presidents handle misbehavior, since in most instances the investigations and their results are behind a wall of legal silence.

"We're looking at it through only a partial lens, because so much of what is happening is governed by confidentiality," she said. "So we don't know about the cases where things have been handled effectively and legally."

But Pierce said college and university leaders who handle such cases well have a few things in common. They have clearly articulated procedures for reporting abuse or harassment. "And you can't just send those out in one email."

Students and staff know where to go and whom they can tell when they suspect abuse, she said. "And I feel strongly that there have to be multiple people across campus who are trained to receive those complaints and who are identified" as such. "There is often a good deal of discomfort that people who want to make an allegation have about going forward, so you want to give them a number of options."

Then, she said, "You need to make it very clear what your policies are forbidding retaliation."

Dunn, the D.C. attorney, agreed. "As the leader, as the president, you really do have to have foresight. There may be emergencies on your campus. There may be active shooters. There may be serial predators. You have to prepare for the worst even if you expect the best."

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Why do campus abuse cases keep falling through the cracks?

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When horrific, large-scale cases of sexual abuse emerged at Pennsylvania State University in 2011 and more recently at Michigan State University, higher education leaders expressed shock and vowed that such abuses would never happen again. Then last month, it happened again.

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Inside Higher Ed: Sexual Assault on Campus Continued

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Inside Higher Ed: Sexual Assault on Campus Continued

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Continuing with the topic of sexual assault on campus, it is evident that student affairs professionals must be knowledgeable and experienced with legal issues regarding assault on campus as well as how to intervene when rape survivors come forth with reports of abuse. Unfortunately, The Associate Vice President of Student Affairs and Dean of Students, Matthew Park, at Midwestern State University (MSU) was unaware of these concepts when he addressed his students and colleagues at a forum for campus safety with a derogatory comment on sexual assault following spring break week (Bauer-wolf, 2018).

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Students at Midwestern State University in Texas are fuming over administrators' response to campus sexual misconduct and a joke about sexual assault made by the dean of students.

At a forum on campus safety this week, Matthew Park, the associate vice president for student affairs and dean of students, welcomed the crowd of students and faculty members back from the recent spring break.

"Starting off with sexual misconduct," he said, "I hope that we don't see another increase in reports as a result of last week's activity," referring to spring break. He then laughed.

His comments were captured in a video that was posted by local news media and to Twitter.

Park until recently also handled the university's Title IX-related cases, but those duties were partially removed after his comments, said a university spokeswoman, Julie Gaynor. Administrators at Midwestern State, an institution of about 6,000 students, "wear many hats" because of its size, but it is now seeking a full-time director for Title IX cases, Gaynor said. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the federal law that prohibits gender discrimination, requiring institutions to investigate allegations of rape and other sexual misconduct on college campuses.

Gaynor said Park's comments were not appropriate. She described a moment in the forum when an attendee asked Park if his joke was appropriate, and he immediately gave a "sincere apology," Gaynor said.

The local press, the Times Record News, documented that exchange. Park, according to the newspaper, said, "Thank you for calling me out because I know I'm not perfect as well. So thank you."

Park did not respond to a request for comment.

In part, the forum was organized in response to a digital campaign that emerged last month, #ComplicitMSU. An anonymous Twitter account with the same name was launched and has posted about the university's failings around sexual assault and retweeted others who have done the same.

In a six-minute YouTube clip created by #ComplicitMSU, a student says another male student has been allowed to remain on campus despite having at least five no-contact orders in place because of complaints against him.

Gaynor said she could not confirm those accusations.

In interviews, students and a professor said that the administration has handled the issue of sexual assault callously. And that was before the dean made a joke about sexual assault at a forum about sexual assault.

A professor, who asked for anonymity to be candid in criticizing university leaders, said he was baffled by administrators' lack of response on sexual assault. Other faculty members haven't discussed this issue much, the professor said, but students have started rallying and speaking up more.

Some students have feared talking about this more publicly because they fear retaliation by the administrators, the professor said.

"There's outright anger expressed by a majority of the students," he said. "They just felt otherworldly in a way. They want to know, why is this happening? Why do you not care, how can you not care about this issue?"

Ashlee Fandrich, a senior at Midwestern State, penned a lengthy blog post about the hashtag and the experiences she and her friends have had with preventing campus sexual assault.

Fandrich, on her blog, describes how a friend who was raped did not want to report because she felt the university would do little to help.

In an interview, Fandrich said she's attended the university for two years and only once remembers administrators publicizing any steps they took to reduce sexual assault. Now, she can't walk down a hallway without hearing about the problems plaguing the university and #ComplicitMSU.

She did not attend the forum, but said it was poorly advertised and scheduled at an inconvenient time of day -- 3 p.m. on a Monday, when many students would be in classes. Gaynor said a little more than 150 people attended the forum, a mixture of students, professors and staffers.

Fandrich said she would tell administrators to take people seriously when they say sexual assault is a problem on campus.

"I wish they would listen and try to take what their students are saying to them to heart," she said.

Jaylon Williams, secretary of the student government association and a resident assistant of three years, attended the forum and walked away feeling that "it was just for show."

Williams said residents of the university feel like nothing is accomplished on sexual harassment because incidents are reported to the resident assistants, who then tell administrators, with no results.

"Now they are scrambling to cover themselves to get things together," Williams said. "We have the processes in the place, we have the policies, it's just our administrators are not on top of anything."

Gaynor outlined new measures the university is creating following the forum. She said some of these steps were already in the works, but have been accelerated. The university alerted students to these changes Thursday.

Among some of the changes are:

Beginning Monday, students involved in sexual misconduct cases will be assigned a case manager, who will keep them up to date on the status of investigations and more.

A sexual assault response team has been created to help coordinate resources for survivors of sexual assault, with the involvement of both the health and counseling centers on campus.

A position dedicated to handling Title IX and the Clery Act (which requires colleges to report certain crimes to the federal government), with an intended hiring date of midsummer.

The university was "aware" of the problems related to sexual assault on campus, Gaynor said. But administrators did not know about "the emotion" behind these issues and how needed changes were. She said the forum was "eye-opening."

"This has been a difficult and unfortunate situation," she said. "My heart really hurts and so we are trying to respond as quickly as we can with the concerns."

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Midwestern State's handling of sexual assault cases under fire

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Students at Midwestern State University in Texas are fuming over administrators' response to campus sexual misconduct and a joke about sexual assault made by the dean of students. At a forum on campus safety this week, Matthew Park, the associate vice president for student affairs and dean of students, welcomed the crowd of students and faculty members back from the recent spring break.

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Legal and Ethical Issue of Interest: Gun Violence on Campus 

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Legal and Ethical Issue of Interest: Gun Violence on Campus 

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I share with great sadness that gun violence in both public schools and universities nation wide is nothing out of the ordinary in recent years. Being currently employed as an  elementary educator and hopes of working with young adults as they begin their student teaching placements, the severe issue of gun violence and campus carry laws is one of great interest to me. It is important for me to be informed of current policies as well as changes in policies that will effect myself and my future students.

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Research on Gun Violence and Prevention on Campus: The Chronicle of Higher Education

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Research on Gun Violence and Prevention on Campus: The Chronicle of Higher Education

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There has been great debate on whether or not stronger gun laws are needed to keep our country safe. It seems to be a challenging topic because many citizens believe tighter gun restrictions will help while others feel as thought their second amendment rights are being compromised. In the article written by Alex Arriaga (2017), researchers believe that there will be little to no significant changes in policies under the new Trump administration, so they are calling states to work together at the local and state level to develop stronger gun-violence prevention policies. States must be a united front because "in the federal realm we could wait for years and years before something happens" (Arriaga, n.p., 2017).

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The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spends billions of dollars each year on research into public-health threats like cancer and traffic accidents. But researchers have struggled for 20 years to get money to study one leading cause of injury and death in the United States: gun violence.

Congress in 1996 barred the center from funding research that could be used to advocate for or promote gun control. The law has been interpreted to block all federal funds for studies of gun violence.

Academics anticipate little to no federal money for such research, and no gun regulations, under the incoming Trump administration. Some researchers want to start a dialogue that accounts for that new reality.

"The election happened, and the outcome came out different than what everybody expected," said Sandro Galea, dean of Boston University's School of Public Health. "So then it became even more important now that academic health speaks for the need to engage the issue."

A November 14 meeting at the public-health school, planned before the election, served as a starting point in that conversation. The meeting brought together more than 80 members of 42 health institutions and 17 advocacy groups, representing 22 states ranging from those, like Massachusetts and California, with rigorous regulations to those with hardly any regulations at all, like Ohio and Texas.

As a result of the meeting in Boston, the researchers published "Academic Public Health and the Firearm Crisis: An Agenda for Action," a two-page report in the American Journal of Public Health. The report emphasizes shifting the focus of gun-violence prevention to the state and local levels. Researchers are bracing for challenges from various legislatures, but they point to the success of November ballot initiatives, including in California and Washington, that expand background checks.

Karen D. Liller, an author of the report, is a professor of public health at the University of South Florida. She recognizes the barriers to influencing state policy.

"All we want to do is push the envelope forward on safety. Maybe Florida's laws won't look like Nevada's laws, won't exactly look like California's laws," Ms. Liller said. "But states are critical, because in the federal realm we could wait for years and years before something happens."

"States are critical, because in the federal realm we could wait for years and years before something happens."

At a local level, gun policies may still be virtually impossible to carry out: Forty-three states have enacted broad measures that pre-empt local governments from regulating firearms and ammunition.

But Charles C. Branas, a professor of epidemiology at the University of Pennsylvania, sees opportunities to promote gun safety outside of the policy arena by studying environmental causes of gun violence. He said many health institutions participating in this national effort have a great deal of influence in their communities.

"Laws are not the only potential avenues to reducing gun violence in the U.S. and in our cities," said Mr. Branas. "There's significant reduction in gun violence when you begin to focus on blighted areas, changing abandoned houses, vacant lots."

"There's a lot of opportunity to begin to think a little more creatively than simply laws and programs that focus on individuals, but on programs that change environments," he said.

Ted Alcorn, director of innovation at Everytown for Gun Safety said local mayors whose communities had been influenced by gun violence founded Everytown. Started by a former mayor of New York City, Michael R. Bloomberg, and 14 others, the organization today brings together more than 1,000 current and former mayors and survivors of gun violence to advocate for gun safety.

Mr. Alcorn said a tension exists between the urgent need for communities to fight gun violence and the need for basic national safeguards.

"Weak state gun laws anywhere endanger people everywhere," Mr. Alcorn said. "As long as there are states with weak gun laws, guns sold there will end up being trafficked to other states with strong gun laws and fuel crime in those communities."

One ambition of the public-health collaboration that came out of Boston University is broader outreach to gun owners and manufacturers. Since gun control is impossible given America's strong pro-gun lobby, the conversation focuses on "gun safety."

Mr. Alcorn said states have made some progress in that realm. Nineteen states have expanded laws on background checks, compared with a dozen before the Sandy Hook school shooting, in which 26 children and adults were slain by a 20-year-old gunman.

"If you want to have an impact on such a polarized issue, get the constituents who care the most about it at the table, including gun owners."

John E. Rosenthal, another author of the report and a founder of Stop Handgun Violence, a nonprofit advocacy group for gun safety, has worked on the issue for more than 20 years. A gun owner and sport shooter, Mr. Rosenthal is a strong believer in the Second Amendment and also in effective gun-violence prevention. He doesn't see a need to ban guns.

"Most gun owners are not represented by the extreme, take-no-prisoners, unrestricted access to guns of the NRA and gun industry," Mr. Rosenthal said. "That's why they have to be at the table. If you want to have an impact on such a polarized issue, get the constituents who care the most about it at the table, including gun owners. And many gun owners are responsive."

He said that Massachusetts, a state with comprehensive gun regulations, including requiring firearm purchasers to obtain licenses and to report lost or stolen guns to law enforcement, serves as a model for bipartisan progress on gun safety at the state level. Gun laws were signed under both Republican and Democratic governors.

"We made it very clear to our legislature and to the general public that we had no interest in banning all guns," said Mr. Rosenthal. "We simply wanted to make it harder for prohibited people to get guns, and we proved that it could work, and we proved that you could get bipartisan support," he said. "Year after year, Massachusetts is always among the states with the lowest gun-death rates."

Before institutions can influence policy, however, many scholars say money for gun-violence research is key.

Part of the report includes plans for a national meeting of public-health schools and private foundations to kick-start educational opportunities at participating universities. Participating public-health leaders are planning for the research ahead.

The University of South Florida's Harrell Center studies family and domestic violence. Ms. Liller, of the USF College of Public Health, said the institution now looks forward to expanding the center's role, for example by researching gun suicides.

Hala N. Madanat, director of San Diego State University's Graduate School of Public Health, said she is recommending a seminar course on the topic of gun violence at her institution. She hopes to give students the tools to lead public-health policy.

Mr. Branas said the investment in the science of gun violence is disproportionate to the magnitude of its effects on public health.

"There are solutions that are out there," Mr. Branas said. "Solutions that just need more scientific testing to determine if they work."

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Gun-Violence Researchers, Anticipating No Change Under Trump, Rethink Strategy

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The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spends billions of dollars each year on research into public-health threats like cancer and traffic accidents. But researchers have struggled for 20 years to get money to study one leading cause of injury and death in the United States: gun violence.

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Research On Gun Violence and Prevention on Campus: Library Resource

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Research On Gun Violence and Prevention on Campus: Library Resource

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As I began searching the Angelo State University (ASU) USearch online database, I found a wide variety of peer-reviewed articles on the topic of gun violence and prevention in higher education. The article I chose focuses specifically on different Chief's of Police opinions on gun violence on campus including the quality of prevention plans in place, how equipped fellow officers, administration, students, and staff are for an active shoot situation, and the involvement of counseling services to identify at risk students ( Thompson, Price, Mrdjenovich, and Khubchandani, 2009).

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Reducing Firearm-Related Violence on College Campuses.pdf

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What I Learned About Gun Violence and Prevention on Campuses

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What I Learned About Gun Violence and Prevention on Campuses

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After researching gun violence on college campuses, I have become more informed on how well universities are prepared to handle active shooter situations and what further prevention and policies are needed to better prepare faculty, administration, officers, and students.

Although President Trump made the suggestion that teachers could be carriers themselves in the classroom, research shows that campuses with higher rates of firearms typically experience higher rates of violence and more homicide and suicide than other campuses (Thompson, Price, Mrdjenovich, and Khubchandani, 2009).

After a variety of police chiefs were given a survey pertaining to their opinions on current gun violence and prevention policies at their campuses, it is evident that faculty, administration, and officers need to be better equipped to handle an active shooter situation since "only about one third of campus police offierces reported that hteir faculty were trained to react during an "active shooter situation," and only 30% of faculty were trained to identify troubled or distressed students" (Thompson, Price, Mrdjenovich, and Khubchandani, p. 252, 2009).

Due to individuals having such a negative reaction to gun laws, Arriaga (2017) explains that we must begin to think in terms of gun safety which several states have began doing since "nineteen states have expanded laws on background checks compared with the dozen before the Sandy Hook school shooting" (n.p.).

Many researchers believe that more needs to be done in terms of discovering more about gun violence, mental health issues that can attribute to active shooter situations, and what prevention plans can be put into place. However, money is needed through foundations willing to support this type of research for further policy to change ( Arriaga, 2017).

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Arriaga, A. (2017, January 19). Gun-violence researchers, anticipating no movement under trump, rethink strategy. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Gun-Violence-Researchers/238948

Bauer-Wolf, J. (2018, March 23). Dean of studnets jokes about sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/23/midwestern-states-handling-sexual-assault-cases-under-fire

Herron, L,  personal communications, June 7, 218).

Thompson A, Price JH, Mrdjenovich AJ, NS Khubchandani J. (December 2009). Reducing firearm-related violence on college campuses- Police chiefs' perceptions and practices. Journal of American College Health, 58(3), p. 247-254.

Toppo, G. (2018, June 5). Why do colleges keep failing to prevent abuse. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/06/05/why-do-campus-abuse-cases-keep-falling-through-cracks