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Baez, only twenty-two at the time, sang “Oh Freedom” (also known as “Sweet Freedom”) and then led the crowd in “We Shall Overcome,” a song that became a concert staple of hers for years to come, and which she reprised in February, 2010, at the White House in front of President Obama.

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Joan Baez performs "We Shall Overcome" at the March on Washington

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August 15, 1969

Hundreds of thousands of young fans, predominantly "hippies", gathered in upstate New York to show peace, love, and their passion for rock 'n' roll. Not having expected as many people as showed up, facilities were crowded and the event became chaotic as people used drugs and overdosed. Woodstock became almost a direct effect of the unpopular war in Vietnam and was expressed through the lyrics of many popular artists.

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Johnson (middle) signs the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 as a way to help those who were facing discrimination and being neglected equal rights.

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Johnson's Letter to Gov. of California Edmund G. Brown

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Johnson's Letter to Gov. of California Edmund G. Brown

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https://www.raabcollection.com/lyndon-b-johnson-autograph/lyndon-b-johnson-promotes-his-great-society-programs

Speaker- The speaker is President Johnson who is the leader behind the Great Society which intends to due away with poverty and racial injustice primarily.

Occasion- This letter is being sent our on January 14, 1965 after the Economic Opportunity Act has already been passed and is being carried out by the state. As a part of the War on Poverty, this act served to eliminate poverty, expand educational opportunities, and increase the safety funds for impoverished citizens.

Audience- This letter is being sent to the Governor of California, Edmund G. (Pat) Brown. Governor Brown is concerned with the Economic Opportunity Act because it forces states to match federal expenditures. Having held back funds, states might be tempted to cut their own programs.

Purpose- President Johnson is attempting to reassure Governor
Brown that he shares similar concerns but is working towards solving the issues presented by Brown's previous letter. President Johnson seems to use a casual yet reassuring tone by calling the governor "Pat" and also by stating that he put Mr. Shriver to help the governor with his worries.

Subject- Although not very common, Johnson is writing a letter on one his legislations of the Great Society. The most important thing to note from this source is that Johnson is open to the opinion of others and is motivated to help solve these issues with the matching requirements. As governor, Brown is experienced with the effects of the Economic Opportunity Act on the state level and is expressing his concerns with having states match federal expenditures.

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Johnson wanted to help the elderly and those who could not afford seeking medical attention or taking medication thus he created Medicare and Medicaid. These programs are still present today and have helped many seek the services and medicines they need but could not get otherwise.

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The Vietnam War shifted President Johnson's attention away from domestic issues involving education, environmental concerns, and urban development. Although Johnson assured the American people that he would be able to handle both tasks at the same time, the Vietnam War ended up killing the Great Society and led to much of its failure. The pressure of the budget and Vietnam eventually led to the end of this widespread movement for reform.

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Freeman Hrabowski "I had nightmares about the three coffins" & "What do you want little Nig**a"

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Freeman Hrabowski "I had nightmares about the three coffins" & "What do you want little Nig**a"

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Before the SOAPS chart is started for these two blog posts, please keep in mind that they are from a person who grew up in Birmingham Alabama in the 1960's, and these are things that occured when he was a kid. This is a website that many adults who grew up in Birmingham in the 60's decided to start, in order to show what they went through as kids and to act as primary sources. I chose Freeman Hrabowski's posts as I felt that they really showed how much people depended on each other in these times of racism.

Subject- In "I had nightmares about the three coffins", the speaker talks about how it was so shocking to hear that a church that his friends went through was bombed on a Sunday morning while he was in church, and how everyone went into a state of shock, and immediately left to see what had happened. His one classmate died, and it is something that he will never forget. In "What do you want little nig**a", he talks about how his parents grew him up well and taught him many important life and social values, and how while people could lose their jobs and it was dangerous, him and his family participated in civil rights, because it was something they had to fight for

Occasion- The first blog post is to show just how devastating it was for the people of Birmingham that a place that was meant for worship, was bombed and just how upset the community was after the losses of those girls. The 2nd blog post is to show just how even there were those who were bad, there were those who stuck together to fight for equality, risking everything that they had for that dream. It shows you just how much it meant to people.

Audience- Us, people today, to show us just how unimgiabgle things were in the south but to show that they did happen, and to show how important it is for people to stick together

Purpose- To show the horrors that the people of Birmingham went through, and just how dedicated people were to fight for their rights and how he as a kid was encouraged to be good, and that good people exist. He says how his parents taught him the importantance of teamwork, and how spiritual music encouraged them to rise up and how they were able to express themselves through those songs, and to show that even if there were legal implications, and even if people could lose their jobs, they stood up.

Speaker- Was a middle-class African American boy growing up in the 1950's and 1960's. He was the President of the University of Maryland and studied minority participation, and was a child-leader in the civil rights movement, and he was put into the commission for education on African Americans, because of his experience. He knows a lot and has been through a lot, and his evidence and info is most likely very accurate.

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Freeman Hrabowski | Kids In Birmingham 1963

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Born in 1950 in Birmingham, Alabama, Hrabowski graduated at 19 from Hampton Institute with highest honors in mathematics. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he received his M.A. (mathematics) and four years later his Ph.D. (higher education administration/statistics) at age 24.

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In this video MLK discusses why he refuses to conduct acts of violence. 

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In this video MLK discusses why he refuses to conduct acts of violence. 

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I don't know how pertinent picture quality is to this project, but in this video, you can really SEE what MLK looked like in color. You also get a very vivid idea of what the sound of his voice was like. Of all the videos I could find on Youtube, I think this had the best picture quality. Thank you NBC.

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MLK Talks 'New Phase' Of Civil Rights Struggle, 11 Months Before His Assassination | NBC News

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"We Shall Overcome" - Martin Luther King, Jr.

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A letter to President John F. Kennedy from Tom Oberdorfer, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963.

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A letter to President John F. Kennedy from Tom Oberdorfer, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963.

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Subject- In the source, the speaker is pleading for President John F. Kennedy to take action, and to send troops, or at least secret service men to southern parts of the country. It shows you how African Americans did not feel safe in the south, how they wanted protection from federal troops, and how things were in the south. If things were nice and not ugly like how they were, this man would not be directly writing to the PRESIDENT of the United States for help.

Occasion- The speaker writes this letter right after the bombing of the 16th street baptist church in Birmingham, which occurred on September 15th, 1963. It was yet another bombing that killed 4 innocent little girls that were with their families at church, and people no longer felt safe in a place that was suppose to be safe, holy, and a place of love and worship. Enough was enough, and people wanted help from the federal government, because Connor was obviously doing nothing.

Audience- The letter was written directly for President John F. Kennedy, who the speaker wanted to talk and consulate with the national guard to send in troops. The speakers goal was to address someone who would send in help.

Purpose-  To address the president on just how bad things in the south actually were. He says that nothing has changed since the civil war, and how African Americans not just in Aalabama, Briinghaahm, but in other states like Georgia and Mississippi have gone through " a lot of rough treatment". He says that many negroes have been killed and wounded, and how their rights have also been taken away from them, and he pleads for proection from national troops or at least for secret service to come down to the curhces, as he and others don't feel safe after yet another bombing. He also would like to know why the president cannot send down troops if he chooses not to.

Speaker- The speaker is Tom Oberdorfer. All we know about him is that he is a Catholic African American, meaning that he is discriminated against, but that he is also probably peaceful and non-violent, and just wants equality amongst all people.

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A letter to President John F. Kennedy from Tom Oberdorfer, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963.

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The Digital Public Library of America brings together the riches of America's libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world.

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Primary Sources For Birmingham" & "Bull" Connor

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Primary Sources For Birmingham" & "Bull" Connor

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This video shows how our town looked like back in 1946. Some spots look very familiar, and you can also see how much it has changed. Additionally, you can see how we had things that were very common in towns in the 1940's, like a local cinema and community sports teams

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Historical Association of Woodbridge Township (HAWT)

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Look! Spiderman and Sam the Sesame Street Robot!  Two huge and very popular universes join together in a comic book , and kids from the 60's cannot get enough of it

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Telephone Conversation between President Johnson and Olin Teague

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Telephone Conversation between President Johnson and Olin Teague

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Speaker- President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks with Olin "Tiger" Teague, a congressman at the time, regarding one of this legislations.

Occasion- Under the Great Society, Johnson is attempting to pass the Poverty bill. This acts as one of Johnson's legislations for his unconditional war on poverty. It is evident that Johnson needs support from Congress in order to get his legislation passed and is attempting to prove his effectiveness.

Audience- The intended audience was Olin Teague, representative of the state of Texas at the time.

Purpose- Johnson is attempting to persuade Teague to support his Poverty Bill and vote for it in. Johnson uses a friendly yet concerned tone because he feels as if this is something that is necessary and will positively benefit the nation.

Subject- The subject of this phone call was support for Johnson's Poverty Bill. Succeeding in getting Teague to vote for his bill, he also asks Teague about what others are planning to vote for with respect to the bill. The informational tone used by both speakers helps to establish that this is a formal conversation about what people think of the bill and what members of Congress will decide on.

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November 10, 1969

Program is first broadcast on NET, predecessor to PBS.

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October 29, 1969

The first computer transmission is carried by ARPANET at 10:30 PM on October 29 from a host computer at UCLA to another host computer at Stanford.

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November 9, 1967

The first issue of Rolling Stone, a new magazine devoted to music and popular culture, debuts featuring John Lennon on the cover.

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Lyndon Johnson's Legacy of Getting It Done

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September 8, 1966

For next three years, science fiction program goes where no TV series has gone before.

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In August of 1962, the world is is introduced into it's "friendly neighborhood Spderman". Being a smart-mouthed, relatable, and lovable hero, the comic world skyrockets into commercial success growing it into a very big industry. Toys, clothes, movies, and even more comics, are massively produced, and they all loathe in popularity and sales. Kids get something new to interest themselves in, and if it wasn't for Spidey, the superhero industry may not have ever grown into what it is today.

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On March 1st, 1961, President John F. Kennedy issues Executive Order #10924, creating the Peace Corps. They were made to promote world peace and friendship,  and to help local communities abroad in anyway they need. They also help both Americans and those they are helping learn about the culture and way of life of both groups, and to strengthen relations between people. Overall, they are seen as a positive force spreading peace and lending a helping hand around the world.

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The First Ford Mustang Is Produced (1964)

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The First Ford Mustang Is Produced (1964)

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On April 17th, 1964, Henry Ford reveals the Ford Mustang at the NY World Fair. It has become known as the first true, "American muscle car", and was the first car to gain more sales then the Model A, Ford's best selling car before it. With 271 horsepower, a such advanced and fast car had never been seen, and it became very popular, and one of America's most iconic cars, that every teenage kid dreamed of having.

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"One small step for man, one giant leap for man kind"

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"One small step for man, one giant leap for man kind"

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On July 20th, 1969, the US accomplishes one of man kinds most crowned achievements, a man steps onto the moon. Neil Armstrong is the first person to ever set foot on the moon, and NASA is able to get the team back home safely. The US shows just how far we as humans can go and what we can accomplish, and we gain moon samples that offer very important information about the universe beyond Earth. We open up a whole new frontier for the future, and just like JFK said, we did it by the end of the century, and on top of that, we beat the soviets to it.

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Speaker -   8 local write clergymen in Birmingham

Nolan Harmon, Bishop of the North Alabama Conference of the Methodist Church

Paul Hardin, Bishop of the Alabama-West Florida Conference of the Methodist Church

C. C. J. Carpenter, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama

Joseph A. Durick, Auxiliary Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Mobile-Birmingham

Milton Grafman, Rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, Birmingham

George M. Murray, Bishop Coadjutor of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama

Edward V. Ramage, Moderator of the Synod of the Alabama Presbyterian Church in the United States

Earl Stallings, Pastor of First Baptist Church Birmingham

Occasion -  The Birmingham campaign began on April 3, 1963, with coordinated marches and sit-ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Many whites opposed the nonviolent demonstrations. On April 10, Circuit Judge W. A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against "parading, demonstrating, boycotting, trespassing and picketing."

Audience - The overall Birmingham community and populace was the audience.

Purpose - Their purpose was to convince activists to engage in local negotiations and use the courts if their rights were being denied rather than to protest.

Subject:  "A Call for Unity" was an open letter published in Birmingham, Alabama, on April 12, 1963, by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time. In the letter, they took issue with events "directed and led in part by outsiders", and were against the creation of "tension."

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Having been sworn into office promptly after the assassination of J.F.K., it was evident that a large part of the budget was dedicated to the military and arms because of the unpopular Vietnam War. In the political cartoon, health, education, and welfare is characterized as a small boy who is telling the bigger men to make war for him. The young boy symbolizes the growing

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January 15th, 1967, the sports scene changes forever in America. The NFL and AFL come together to play the first Superbowl after the two leagues bicker and battle for numerous years to gain both more fans and players (which also means more contracts and money). The AFL proved itself as a potential rival to the infamous NFL, and the game is played to see which league is on top, and which team is the best in the world. The Kansas City Chiefs from the AFC play the Green Bay Packers from the NFL, with the Packers winning 35-10. An American tradition is born, and football becomes huge.

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Speaker - Martin Luther King Jr.

Occasion -   Martin Luther King Jr. discusses the need for action his Letter from Birmingham Jail  in response to several criticisms made by the "A Call for Unity" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. Notice the conditions in which he wrote the letter. He wrote it in Birmingham Jail. He began writing his response by writing on the margins of a newspaper, and finished writing on this pad (shown above) that his attorneys permitted him.

Audience - King's audience is the general public and church affiliated members.
Purpose - His purpose is to persuade religious leaders and the general public to believe in his cause and to agree that his nonviolence action is just.

Subject -  King explains the four steps of nonviolent protest: fact finding, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action. After speaking with the officials of Birmingham, King concluded that he needed to take action by leading the public demonstration. He doesn't regret his decision, nor should he. King counter argues that while some may say it is not necessary to create tension through non-violent protests, tension is necessary for progress.

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Subject: The subject of the account is the importance of the Civil Rights Movement and in particular the March on Washington. There had been injustice in the country of broad stripes and bright stars for countless decades, since slavery was eradicated. It was through injustices as a soldier and through the denial of the right to vote that Harry voiced his concern.
Occasion- Harry described this account first hand leading up to the March on Washington to show the people why he was there and why others like him were there: to voice his thoughts and opinions.
Audience- Harry was one of the many speakers and performers at the March, leading up to Dr. King's iconic "I Have a Dream Speech." He spoke directly to 250,000 individuals of whom 50,000 were white and countless hundreds of thousands were watching on television.
Purpose: The purpose of Harry's statement is to personalize his experience so that he could persuade other people to rise up for the cause.
Speaker: The speaker is singer Harry Belmont who played an iconic and vital role as a celebrity and influence. By stating his own experience, he brings the issue closer to the heart of the common man and shows how the country truly did suffer and that the African American Community was going to fight for its humane rights.

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This poem by Dudley Randall was written after the Birmingham church bombing that took place on September 15th, 1963, which killed 4 little girls. It is meant to show the dangers that faced African Americans outside in the streets,  and how kids could not even go outside and play.  The last stanza is directly about that attack, and the pain that the mothers of the girls felt after the attack.

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Very interesting article about someone who chose jail over the war, a clear revolt over the resolution making it a primary source

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Very interesting article about someone who chose jail over the war, a clear revolt over the resolution making it a primary source

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Speaker- David Harris
Occasion- The war had just ended and he wants to prove to the people of this country that it was a mistake and hopes to do this by highlighting his story and explaining why his decision was the right decision to make
Audience- He wants to talk to the American people and rally them together to come together and show the leaders of this country that they made a mistake and that they must own up to it in one way or another
Purpose- To show the people of this nation that the war was a mistake and that people should acknowledge that so history does not repeat itself
Subject- David Harris talks about his experience of choosing jail over Vietnam; a decision he has now accepted to be the right decision
Tone- He adopts a calm yet informational demeanor as he is trying to tell the people of this nation that the country was at fault in this war without saying it in a manner that would take away credibility from his argument

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Vietnam '67

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Demonstrators trying to return their draft cards in New York City on Oct. 16, 1967. Credit Credit Jack Manning/The New York Times

Growing up in Fresno, Calif., I believed in "my country, right or wrong," just like everyone I knew. I could not have anticipated that when I came of age I would realize that my country was wrong and that I would have to do something about it. When I did, everything changed for me.

I went from Fresno High School Boy of the Year 1963, Stanford Class of 1967, to Prisoner 4697-159, C Block, maximum security, La Tuna Federal Correctional Institution, near El Paso.

I was among the quarter-million to half-million men who violated the law that required us to register for military service and face deployment to Vietnam - the draft. About 25,000 of us were indicted for our disobedience, almost 9,000 convicted and 3,250 jailed. I am proud to have been one of the men who, from behind bars, helped pull our country out of its moral quagmire.

I was just 20 when I first stepped outside the law. After months of late-night dorm-room conversations and soul searching, I decided doing so was my duty as a citizen. It was 1966 and draft calls were escalating every month as the American Army in Southeast Asia built up to half a million men, dozens of whom were coming home in coffins every week. I had just been elected Stanford student body president on a "radical" platform calling for an end to the university's cooperation with the war, and I had already refused to accept a student deferment that would have allowed me to avoid the draft and probably sent a poor person in my stead. But I knew that even such valuable protest was an insufficient response to the moral arithmetic of sending an army thousands of miles from home to kill more than two million people for no good reason.

At stake was not just the nation's soul but mine as well. So I took the draft card I was required by law to have at all times and returned it to the government with a letter declaring I would no longer cooperate. Carrying that card had been my last contribution to the war effort. If the law was wrong, then the only option was to become an outlaw.

Some would call me a draft dodger, but I dodged nothing. There was no evasion of any sort, no attempt to hide from the consequences. I courted arrest, speaking truth to power, and power responded with an order for me to report for military service. While delaying that order with a succession of bureaucratic maneuvers, I helped found the Resistance, an organization devoted to generating civil disobedience against conscription. Three or four of us lived out of my car and crashed on couches, going from campus to campus, gathering a crowd and making a speech, looking for people willing to stand up against the wrong that had hijacked our nation.

On Oct. 16, 1967, the Resistance staged its first National Draft Card Return, during which hundreds were sent back to the government at rallies in 18 cities. We staged more rallies and teach-ins. Hundreds more draft cards were returned, at two more national returns as well as individually or in small groups. We provided draft counseling for anyone, whether he wanted to resist or not.

At draft centers, we distributed leaflets encouraging inductees to turn around and go home. At embarkations, we urged troops to refuse to go before it was too late. We gave legal and logistical support to soldiers who resisted their orders. We destroyed draft records. We arranged religious sanctuary for deserters ready to make a public stand, surrounding them to impede their arrest. We smuggled other deserters into Canada. We even dug bomb craters in front of a city hall in Florida and posted signs saying that if you lived in Vietnam, that's what your front lawn would look like.

Then we stood trial, one after another. Most of us were ordered to report for induction, then charged with disobeying that order, though there were soon so many violators that it was impossible to prosecute more than a fraction of us.

I was among that fraction. On Jan. 17, 1968, I refused "to submit to a lawful order of induction." I had my day in court that May. As was the case in almost every draft trial, my judge refused to allow me to present any testimony about the wrong I had set out to right, saying the war was not at issue. Nonetheless, my jury stayed out for more than eight hours before finally convicting me. I was sentenced to three years. I appealed my conviction, but abandoned that appeal in July 1969 and began my sentence.

My fellow resisters and I brought our spirit of resistance to the prison system, organizing around prisoner issues of health care, food and visits. I was a ringleader in my first prison strike while still in San Francisco County Jail, awaiting transfer. After being sent on to a federal prison camp in Safford, Ariz., I was in three more strikes, at which point I was shipped to La Tuna. My first two months there, I was locked in a punishment cellblock known as "the hole" with three other ringleaders from Safford. When I was finally moved upstairs, I learned that our Army had expanded the war into Cambodia several weeks earlier.

My home was 5 feet by 9 feet. I was frisked when I was sent to work in the morning, when I returned from work in the afternoon and when I both left for and returned from evening recreation.

Doing time well required a Buddhist state of mind, of being present where you are and not thinking of yourself in places where you couldn't be. The latter is slow torture for a prisoner. Doing time well also required being your own person despite the guards' efforts otherwise. "They've got your body," we used to say, "but they can only get your mind if you give it to them." The result, in my case, was a running series of disciplinary violations for the likes of refusing to make my bed and return trips to the punishment cellblock.

Nonetheless, the parole board released me on March 15, 1971. The war was still going on; not long after I first reported to my parole officer, a group of Vietnam veterans protested the war in Washington and threw the medals they'd been awarded onto the steps of the Capitol.

Draft calls were now steadily shrinking as air power replaced ground troops, and military conscription would soon be gutted altogether. My parole ended the following summer. I stopped organizing eight months later when peace agreements were finally signed.

Several years after that, I was invited to testify at a Senate hearing considering pardons for our draft crimes. I told the senators I had no use for their forgiveness, but I would accept their apology. I'm still waiting to hear back from them on that.

I am now 71 and the war that defined my coming of age is deep in my rearview mirror, but the question it raised, "What do I do when my country is wrong?" lives on.

For those looking for an answer today, here are some lessons I learned:

We are all responsible for what our country does. Doing nothing is picking a side.

We are never powerless. Under the worst of circumstances, we control our own behavior.

We are never isolated. We all have a constituency of friends and family who watch us. That is where politics begins.

Reality is made by what we do, not what we talk about. Values that are not embodied in behavior do not exist.

People can change, if we provide them the opportunity to do so. Movements thrive by engaging all comers, not by calling people names, breaking windows or making threats.

Whatever the risks, we cannot lose by standing up for what is right. That's what allows us to be the people we want to be.

David Harris, a journalist, is the author of "Our War: What We Did in Vietnam and What It Did to Us."

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Opinion | I Picked Prison Over Fighting in Vietnam

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Vietnam '67 Growing up in Fresno, Calif., I believed in "my country, right or wrong," just like everyone I knew. I could not have anticipated that when I came of age I would realize that my country was wrong and that I would have to do something about it.

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, a primary source

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, a primary source

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Speaker- Both the House of Representatives and the Senate contributed to the bill as it was a joint resolution
Occasion- There had just been an attack on the USS Maddox and Johnson was rallying to get support to go to war. Congress overwhelmingly gave him full access to all powers in regards to the war and this was done through this resolution
Audience- The President, the American people, and the people of Korea as they now knew that war would be inevitable with all power in the hands of Johnson
Purpose- To give Johnson the power of going to war and give him direct access to all decisions so that he could be as effective and efficient as the man who made make the ultimate decisions in the war
Subject- Granting the president the power to go into the war with no restrictions and he could, in essence, do as he pleased with anything he wanted if he saw anything that would be deemed a threat
Tone- It had to be informative as a resolution of this sort allocating such power could not be bias in any manner

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Newspaper about the attack, a primary source

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Newspaper about the attack, a primary source

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Speaker- The Sun Magazine, a magazine that thrived during the Vietnam era as it brought news to the country and brought diary accounts for the people of the country to know what the people in the war are going through once the war had initiated
Occasion- Right after the USS Maddox was involved in the conflict and people knew that there would be something done in close proximity to war in some manner
Audience- The American people as they were intrigues and wanted to read about what was going on on the other side of the world with American troops in the mix of things
Purpose- To show the American people that we are ready for conflict as the newspaper has a bias as it shows that we completely won the altercation and that everything will go smoothly as things progress
Subject- They talk about the incident that caused the resolution and this was the gulf of Tonkin incident which, in short terms, was an attack on an American ship that gave way to Johnson getting the power to go to war, a power that he would abuse
Tone- Optimistic, the newspaper shows that we won the battle and that Johnson had a great chance of being elected to another term, showing that everything would be just fine (in essence it would not be all fine)

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This drawing made by Oliver Harrington in the 1960's showed the struggle that African American kids had to go through just to try to go to school. Black schools were not equal to white schools, and people did not want integration and so they yelled racial slurs to the kids as they walked into school, legislators did not follow the laws that were put in place, and there are even some accounts of African American kids being jumped when trying to go to a white school.  It seemed like everything was against them when all they wanted was an education.

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This video explains why the resolution was overturned and why it is now seen as a congressional lapse lot judgment and can even be seen as a huge mistake by them

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Why Was The Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution Repealed?

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Quick video giving an accurate description of the events that occurred in respect to this incident and its aftermath

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After receiving heavy backlash from some of the firefighters and white people from the public, who were all being encouraged by Bull Connor, Alabama newspaper companies started to lay off journalists. In their eyes journalists, were "falsely depicting an untrue situation" Newspaper companies still wanted for people to buy the paper, and the people in this area wouldn't if they kept on "lying". However, if journalists were not there to account for these things, the world may have never seen what was going on, and not as much backlash may have grown.

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Johnson's approval rates skyrocketed after the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the preceding attacks on North Vietnam; nevertheless, the general feelings towards the war quickly fell because the American people saw the war as useless and that there were unnecessary

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These political cartoons are suppose to poke fun but also show how Bull Connor decided to address the racial issue in Birmingham. Allegedly having ties to the KKK and being very racist and completely against desegregation, he would never give in and he hated blacks. He would attack people who were doing nothing but trying to gain equality. He sprayed them with fire hoses, he allowed for the police to beat them, he scared them with tanks, and he even released police attack dogs on them.

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Problems it caused: The Viet Cong increased their attacks on the American advisers in South Korea because they saw the incident as an insurgence of war. This increased the aggression between the two sides and it increased the amount of casualties in the long run as it brought America into the war by granting Johnson all power in regards to initiating and continuing the fighting in Korea.

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Subject- JFK wrote the letter of statement in accordance to the March on Washington in order to show his stance on the issue of African American rights and that he would take open initiative, especially since the Civil Rights Act was stuck in Congress. By supporting the movement and the cause, President Kennedy made his stance known, and this gave a boost in morale to the African American community at large. The subject of the piece takes a jab at the current socioeconomic variations of the time involving primarily race and skin tone. This racism which bred segregation was at the focal point of the issue as well as equal job opportunities.

Occasion- JFK Wrote the statement a day after the March in order to show the success of the movement. Since the Civil Rights Act was stuck in Congress at the time and he needed the Southerner's support for the advancement of other policies, JFK had not taken such a stance before. The relative peace of the event and Robert Kennedy's involvement with security helped him to throw more support behind MLK and the March.

Audience- The statement is directed towards the American populace, mainly African Americans, to show his open and important take and stance on the issue.

Purpose- The purpose of the statement was to boost the African American community's morale and to openly back the Civil Rights Movement. Taking such a stance would enable him to further his cause for African Americans while gaining the movement more momentum. Being the Chief Executive of the Country holds tremendous power and authority, and with such a backing, more people might come out in solidarity for the fight.

Speaker- The speaker is the late President John F. Kennedy himself. With the Chief Executive of the country coming forward to voice his thoughts and solidarity with the cause, the ideology shows how important the movement was. With an individual of such ranks writing the statement there is agreater impact on the community as a whole to support the movement.

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Stats On the March of Washington

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Martin Luther King | "I Have A Dream" Speech

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Singer Harry Belafonte, for instance, describes the lead-up to the march, and poignantly addresses the injustice of serving in the military during a time when African Americans were denied the right to vote:

At the end of the Second World War, those of us who had participated in that conflict were under the impression that if we were triumphant over fascism and the Nazis, that the men and women who returned from that conflict would be celebrated and honored by our nation. Many of us went off to that war and didn’t have the right to vote. Many of us went off to that war and didn’t have the right to participate in the American Dream. We didn’t really think about this thing as a dream until Dr. King articulated it.

As a kid, there was not much I could aspire to, because the achievement of black people in spaces of power and rule and governance was not that evident, and therefore we were diminished in the way we thought we could access power and be part of the American fabric. So we who came back from this war having expectations and finding that there were none to be harvested were put upon to make a decision. We could accept the status quo as it was beginning to reveal itself with these oppressive laws still in place. Or, as had begun to appear on the horizon, stimulated by something Mahatma Gandhi of India had done, we could start this quest for social change by confronting the state a little differently. Let’s do it nonviolently, let’s use passive thinking applied to aggressive ideas, and perhaps we could overthrow the oppression by making it morally unacceptable.

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John F. Kennedy: "Statement by the President on the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom," August 28, 1963. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9383.

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As a part of his Great Society legislation, Johnson noticed that one of the underlying reasons for a lot of the negative aspects of American life came from financial issues for those trapped under the poverty line. This "unconditional war" on poverty attempted to "not only relieve the symptoms of poverty, but to cure it and, above all prevent it." Beginning in 1964, Johnson passed the Economic Opportunity Act that established the Jobs Corps, the VISTA program, and the federal work-study program among other programs that attempted to give more benefits to and employ the impoverished. Shown below is President Lyndon B. Johnson shaking the hand on a middle aged American man seeming to be suffering the effects of poverty.

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Setting forth by ambition and a need to prove his effectiveness as successor to John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson sought to bring change through legislation and new programs with the hope of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality, and improve the environment. With hope of earning his position and showing the American people that he was capable of leading the nation, Johnson began the largest legislation movements for the betterment of American society since FDR's New Deal.