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A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences. Darwin's most famous books are The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man.

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James Hutton, who lived from 1726 to 1797, was a Scottish geologist, chemical manufacturer, and agriculturalist. He is commonly referred to as the founder of modern geology. The prevailing theory of Hutton's time was that all the rocks on Earth were formed from sediments during a great flood.

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Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the didactic philosophical poem De rerum natura about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, and which is usually translated into English as On the Nature of Things.

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Taxonomy and Carolus Linnaeus. Taxonomy is the part of science that focuses on naming and classifying or grouping organisms. A Swedish naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus is considered the 'Father of Taxonomy' because, in the 1700s, he developed a way to name and organize species that we still use today.

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Alfred Russel Wallace. A visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped Darwin formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured.

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In 1962, Watson shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins who, with Rosalind Franklin, provided the data on which the structure was based. Watson wrote The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, which was published in 1968.

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Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist who achieved fame for his theory of continental drift. This was a theory he put forth in 1912 that the continents had not always been in their present locations, but instead, drifted across the ocean towards and away from each other.

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In 1953, scientist Stanley Miller performed an experiment that may explain what occurred on primitive Earth billions of years ago. He sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. This created organic compounds including amino acids.