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The Maasai are one of the best known tribes in Tanzania. By nature, they are nomadic livestock herders and move to greener pastures as need be.

Cows play an extremely vital role in their day to day lives and the Maasai believe that God gave the them all the cattle in the world and that cattle represents a sacred bond between man and God. There is a strong hierarchy amongst the Maasai and each individual has his or her place within the community.

But today I want to talk about housing and shelter in the Maasai culture. Due to the fact that the Maasai have to be ready to move at any given time, their houses are built to be temporary.

Interestingly, the men are not responsible for building the houses but it’s the women who take charge of this duty. Only the pregnant and elderly women are excused from building duties. The elder ladies do however instruct and teach the younger generation on how to build good and stable houses.

All materials used for building are natural and collected from nearby areas. The huts are usually circular or oval shaped. The first step is to build the frame which is done by fixing gathered timber poles into the ground. Thereafter, the poles are interlaced with a lattice of smaller branches which are then plastered with a mixture of water, mud, cow dung and even human urine. Finishing touches are done with a mix of cow dung and water.

The next step is the roof, which is also plastered with cow dung and then covered with grass that is collected in the bush. The cow dung is what makes the roof waterproof.

Roughly 3 x 5 m in size and with a height of approx. 1.5 m the houses are generally quite small. But they serve their purpose and families cook, sleep, eat, socialises and store reserves, fuel and even small livestock in there. It is very dark inside as apart from a few tiny round holes in the walls, there are no windows. There are usually 2 beds – one for the parents and the other for the children. Each woman is responsible for her own hut and she is also in charge of renovations. The building process can take anything from a few days to a few weeks and depends on how many helpers there are and if all the material is available.

All houses together make up a boma that is usually surrounded by a large thorn fence. In addition, a much smaller thorn fence is built in the midst of the huts where the livestock can safely rest at night.

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Mt Kilimanjaro National Park

At the heart of the park is the 5896m Mt Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain and one of the continent’s most magnificent sights. It’s also one of the world's highest volcanoes, and the highest free-standing mountain on earth, rising from cultivated farmlands on the lower slopes, through lush rainforest to alpine meadows, and finally across a lunar landscape to the twin summits of Kibo and Mawenzi.

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Aerial view of the Kibo summit of KilimanjaroKilimanjar

Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line. The cap is divergent and outwards splits up into individual glaciers. The central portion of the ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater.[14]:5 The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation.[79]

Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the Quaternary period, namely First (500,000 BP), Second (greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP), Third (150,000 to 120,000 BP), Fourth (also known as "Main") (20,000 to 17,000 BP), and Little (16,000 to 14,000 BP). The Third may have been the most extensive, and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth.[80]

A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) down to an elevation of 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) covered Kilimanjaro during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Pleistocene epoch (the Main glacial episode), extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi.[9][15] Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent Younger Dryas stadial, the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct 11,500 years BP.[79] Ice cores taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a "basal age" of about 11,700 years,[81] although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP.[82]

Higher precipitation rates at the beginning of the Holocene epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform.[79] The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP.[79][83]

Vertical margin wall of the Rebmann Glacier in 2005 with Mount Meru in the background

In the late 1880s, the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap covering about 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes, and except for the inner cone, the entire caldera was buried. Glacier ice also flowed through the Western Breach.[9][15]

The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953, in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them "drastically out of equilibrium", and more slowly thereafter. Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over the last 100 years.[9]

In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers, the glaciers on Kilimanjaro's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch, with each cycle lasting a few hundred years.[84]:1088 It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. No clear warming trend at the elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005. Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing, solar radiation causes melting on their vertical faces. "There is no pathway for the plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation."[9] Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers. They manifest stratifications, calving, and other ice features.[78]

A vertical glacier margin wall as seen from Gilman's Point on the crater rim at a sunrise in 1998

Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared from October 1912 to June 2011, with coverage decreasing from 11.40 square kilometres (4.40 sq mi) to 1.76 square kilometres (0.68 sq mi).[85]:423 From 1912 to 1953, there was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss.[83] The average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent.[83] Of the ice cover still present in 2000, almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011.[85]:425 The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage,[83] and do not have active accumulation zones with retreat occurring on all glacier surfaces. Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.[79] While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.[83] At the current rate, most of the ice on Kilimanjaro will disappear by 2040 and "it is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060".[85]:430

A complete disappearance of the ice would be of only "negligible importance" to the water budget of the area around the mountain. The forests of Kilimanjaro, far below the ice fields, "are [the] essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations".[86]

The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records, including two from the southern icefield. Based on this data, this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP.[87]

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The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial trade winds and the high altitude anti-trades, and the isolated position of the mountain. Kilimanjaro has daily upslope and nightly downslope winds, a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly.[14]:3–4

Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November. The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones.[71] The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 millimetres (31 to 35 in) annually, rising to 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 in) at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) altitude and peaking "partly over" 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in the forest belt at 2,000 to 2,300 metres (6,600 to 7,500 ft). In the alpine zone, annual precipitation decreases to 200 millimetres (7.9 in).[73]:18

The average temperature in the summit area is approximately −7 °C (19 °F). Nighttime surface temperatures on the Northern Ice Field (NIF) fall on average to −9 °C (16 °F) with an average daytime high temperature of −4 °C (25 °F). During nights of extreme radiational cooling, the NIF can cool to as low as −15 to −27 °C (5 to −17 °F).[78]:674

Snowfall can occur any time of year but is associated mostly with northern Tanzania's two rainy seasons (November–December and March–May).[78]:673 Precipitation in the summit area occurs principally as snow and graupel (250 to 500 millimetres (9.8 to 19.7 in) per year) and ablates within days or years.[79]

Climate zones Edit
Bushland, 800 m – 1,800 m (2,600 ft – 5,900 ft);
Rainweald, 1,800 m – 2,800 m (5,900 ft – 9,200 ft);
Heath and Moorland, 2,800 m – 4,000 m (9,200 ft – 13,100 ft);
Highland Barrens, 4,000 m – 5,000 m (13,100 ft– 16,400 ft);
Ice Cap, 5,000 m – 5,895 m (16,400 ft – 19,341 ft).

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Elephants at the Amboseli National Park against Mount Kilimanjaro

Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain. Elephants and Cape buffaloes are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers. Bushbucks, chameleons, dik-diks, duikers, mongooses, sunbirds, and warthogs have been reported as well. Zebras and hyenas have sporadically been observed on the Shira plateau.[75]

Specific species associated with the mountain include the Kilimanjaro shrew[76] and the chameleon Kinyongia tavetana.[77]

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Natural forests cover about 1,000 square kilometres (250,000 acres) on Kilimanjaro.[71] In the foothill area maize, beans, and sunflowers (on the western side also wheat) are cultivated. Remnants of the former savanna vegetation with Acacia, Combretum, Terminalia and Grewia also occur. Between 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), coffee also appears as part of the "Chagga home gardens" agroforestry. Native vegetation at this altitude range (Strombosia, Newtonia, and Entandrophragma) is limited to inaccessible valleys and gorges[72] and is completely different from vegetation at higher altitudes. On the southern slope montane forests first contain Ocotea usambarensis as well as ferns and epiphytes, farther up in cloud forests Podocarpus latifolius, Hagenia abyssinica and Erica excelsa grow as well as fog-dependent mosses. On the drier northern slopes olive, Croton-Calodendrum, Cassipourea, and Juniperus form forests in order of increasing altitude. Between 3,100 metres (10,200 ft) and 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) lie Erica bush and heathlands, followed by Helichrysum until 4,500 metres (14,800 ft).[73][74] Neophytes have been observed, including Poa annua.[73]

Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 metres (9,120 ft) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time. Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago because of the drier and colder conditions.[72]

The Tussock Grassland is an area on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro which contains many unique species of vegetation like the water holding cabbage.

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The origin of the name "Kilimanjaro" is not precisely known, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that "Kilimanjaro" was the mountain's Kiswahili name.[22] The 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopædia also records the name of the mountain as "Kilima-Njaro".[23]

Johann Ludwig Krapf wrote in 1860 that Swahilis along the coast called the mountain "Kilimanjaro". Although he did not support his claim,[24] he claimed that "Kilimanjaro" meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans". Under the latter meaning, "Kilima" meant "mountain" and "Jaro" possibly meant "caravans".[22]

Jim Thompson claimed in 1885, although he also did not support his claim,[24] that the term Kilima-Njaro "has generally been understood to mean" the Mountain (Kilima) of Greatness (Njaro). "Though not improbably it may mean" the "White" mountain.[25]

"Njaro" is an ancient Kiswahili word for "shining".[26] Similarly, Krapf wrote that a chief of the Wakamba people, whom he visited in 1849, "had been to Jagga and had seen the Kima jaJeu, mountain of whiteness, the name given by the Wakamba to Kilimanjaro...."[27] More correctly in the Kikamba language, this would be Kiima Kyeu, and this possible derivation has been popular with several investigators.[24]

Others have assumed that "Kilima" is Kiswahili for "mountain". The problem with this assumption is that "Kilima" actually means "hill" and is, therefore, the diminutive of "Mlima", the proper Kiswahili word for mountain. However, "[i]t is ... possible ... that an early European visitor, whose knowledge of [Kiswahili] was not extensive, changed mlima to kilima by analogy with the two Wachagga names; Kibo and Kimawenzi."[24]

A different approach is to assume that the "Kileman" part of Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga "kileme", which means "which defeats", or "kilelema", which means "which has become difficult or impossible". The "Jaro" part would "then be derived from njaare, a bird, or, according to other informants, a leopard, or, possibly from jyaro a caravan." Considering that the name Kilimanjaro has never been current among the Wachagga people, it is possible that the name was derived from Wachagga saying that the mountain was unclimbable, "kilemanjaare" or "kilemajyaro" and porters misinterpreted this as being the name of the mountain.[24]

In the 1880s, the mountain became a part of German East Africa and was called "Kilima-Ndscharo" in German following the Kiswahili name components.[28]

On 6 October 1889, Hans Meyer reached the highest summit on the crater ridge of Kibo. He named it "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze" ("Kaiser Wilhelm peak").[29] That name apparently was used until Tanzania was formed in 1964,[30] when the summit was renamed "Uhuru Peak", meaning "Freedom Peak" in Kiswahili.[31]

Peeking

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Kilimanjaro is a large stratovolcano and is  composecomposed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest; Mawenzi at 5,149 metres (16,893 ft);[8] and Shira, the shortest at 4,005 metres (13,140 ft).[9] Mawenzi and Shira are extinct, while Kibo is dormant and could erupt again.[10]

Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. The Tanzania National Parks Authority, a Tanzanian governmental agency,[1] and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization[2] list the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m (19,341 ft). That height is based on a British Ordnance Survey in 1952.[11] Since then, the height has been measured as 5,892 metres (19,331 ft) in 1999, 5,891 metres (19,327 ft) in 2008, and 5,888 metres (19,318 ft) in 2014.[11]

Geology Edit
The interior of the volcanic edifice is poorly known, given the lack of large scale erosion that could have exposed the interiors of the volcano.[12]

Eruptive activity at the Shira centre commenced about 2.5 million years ago, with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago, just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed.[10] Shira is topped by a broad plateau at 3,800 metres (12,500 ft), which may be a filled caldera. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion. Before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 m (16,000 ft) and 5,200 m (17,000 ft) high. It is mostly composed of basic lavas with some pyroclastics. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from ring fractures, but there was no large scale explosive activity. Two cones formed subsequently, the phonolitic one at the northwest end of the ridge and the doleritic "Platzkegel" in the caldera centre.[10][12][13]

Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago.[10] They are separated by the "Saddle Plateau" at 4,400 metres (14,400 ft) elevation.[14]:3

Aerial view of Kilimanjaro in December 2009

The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old.[10] Mawenzi forms a horseshoe shaped ridge with pinnacles and ridges opening to the northeast which has a tower-like shape resulting from deep erosion and a mafic dyke swarm. Several large cirques cut into the ring, the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge. Also notable are the Ost and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a subsidiary peak named Neumann Tower (4,425 metres (14,518 ft)).[10][12][13]

Kibo is the largest cone and is more than 15 miles (24 km) wide at the "Saddle Plateau" altitude. The last activity here has been dated to between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and created the current Kibo summit crater. Kibo still has gas-emitting fumaroles in the crater.[10][12][13] Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with escarpments rising 180 metres (590 ft) to 200 metres (660 ft) on the south side. These escarpments define a 2.5-kilometre-wide (1.6 mi) caldera[15] caused by the collapse of the summit. Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater, which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time (out of 65 attempts during his lifetime).[16][17] The Ash Pit, 350 metres (1,150 ft) deep, lies within the Reusch Crater.[18] About 100,000 years ago, part of Kibo's crater rim collapsed, creating the area known as the Western Breach and the Great Barranco.[19]

An almost continuous layer of lavas buries most older geological features, with the exception of exposed strata within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco. The former exposes intrusions of syenite.[12] Kibo has five main lava formations:[10]

Phonotephrites and tephriphonolites of the "Lava Tower group", on a dyke cropping out at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft), 482,000 years ago
Tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas "characterized by rhomb mega-phenocrysts of sodic feldspars" of the "Rhomb Porphyry group", 460,000–360,000 years ago
aphyric phonolite lavas, "commonly underlain by basal obsidian horizons", of the "Lent group", 359,000–337,000 years ago
porphyritic tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas of the "Caldera rim group", 274,000–170,000 years ago
phonolite lava flows with aegirine phenocrysts, of the "Inner Crater group", which represents the last volcanic activity on Kibo
Kibo has more than 250 parasitic cones on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago[10] and erupted picrobasalts, trachybasalts, ankaramites, and basanites.[10][12][13] They reach as far as Lake Chala and Taveta in the southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest. Most of these cones are well preserved, with the exception of the Saddle Plateau cones that were heavily affected by glacial action. Despite their mostly small size, lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain. The Saddle Plateau cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava, while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows. All Saddle Plateau cones predate the last glaciation.[12]

According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the Maasai, Lake Chala on Kibo's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption.[20]

Drainage Edit
The mountain is drained by a network of rivers and streams, especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). Below that altitude, increased evaporation and human water usage reduces the waterflows. The Lumi and Pangani rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides, respectively.[21]

Two of Kilimanjaro's volcanic cones: Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right)

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Mount Kilimanjaro or just Kilimanjaro ( /ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ/),[7] with its three volcanic cones, "Kibo", "Mawenzi", and "Shira", is a dormant volcano in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa, about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) from its base, and 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level. The first people known to have reached the summit of the mountain were Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889. The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination. The mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields.

Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg
The Kibo summit of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Highest point
Elevation
5,895 m (19,341 ft) [1][2]
Prominence
5,885 m (19,308 ft) [3]
Ranked 4th[4]
Isolation
5,510 kilometres (3,420 mi)
Listing
Seven Summits
Highest mountains of Africa
Volcanic Seven Summits
Country highest point
Ultra
Seven Third Summits (Mawenzi)
Coordinates
03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E

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Tanzania (/ˌtænzəˈniːə/),[13] officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakesregion. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in north-eastern Tanzania.

United Republic of TanzaniaJamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania  (Swahili)

FlagCoat of arms
Motto: "Uhuru na Umoja" (Swahili)
"Freedom and Unity"
Anthem: "Mungu ibariki Afrika"
(English: "God Bless Africa")

Capital
| Dodoma (de jure)

Largest city
| Dar es Salaam

Official languages
| None de jure

National language
| Swahili[1]

Other languages
| English

Religion
| (2010 estimate)[2]Christianity 61.4%Islam 35.2%Folk religion 1.8%Irreligious 1.4%Other 0.2%

Demonym
| Tanzanian

Government
| Unitary dominant-partypresidentialconstitutional socialistrepublic[3][4][5]

• President
| John Magufuli

• Vice President
| Samia Suluhu

• Prime Minister
| Kassim Majaliwa

• Speaker
| Job Ndugai

• Chief Justice
| Ibrahim Hamis Juma

Legislature
| National Assembly

Independence from the United Kingdom

• Tanganyika
| 9 December 1961

• Unguja and Pemba
| 10 December 1963

• Merger
| 26 April 1964

• Current constitution
| 25 April 1977

Area

• Total
| 947,303 km2(365,756 sq mi) (31st)

• Water (%)
| 6.4[6]

Population

• 2016 estimate
| 55,572,201[7] (26th)

• 2012 census
| 44,928,923[8]

• Density
| 47.5/km2(123.0/sq mi)

Some prehistoric population migrations into Tanzania include Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from Ethiopia;[14] Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago;[14] and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.[14]:page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.[14][15]

European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.[16]

The United Nations estimated Tanzania's 2016 population at 55.57 million.[7] The population is composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The sovereign state of Tanzania is a presidentialconstitutional republic and since 1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma where the president's office, the National Assembly, and some government ministries are located.[17] Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre.[16][18][19] Tanzania is a de facto one-party state with the democratic socialist Chama Cha Mapinduziparty in power.

Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Kalambo Falls, located on the Kalambo Riverat the Zambian border, is the second highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa.[20] The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.

Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.[21] The country does not have a de jure official language,[citation needed] although the national language is Swahili.[22] Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education,[21] although the Tanzanian government is planning to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether.[23]Approximately 10 percent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 percent speak it as a second language.[

The name "Tanzania" was created as a clipped compound of the names of the two states that unified to create the country: Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[24]

The name "Tanganyika" is derived from the Swahili words tanga ("sail") and nyika("uninhabited plain", "wilderness"), creating the phrase "sail in the wilderness". It is sometimes understood as a reference to Lake Tanganyika.[25]

The name of Zanzibar comes from "zenji", the name for a local people (said to mean "black"), and the Arabic word "barr", which means coast or shore.[26]

PRE-COLONIAL
The indigenous populations of eastern Africa are thought to be the linguistically isolatedHadza and Sandawe hunter-gatherers of Tanzania.[14]:page 17
The first wave of migration was by Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. They are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge.[14]:page 17Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of Lake Turkana.[14]:pages 17–18
Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, moved south from the present-day South Sudan / Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.[14]:page 18
These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoriaand Lake Tanganyika areas. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.[14][15]
Eastern Nilotic peoples, including the Maasai, represent a more recent migration from present day South Sudan within the past 500 to 1,500 years.[14][27]
The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The Pare people were the main producers of highly demanded iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of north-eastern Tanzania.[28] The Haya people on the western shores of Lake Victoria invented a type of high-heat blast furnace, which allowed them to forge carbon steel at temperatures exceeding 1,820 °C (3,310 °F) more than 1,500 years ago.[29]
Travelers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and India have visited the east African coast since early in the first millennium A.D.[30] Islam was practiced by some on the Swahili Coast as early as the eighth or ninth century A.D.[31]

COLONIAL
A 1572 depiction of the city of Kilwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan moved his capital to Zanzibar Cityin 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade.[32]Between 65 and 90 percent of the Arab-Swahili population of Zanzibar was enslaved.[33] One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was Tippu Tip, who was the grandson of an enslaved African. The Nyamwezi slave traders operated under the leadership of Msiri and Mirambo.[34]According to Timothy Insoll, "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."[35] In the 1890s, slavery was abolished.[36]
The Maji Maji Rebellion against German colonial rule in 1905
In the late 19th century, Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into German East Africa (GEA).[citation needed] The Supreme Council of the 1919 Paris Peace Conferenceawarded all of GEA to Britain on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium.[37]:240 The British colonial secretary, Alfred Milner, and Belgium's minister plenipotentiary to the conference, Pierre Orts, then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919[38]:618–9 where Britain ceded the north-western GEA provinces of Ruanda and Urundi to Belgium.[37]:246 The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919.[37]:246–7 The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919.[38]:612–3 On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small Kionga Triangle south of the Rovuma River would be given to Portuguese Mozambique,[37]:243 with it eventually becoming part of independent Mozambique. The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894.[37]:243 The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 July 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on that date, "Tanganyika" became the name of the British territory.

During World War II, about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the Allied forces[39]and were among the 375,000 Africans who fought with those forces.[40] Tanganyikans fought in units of the King's African Riflesduring the East African Campaign in Somaliaand Abyssinia against the Italians, in Madagascar against the Vichy French during the Madagascar Campaign, and in Burmaagainst the Japanese during the Burma Campaign.[40] Tanganyika was an important source of food during this war, and its export income increased greatly compared to the pre-war years of the Great Depression[39]Wartime demand, however, caused increased commodity prices and massive inflationwithin the colony.[41]

In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organisation into the politically orientedTanganyika African National Union (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve national sovereignty for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year, TANU had become the leading political organisation in the country. Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as prime minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961.[citation needed]

POST COLONIAL
British rule came to an end on December 9, 1961, but for the first year of independence, Tanganyika had a governor general who represented the British monarch.[42]:page 6 On 9 December 1962, Tanganyika became a democratic republic under an executive president.[42]:page 6

After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar,[43]which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.[44] On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" comes from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar).[16] The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.

Following Tanganyika's independence and unification with Zanzibar leading to the state of Tanzania, President Nyerere emphasized a need to construct a national identity for the citizens of the new country. To achieve this, Nyerere provided what is regarded as one of the most successful cases of ethnic repression and identity transformation in Africa.[45] With over 130 languages spoken within its territory, Tanzania is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa. Despite this obstacle, ethnic divisions remained rare in Tanzania when compared to the rest of the continent, notably its immediate neighbor, Kenya. Furthermore, since its independence, Tanzania has displayed more political stability than most African countries, particularly due to Nyerere's ethnic repression methods.[46]

The Arusha Declaration Monument.
In 1967, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to the left after the Arusha Declaration, which codified a commitment to socialism as well-as Pan-Africanism. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalised.

Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the 1,860-kilometre-long (1,160 mi) TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia.[47]Nonetheless, from the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse, in the context of an international economic crisis affecting both developed and developing economies.

From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania's gross domestic product per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced, according to a report by the World Bank.[48]

In 1992, the Constitution of Tanzania was amended to allow multiple political parties.[49]In Tanzania's first multi-party elections, held in 1995, the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi won 186 of the 232 elected seats in the National Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president.[50]

Geography of Tanzania and Zanzibar Archipelago

An elephant passing by the snow-capped Mt. Kilimanjaro

Ngorongoro Crater, the world's largest inactive and intact volcanic caldera

Tanzania map of Köppen climate classification

At 947,303 square kilometres (365,756 sq mi),[6] Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria.[51] It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambiqueto the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately 1,424 kilometres (885 mi) long.[52] It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia.[53]:page 1245 The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest points: Mount Kilimanjaro, at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level, and the floor of Lake Tanganyika, at 352 metres (1,155 ft) below sea level, respectively.[53]:page 1245

Wildebeest migration in the Serengeti

Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the southwest lies Lake Nyasa. Central Tanzania is a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore.

Kalambo Falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa is the second highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa, and is located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia.[20] The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.

ClimateEdit
Main article: Climate of Tanzania

Climate varies greatly within Tanzania. In the highlands, temperatures range between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F) during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20 °C (68 °F). The hottest period extends between November and February (25–31 °C or 77.0–87.8 °F) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15–20 °C or 59–68 °F). Annual temperature is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The climate is cool in high mountainous regions.

Tanzania has two major rainfall regimes: one is uni-modal (October–April) and the other is bi-modal (October–December and March–May).[54] The former is experienced in southern, central, and western parts of the country, and the latter is found in the north from Lake Victoria extending east to the coast.[54] The bi-modal regime is caused by the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[54]

Wildlife and conservationEdit
Main article: Wildlife of Tanzania

A tower of giraffes at Arusha National Park. The giraffe is the national animal.

Approximately 38 percent of Tanzania's land area is set aside in protected areas for conservation.[55] Tanzania has 16 national parks,[56] plus a variety of game and forest reserves, including the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. In western Tanzania, Gombe Stream National Park is the site of Jane Goodall's ongoing study of chimpanzeebehaviour, which started in 1960.[57][58]

Tanzania is highly biodiverse and contains a wide variety of animal habitats.[59] On Tanzania's Serengeti plain, white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) and other bovids participate in a large-scale annual migration. Tanzania is home to about 130 amphibian and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly endemic and included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red Lists of countries.[60]

Economy of Tanzania and Poverty in Tanzania

Bank of Tanzania Twin Towers

As of 2018, according to the IMF, Tanzania's gross domestic product (GDP) was an estimated $56.7 billion (nominal), or $176.5 billion on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. GDP per capita (PPP) was $3,457.[100]

From 2009 through 2013, Tanzania's per capita GDP (based on constant local currency) grew an average of 3.5% per year, higher than any other member of the East African Community (EAC) and exceeded by only nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[101]

Tanzania's largest trading partners in 2012 for its US $5.5 billion in exports were South Africa, Switzerland, and China.[102] Its imports totalled US $11.7 billion, with Switzerland, China, and the United Arab Emirates being the biggest partners.[102]

The Kariakoo market in Dar es Salaam.

Tanzania weathered the Great Recession, which began in late 2008 or early 2009, relatively well. Strong gold prices, bolstering the country's mining industry, and Tanzania's poor integration into global markets helped to insulate the country from the downturn.[53]:page 1250 Since the recession ended, the Tanzanian economy has expanded rapidly thanks to strong tourism, telecommunications, and banking sectors.[53]:page 1250

According to the United Nations Development Program, however, recent growth in the national economy has benefited only the "very few", leaving out the majority of the population.[103] Tanzania's 2013 Global Hunger Index was worse than any other country in the EAC except Burundi.[104]:page 15The proportion of persons who were undernourished in 2010–12 was also worse than any other EAC country except Burundi.[104]:page 51

More about TanzaniaEdit

[105] Tanzania has made little progress towards reducing extreme hunger and malnutrition.[105][106] The 2010 Global Hunger Index ranks the situation as “alarming”.[105]Children in rural areas suffer substantially higher rates of malnutrition and chronic hunger, although urban-rural disparities have narrowed as regards both stunting and underweight.[105] Low rural sector productivity arises mainly from inadequate infrastructure investment; limited access to farm inputs, extension services and credit; limited technology as well as trade and marketing support; and heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources.[105]

Approximately 68 percent of Tanzania's 44.9 million citizens live below the poverty line of $1.25 a day and 16 percent of children under 5 are malnourished.[106] The most prominent challenges Tanzania faces in poverty reduction are unsustainable harvesting of its natural resources, unchecked cultivation, climate change and water- source encroachment, according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[106]

There are very few resources for Tanzanians in terms of credit services, infrastructure or availability to improved agricultural technologies, which further exacerbates hunger and poverty in the country according to the UNDP.[106] Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in poverty according to the United Nation’s Human Development Index (2014).[106]

AgricultureEdit
Main article: Agriculture in Tanzania

The Tea fields in Tukuyu.

The Tanzanian economy is heavily based on agriculture, which in 2013 accounted for 24.5 percent of gross domestic product,[42]:page 37provides 85% of exports,[16] and accounted for half of the employed workforce;[42]:page 56 The agricultural sector grew 4.3 percent in 2012, less than half of the Millennium Development Goal target of 10.8 percent.[107] 16.4 percent of the land is arable,[108] with 2.4 percent of the land planted with permanent crops.[109]Tanzania's economy relies on farming, but climate change has impacted their farming.

GDP: $150.3 billion

GDP: per capita: $3,100

Unemployment rate: 10.3%

Population below poverty line: 22.8%

Main Exports: Coffee worth about $5.697 billion in total

Export Partners: Switzerland 15.1%, India 13.8%, South Africa, 12.4%, China 7%, Kenya 6.2%, Congo 5.7%, Belgium 5.6%.

Main Imports: Machinery and transport equipments, worth about $8.464 billion in total.

Import partners: China 20.7%, India 18.1%, UAE 7.5%, South Africa 6%, Japan 4.7%

Labour Force by occupation: Agriculture 66.9%, Industry 6.4%, Services: 26.6%.

Maize was the largest food crop on the Tanzania mainland in 2013 (5.17 million tonnes), followed by cassava (1.94 million tonnes), sweet potatoes (1.88 million tonnes), beans (1.64 million tonnes), bananas (1.31 million tonnes), rice (1.31 million tonnes), and millet (1.04 million tonnes).[42]:page 58 Sugar was the largest cash crop on the mainland in 2013 (296,679 tonnes), followed by cotton (241,198 tonnes), cashew nuts (126,000 tonnes), tobacco (86,877 tonnes), coffee (48,000 tonnes), sisal (37,368 tonnes), and tea (32,422 tonnes).[42]:page 58 Beef was the largest meat product on the mainland in 2013 (299,581 tonnes), followed by lamb/mutton (115,652 tonnes), chicken (87,408 tonnes), and pork (50,814 tonnes).[42]:page 60

According to the 2002 National Irrigation Master Plan, 29.4 million hectares in Tanzania are suitable for irrigation farming; however, only 310,745 hectares were actually being irrigated in June 2011.[110]

Industry, energy and constructionEdit
Main articles: Energy in Tanzania, Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania, and Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania
See also: List of companies of Tanzania

Williamson diamond mine

Songo Songo Gas Plant
Industry and construction is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 percent of GDP in 2013.[42]:page 37 This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction.[42]:page 37 Mining contributed 3.3 percent of GDP in 2013.[42]:page 33 The vast majority of the country's mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89 percent of the value of those exports in 2013.[42]:page 71 It also exports sizeable quantities of gemstones, including diamondsand tanzanite.[53]:page 1251 All of Tanzania's coal production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.[111]
Only 15 percent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011.[112] The government-owned Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania.[113] The country generated 6.013 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 percent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012.[114]:page 4 Generation increased by 63 percent between 2005 and 2012;[115][116]Almost 18 percent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems.[115]The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.[53]:page 1251[113] The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.[53]:page 1251 In 2013, 49.7 percent of Tanzania's electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9 percent from hydroelectric sources, 20.4 percent from thermal sources, and 1.0 percent from outside the country.[114]:page 5 The government has built a 532 kilometres (331 mi) gas pipeline from Mnazi Bay to Dar es Salaam.[117] This pipeline was expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016.[118] The government's goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025.[119]
Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, is Tanzania's and East Africa's only suspension bridge
According to PFC Energy, 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010,[111] bringing the total reserves to over 43 trillion cubic feet by the end of 2013.[120] The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 percent increase over 2012.[42]:page 73
Commercial production of gas from the Songo Songo Island field in the Indian Ocean commenced in 2004, thirty years after it was discovered there.[121][122] Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013,[42]:page 72 with proven, probable, and possible reserves totalling 1.1 trillion cubic feet.[122] The gas is transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam.[121] As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc.[123]
A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island[42]:page 73but has proven, probable, and possible reserves of 2.2 trillion cubic feet.[122] Virtually all of that gas is being used for electricity generation in Mtwara.[121]
The Ruvuma and Nyuna regions of Tanzania have been explored mostly by the discovery company that holds a 75 percent interest, Aminex, and has shown to hold in excess of 3.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A pipeline connecting offshore natural gas fields to Tanzania's commercial capital Dar es Salaam was completed at the end of April 2015.[124]

TOURISM IN TANZANIA
Travel and tourism contributed 17.5 percent of Tanzania's gross domestic product in 2016[125] and employed 11.0 percent of the country's labour force (1,189,300 jobs) in 2013.[126] Overall receipts rose from US $1.74 billion in 2004 to US $4.48 billion in 2013,[126]and receipts from international tourists rose from US $1.255 billion in 2010 to US $2 billion in 2016.[125][127] In 2016, 1,284,279 tourists arrived at Tanzania's borders compared to 590,000 in 2005.[102] The vast majority of tourists visit Zanzibar or a "northern circuit" of Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park, and Mount Kilimanjaro.[53]:page 1252 In 2013, the most visited national park was Serengeti (452,485 tourists), followed by Manyara (187,773) and Tarangire (165,949).[42]:page xx

BANKING
The Bank of Tanzania is the central bank of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing Tanzanian shillingnotes and coins.[128] At the end of 2013, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry were 19.5 trillion Tanzanian shillings, a 15 percent increase over 2012.[129]

TRANSPORT IN TANZANIA
One of the main trunk roads
Air Tanzania is the flag carrier
Most transport in Tanzania is by road, with road transport constituting over 75 percent of the country's freight traffic and 80 percent of its passenger traffic.[53]:page 1252 The 86,500 kilometres (53,700 mi) road system is in generally poor condition.[53]:page 1252 Tanzania has two railway companies: TAZARA, which provides service between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and Tanzania Railways Limited, which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania.[53]:page 1252 Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays, and the railways have a deficient safety record.[53]:page 1252
In Dar es Salaam, there is a huge project of rapid buses, Dar Rapid Transit (DART) which connects suburbs of Dar es Salaam city. The development of the DART system consists of six phases and is funded by the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Government of Tanzania. The first phase began in April 2012, and it was completed in December 2015 and launched operations in May 2016.[130]
Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 100 small airports or landing strips. Airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition.[53]:page 1253 Airlines in Tanzania include Air Tanzania, Precision Air, Fastjet, Coastal Aviation, and ZanAir.[53]:page 1253

CommunicationsEdit
Main article: Telecommunications in Tanzania
In 2013, the communications sector was the fastest growing in Tanzania, expanding 22.8 percent; however, the sector accounted for only 2.4 percent of gross domestic product that year.[114]:page 2
As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average.[53]:page 1253Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones.[53]:page 1253 Approximately 12 percent of Tanzanians used the internet as of 2011, though this number is growing rapidly.[53]:page 1253 The country has a fibre-optic cable network that replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.[53]:page 1253

Water supply and sanitationEdit
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania
Domestic expenditure on research in Southern Africa as a percentage of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 20.3
Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania has been characterised by decreasing access to improved water sources in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93 percent since the 1990s), intermittent water supplies, and generally low quality of service.[131] Many utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues because of low tariffs and poor efficiency. There are significant regional differences, with the best performing utilities being Arusha, Moshi, and Tanga.[132]
The government of Tanzania has embarked on a major sector reform process since 2002. An ambitious National Water Sector Development Strategy that promotes integrated water resources management and the development of urban and rural water supply was adopted in 2006. Decentralisation has meant that responsibility for water and sanitation service provision has shifted to local government authorities and is carried out by 20 urban utilities and about 100 district utilities, as well as by Community Owned Water Supply Organisations in rural areas.[131]
These reforms have been backed by a significant increase of the budget starting in 2006, when the water sector was included among the priority sectors of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of PovertyMKUKUTA. The Tanzanian water sector remains heavily dependent on external donors, with 88 percent of the available funds being provided by external donor organisations.[133] Results have been mixed. For example, a report by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit noted that "despite heavy investments brought in by the World Bank and the European Union, (the utility serving Dar es Salaam) has remained one of the worst performing water entities in Tanzania."

Demographics of Tanzania
Population in Tanzania[7]
YearMillion
1950 | 7.9
2000 | 35.1
2016 | 55.6

According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923.[8] The under 15 age group represented 44.1 percent of the population.[136]
The population distribution in Tanzania is uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the eastern coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated.[53]:page 1252 Density varies from 12 per square kilometre (31/sq mi) in the Katavi Region to 3,133 per square kilometre (8,110/sq mi) in the Dar es Salaam Region.[8]:page 6
Approximately 70 percent of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.[137] Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541)[138] is the largest city and commercial capital. Dodoma(population 410,956)[138] is located in the centre of Tanzania, is the capital of the country, and hosts the National Assembly.
The Hadza live as hunter-gatherers
The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups.[139] The Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya peoples each have a population exceeding 1 million.[140]:page 4 Approximately 99 percent of Tanzanians are of African descent, with small numbers of Arab, European, and Asian descent.[139] The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu.[141]
The population also includes people of Arab and Indian origin, and small European and Chinese communities.[142] Many also identify as Shirazis. Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964.[43] As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.[143]
Some albinos in Tanzania have been the victims of violence in recent years.[144][145][146][147] Attacks are often to hack off the limbs of albinos in the perverse superstitious belief that possessing the bones of albinos will bring wealth. The country has banned witch doctors to try to prevent the practice, but it has continued and albinos remain targets.[148]
According to 2010 Tanzanian government statistics, the total fertility rate in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban mainland areas, 6.1 in rural mainland areas, and 5.1 in Zanzibar.[149]:page 55 For all women aged 45–49, 37.3 percent had given birth to eight or more children, and for currently married women in that age group, 45.0 percent had given birth to that many children.[149]:page 61

RELIGION IN TANZANIA

Religion in Tanzania (2014)
|  |  |  |
Christianity |  | 61.4%
Islam |  | 35.2%
Indigenous beliefs |  | 1.8%
Other |  | 1.6%
Source: CIA World Factbook.[16]

Azania Front Lutheran Church built by German missionaries in 1898
Gaddafi Mosque in the capital Dodoma is the second largest mosque in East Africa
Main articles: Islam in Zanzibar
Official statistics on religion are unavailable because religious surveys were eliminated from government census reports after 1967. Religious leaders and sociologists estimated in 2007 that Muslim and Christiancommunities were approximately equal in size, each accounting for 30 to 40 percent of the population, with the remainder consisting of practitioners of other faiths, indigenous religions, and people of "no religion".[150]
According to a 2014 estimate by the CIA World Factbook, 61.4 percent of the population was Christian, 35.2 percent was Muslim, 1.8 percent practiced traditional African religions, 1.4 percent were unaffiliated with any religion, and 0.2 followed other religions. Nearly the entire population of Zanzibar is Muslim.[16] Of Muslims, 16 percent are Ahmadiyya (although they are often not considered Muslims), 20 percent are non-denominational Muslims, 40 percent are Sunni, 20 percent are Shia, and 4% are Sufi.[151]
The Christian population is mostly composed of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Among Protestants, the large number of Lutheransand Moravians points to the German past of the country, while the number of Anglicanspoint to the British history of Tanganyika. Pentecostals and Adventists are also present because of missionary activity. All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement (East African Revival), which has also been fertile ground for the spread of charismatic and Pentecostal groups.[152]
There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddhists, Hindus, and Bahá'ís.[153]

LANGUAGE IN TANZANIA
A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar
More than 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.[21] Among the languages spoken are all four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan.[21] There are no de jure official languages in Tanzania.[22]
Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education,[21] The Tanzanian government, however, has plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction.[23] In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili to help unify the country's many ethnic groups.[154] Approximately 10 percent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 percent speak it as a second language.[21] Many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English.[155][156][157] The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country.[21][158] Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas.[159] Ethnic community languages (ECL) other than Kiswahili are not allowed as a language of instruction. Nor are they taught as a subject, though they might be used unofficially (illegally) in some cases in initial education. Television and radio programmes in an ECL are prohibited, and it is nearly impossible to get permission to publish a newspaper in an ECL. There is no department of local or regional African Languages and Literatures at the University of Dar es Salaam.[160]
Arabic is co-official in Zanzibar.
The Sandawe people speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadzabe people, although it has similar click consonants, is arguably a language isolate.[161] The language of the Iraqw peopleis Cushitic.[162]

EDUCATIONAL IN TANZANIA
Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam
In 2012, the literacy rate in Tanzania for persons aged 15 and over was estimated to be 67.8 percent.[163] Education is compulsory until children reach age 15.[164] In 2010, 74.1 percent of children age 5 to 14 years were attending school.[164] The primary school completion rate was 80.8 percent in 2012.[164]

HEALTCARE IN TANZANIA
As of 2012, life expectancy at birth was 61 years.[165] The under-five mortality rate in 2012 was 54 per 1,000 live births.[165] The maternal mortality rate in 2013 was estimated at 410 per 100,000 live births.[165] Prematurityand malaria were tied in 2010 as the leading cause of death in children under 5 years old.[166] The other leading causes of death for these children were, in decreasing order, malaria, diarrhoea, HIV, and measles.[166]
Malaria in Tanzania causes death and disease and has a "huge economic impact".[167]:page 13There were approximately 11.5 million cases of clinical malaria in 2008.[167]:page 12 In 2007–08, malaria prevalence among children aged 6 months to 5 years was highest in the Kagera Region (41.1 percent) on the western shore of Lake Victoria and lowest in the Arusha Region(0.1 percent).[167]:page 12
According to the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, 15 percent of Tanzanian women had undergone female genital mutilation (FGM)[149]:page 295 and 72 percent of Tanzanian men had been circumcised.[149]:page 230 FGM is most common in the Manyara, Dodoma, Arusha, and Singida regions and nonexistent in Zanzibar.[149]:page 296 The prevalence of male circumcision was above 90 percent in the eastern (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Morogororegions), northern (Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, and Manyara regions), and central areas (Dodoma and Singida regions) and below 50 percent only in the southern highlands zone (Mbeya, Iringa, and Rukwaregions).[149]:pages 6, 230
2012 data showed that 53 percent of the population used improved drinking water sources (defined as a source that "by nature of its construction and design, is likely to protect the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter") and 12 percent used improved sanitation facilities (defined as facilities that "likely hygienically separates human excreta from human contact" but not including facilities shared with other households or open to public use).[168]

HIV/🤬 IN TANZANIA
The World Health Organization estimated in 2012 that the prevalence of HIV was 3.1 percent,[165] although the Tanzania HIV/🤬 and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011–12 found that, on average, 5.1 percent of those tested in the 15 to 49 age group were HIV-positive.[169]Anti-retroviral treatment coverage for people living with HIV was 37 percent in 2013, compared to 19 percent in 2011.[170]According to a 2013 report published by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and 🤬 that compares 2012 with 2001 data, deaths have decreased 33 percent, new HIV infections have decreased 36 percent, and new HIV infections among children have decreased 67 percent.[171]

WOMEN IN TANZANIA
Women and men have equality for the law.[172]The government signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1985.[172] Nearly 3 out of ten females reported having experienced sexual violence before the age of 18. [172] The prevalence of female genital mutilation has decreased.[172] School girls are reinstated back to school after delivery.[172]The Police Force administration strives to separate the Gender Desks from normal police operations to enhance confidentiality of the processing of women victims of abuse.[172] Most of the abuses and violence against women and children occurs at the family level.[172] The Constitution of Tanzaniarequires that women to constitute at least 30% of all elected members of National Assembly.[172] The gender differences in education and training have implications later in life of these women and girls.[172]Unemployment is higher for females than for males.[172] The right of a female employee to maternity leave is guaranteed in labour law.[172]

TANZANIA LITERATURE
Tanzania's literary culture is primarily oral.[140]:page 68 Major oral literary forms include folktales, poems, riddles, proverbs, and songs.[140]:page 69 The greatest part of Tanzania's recorded oral literature is in Swahili, even though each of the country's languages has its own oral tradition.[140]:pages 68–9 The country's oral literature has been declining because of the breakdown of the multigenerational social structure, making transmission of oral literature more difficult, and because increasing modernisation has been accompanied by the devaluation of oral literature.[140]:page 69
Tanzania's written literary tradition is relatively undeveloped. Tanzania does not have a lifelong reading culture, and books are often expensive and hard to come by.[140]:page 75[173]:page 16 Most Tanzanian literature is in Swahili or English.[140]:page 75Major figures in Tanzanian written literature include Shaaban Robert (considered the father of Swahili literature), Muhammed Saley Farsy, Faraji Katalambulla, Adam Shafi Adam, Muhammed Said Abdalla, Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis, Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, Euphrase Kezilahabi, Gabriel Ruhumbika, Ebrahim Hussein, May Materru Balisidya, Fadhy Mtanga, Abdulrazak Gurnah, and Penina O. Mlama.[140]:pages 76–8

PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
A Tingatinga painting
Two Tanzanian art styles have achieved international recognition.[173]:p. 17 The Tingatinga school of painting, founded by Edward Said Tingatinga, consists of brightly coloured enamel paintings on canvas, generally depicting people, animals, or daily life. 17 After Tingatinga's death in 1972, other artists adopted and developed his style, with the genre now being the most important tourist-oriented style in East Africa.
Historically, there were limited opportunities for formal European art training in Tanzania and many aspiring Tanzanian artists left the country to pursue their vocation.

SPORT
Main article: Sport in Tanzania
Football is very popular throughout the country.[174] The most popular professional football clubs in Dar es Salaam are the Young Africans F.C. and Simba S.C.[175] The Tanzania Football Federation is the governing body for football in the country.
Other popular sports include basketball, netball, boxing, volleyball, athletics, and rugby.

CINEMA
Tanzania has a popular film industry known as Bongo Movie.

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Whether you come to climb it or simply to gaze in awe at this remarkable, snowcapped equatorial mountain, drawing near to Mt Kilimanjaro is one of the great experiences of African travel. And for once in Tanzania, visiting Mt Kilimanjaro National Park, the protected area that surrounds the mountain, is not about the wildlife.

At the heart of the park is the 5896m Mt Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain and one of the continent's most magnificent sights. It's also one of the world's highest volcanoes, and the highest free-standing mountain on earth, rising from cultivated farmlands on the lower slopes, through lush rainforest to alpine meadows, and finally across a lunar landscape to the twin summits of Kibo and Mawenzi.

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Mt Kilimanjaro National Park travel - Lonely Planet

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Whether you come to climb it or simply to gaze in awe at this remarkable, snowcapped equatorial mountain, drawing near to Mt Kilimanjaro is one of the great experiences of African travel. And for once in Tanzania, visiting Mt Kilimanjaro National Park, the protected area that surrounds the mountain, is not about the wildlife.

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Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area.[3] With 1.2 billion people[1] as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4] The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

Area
30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi)  (2nd)
Population
1,225,080,510[1] (2016; 2nd)
Population density
36.4/km2 (94/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)
$2.19 trillion (2017; 5th)
GDP (PPP)
$6.36 trillion (2017; 5th)
GDP per capita
$1,820 (2017; 6th)[2]
Demonym
African
Countries
54 (and 2 disputed)
Dependencies
External (3)
Mayotte
Réunion
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Internal (4)
Canary Islands
Ceuta
Madeira
Melilla
Languages
1250–3000 native languages
Time zones
UTC-1 to UTC+4
Largest cities
Largest Urban Areas:
LagosCairoKinshasaJohannesburgAbuja
KhartoumDar es SalaamAlexandriaAbidjan
AlgiersKanoCasablancaIbadanNairobi
Addis AbabaAccra
Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents;[5][6] the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4.[7] Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors as well as later ones that have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, 🤬 erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster—the earliest 🤬 sapiens (modern human), found in Ethiopia, date to circa 200,000 years ago.[8] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[9]

Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century, European countries colonised almost all of Africa; most present states in Africa originated from a process of decolonisation in the 20th century. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa.