# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How centuries of division built one of the most unequal countries on earth.

# data[].attributes.headline
31. Stellenbosch University students win right to be taught in English

# data[].attributes.subject
31. Stellenbosch University students win right to be taught in English

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After months of turmoil at South African universities, student protesters have won the right to be taught in English at Stellenbosch University, the intellectual home of Afrikaners during apartheid.

It was the latest victory for increasingly militant students who complain that the country's universities remain racist 21 years after the first democratic elections brought Nelson Mandela to power.

Students at Stellenbosch, about 30 miles east of Cape Town, protested that Afrikaans was the language of oppression and its use as the teaching medium disadvantaged black people.

"Since English is the common language in South Africa, all learning at Stellenbosch University will be facilitated in English," the rector's management team said in a statement.

It added that the university "remains committed to the further development of Afrikaans" as an academic language. The student pressure group Open Stellenbosch, which led the protests, welcomed the statement.

"The radical change from [using] Afrikaans as the primary tool for oppression and exclusion, to adopting a language shared by all as the official language, is a significant victory in this struggle for access to education," the movement said in a statement.

"We remember those who died for this to become possible in the long years of struggle against apartheid. In particular, we remember the students of 1976."

In that year, black high school pupils in Soweto rebelled against attempts to introduce Afrikaans as the medium of instruction, an uprising seen as a major turning point in the fight against apartheid.

The Stellenbosch victory comes hard on the heels of two other student triumphs this year.

At the University of Cape Town, protesters forced the removal from the campus of a statue of British colonialist Cecil Rhodes, protesting that it was a symbol of white oppression and continuing racism.

Last month, nationwide demonstrations forced the government to scrap plans for a university fee increase next year, which would have hit poor black students particularly hard.
Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Stellenbosch University students win right to be taught in English

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After months of turmoil at South African universities, student protesters have won the right to be taught in English at Stellenbosch University, the intellectual home of Afrikaners during apartheid. It was the latest victory for increasingly militant students who complain that the country's universities remain racist 21 years after the first democratic elections brought Nelson Mandela to power.

# data[].attributes.body
The Soweto Strings

# data[].attributes.body
Mandela Days

# data[].attributes.body
A Long Walk to Freedom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
2by2 Holidays provide tours to South Africa and the surrounding countries

# data[].attributes.headline
25. Introduction to South Africa (video)

# data[].attributes.subject
25. Introduction to South Africa (video)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Peter talks about Capetown and the surrounding areas and what's cool to do.

# data[].attributes.headline
24. Hiking in South Africa (audio document)

# data[].attributes.subject
24. Hiking in South Africa (audio document)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Peter talks about hiking in South Africa and dealing with natural dangers.

# data[].attributes.headline
22. South African landscape (audio document)

# data[].attributes.subject
22. South African landscape (audio document)

# data[].attributes.body
Listen to the audio document twice without the text (click on - next to audio script)

Take notes.

Do the vocabulary quiz and the comprehension quiz (on the right).

Discuss what you've learnt in class.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ELLLO Views #1141 South African Landscape

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Peter talks about how South Africa has many different types of climates.

# data[].attributes.headline
21. The Big Five (audio document / animals)

# data[].attributes.subject
21. The Big Five (audio document / animals)

# data[].attributes.body
Listen to the audio document twice without the text (click on - next to audio script)

Take notes.

Do the vocabulary quiz and the comprehension quiz (on the right).

Discuss what you've learnt in class.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ESL students and teachers can access free listening lessons that come with audio, script, quiz and vocabulary support.

# data[].attributes.body
from esl printables.

# data[].attributes.body
by Mena (esl printables) -- updated by Mrs. Fasquel

# data[].attributes.body
by Mena (esl printables) -- updated by Mrs. Fasquel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An Introduction to South Africa-Students-1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Students from numerous Sowetan schools began to protest in the streets of Soweto in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools. It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests. They were met with fierce police brutality.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A chronology of key events in the history of South Africa from 4th-century migrations to the present day.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Infoplease is the world's largest free reference site. Facts on world and country flags, maps, geography, history, statistics, disasters current events, and international relations.

# data[].attributes.headline
10. Obama praises Mandela as an inspiration (1st July, 2013)

# data[].attributes.subject
10. Obama praises Mandela as an inspiration (1st July, 2013)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English News Lessons: Free 26-Page lesson plan / 2-page mini-lesson - Nelson Mandela - Handouts, online activity, mp3... current events.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Podcast: Nelson Mandela - ESL Library Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
prof premraj pushpakaran writes - 2018 marks the 100th birth year of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela!!!

# data[].attributes.headline
6. Mandela and the fight against Apartheid

# data[].attributes.subject
6. Mandela and the fight against Apartheid

# data[].attributes.body
Time covers quiz

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Time covers quiz: "Mandela and the fight against Apartheid"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English News Lessons: Free 26-Page lesson plan / 2-page mini-lesson - Nelson Mandela - Handouts, online activities, speed reading, dictation, mp3... current events.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Popplet is the best app for sharing visual ideas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A chronology of key events in the history of South Africa from 4th-century migrations to the present day.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
( Page mise à jour le 5/12/2014)

An arms race in the land of Pistorius (Métro)
Voir article p 13-14. Pour accéder au journal gratuit, il faut entrer une adresse mail.
Un article de métro du 15/02/2013 sur le quantité d'armes en Afrique du Sud, à l'occasion de l'arrestation de Pistorius.
Un article intéressant qui donne beaucoup de chiffres et de comparaisons sur la quantité d'armes en Afrique du Sud, et un particulier un graphique qui montre les chiffres en Grande Bretagne et en Afrique du Sud.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
( Page mise à jour le 5/12/2014) An arms race in the land of Pistorius (Métro)Voir article p 13-14.

# data[].attributes.body
by Suzanne, Amy, Aymie

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Long Walk to Freedom
Nelson Mandela
1918-2013
http://weinsteinco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/pdf/Overview_of_Classroom_Lessons.pdf
-> 1995
-> Apartheid
-> South Africa
-> Autobiographical
AUTHOR
Timeline

Born Rolihlahla Mandela at Mvezo in the Transkei
18 July 1918
1938
Attends University of Fort Hare.
Mr. Mandela is admitted to the University of Fort Hare, a black institution. Two years later he will be expelled for leading a student protest.
-> 18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013
-> South African anti-apartheid revolutionary
-> politician and philanthropist
-> Served as a president of South Africa from 1994-1999
1944
First Marriage
Mr. Mandela marries Evelyn Ntoko Mase. The couple will have four children, but Mr. Mandela's political activities will put a strain on the relationship. The couple will divorce in 1958.
1952
Mandela Starts Law Practice
Mr. Mandela and Oliver Tambo open South Africa's first black law practice.
Mandela Arrested on Treason Charges
Mr. Mandela is arrested at his home and charged with treason, along with 155 others who called for a nonracial state in South Africa.
1956
During Trial, a Second Marriage. In the midst of Mr. Mandela's trial on treason charges, he marries Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela, 16 years his junior. The tumultuous union will have two daughters and a national drama of forced separation, devotion and remorse.
1958
1964
Sentenced to Life in Prison
Mr. Mandela and seven others are convicted and sentenced to life in prison. Mr. Mandela is sent to Robben Island prison, seven miles off the coast of Cape Town. He will spend the next 18 years there.
1989
Meets With the South African President
1990
Mandela Freed
Mr. Mandela, now 71, is freed without conditions, ending 27 and a half years of imprisonment.
Third Marriage at 80
On his 80th birthday, Mr. Mandela marries Graça Machel, the 52-year-old widow of the former president of Mozambique, Samora Machel.
1998
1993
Mandela and de Klerk Share Nobel
Mr. Mandela and Mr. de Klerk share the Nobel Peace Prize.
Mandela as President
1994
1995
Reconciliation Through Rugby
South Africa's national rugby team wins the World Cup final. The team, the Springboks, was banned from international competition until 1992, and was long seen as a symbol of oppression by many black South Africans. Mr. Mandela's call for blacks to support the team is a move toward racial reconciliation. He congratulates the team while wearing a green Springboks jersey, in a stadium full of cheering white rugby fans.
5 Dec. 2013
Mandela Dies of sickness at 95 years old
Nelson Mandela Foundation
The Nelson Mandela Foundation contributes to a society that remembers its pasts, listens to all its voices, and pursues social justice in order to promote peace, human rights and democracy.
MANDELA DAY
Nelson Mandela International Day was launched in recognition of Nelson Mandela's birthday on 18 July, 2009 via unanimous decision of the UN General Assembly.

It was inspired by a call Nelson Mandela made a year earlier, for the next generation to take on the burden of leadership in addressing the world's social injustices when he said that "it is in your hands now".

It is more than a celebration of Madiba's life and legacy. It is a global movement to honour his life's work and act to change the world for the better.
THEMES
-> Apartheid and racial segregation in Africa
->
->
IMPRESSIONS
CHARACTERS
SETTING
A family life
A public-calling
ANALYSIS
TONE / MOOD
-> Heavy
"It was overwhelming," Kathrada said, his voice breaking, his eyes tearing. "I've known the man for 67 years since I was a school boy...and all my life I've known him as a strong man, " he said. "It was quite traumatic to see him a shadow of his former self," Kathrada said in a hushed tone.
-> Inspirational

"A Nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but it's lowest ones"
By Matilda, Emma and Suzanne - May 2015.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Nelson Mandela Foundation The Nelson Mandela Foundation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Mandela Arrested on Treason Charges Mr. Mandela

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela 1918-2013 http://weinsteinco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/pdf/Overview_of_Classroom_Lessons.pdf-> 1995-> Apartheid-> South Africa-> Autobiographical AUTHOR Timeline Born Rolihlahla Mandela at Mvezo in the Transkei18 July 19181938Attends University of Fort Hare.Mr. Mandela is admitted to the University of Fort Hare, a black institution.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imagine you're a tourist in SA , say where you're likely to be or go (click on the places to find out details about them ; some places may be mentioned twice)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The work of Andre Brink and J M Coetzee is widely critiqued. But Brink has, in the past, been incorrectly accused of plagiarism. That he makes liberal use of inter-textual references to colonialism, history and even Coetzee's works remains a moot point. Brink's Donkermaan references Coetzee's Disgrace; " I rest my case on the rights...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Maya Angelou - 'His Day Is Done' Mandela Tribute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
American author and poet Maya Angelo delivers a video tribute poem for Nelson Mandela on behalf of the American people. Delivered December 2013. Complete text and enhanced audio mp3 at: http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mayaangelounelsonmandelapoem.htm Video courtesy DIVDS.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The South African literary landscape from the 19th century to the present day has been fundamentally shaped by the social and political evolution of the country, particularly the trajectory from a colonial trading station to an apartheid state and finally toward a democracy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nadine Gordimer, Winner of South Africa's First Nobel Prize in Literature, Dies at 90

# data[].attributes.subject
Nadine Gordimer, Winner of South Africa's First Nobel Prize in Literature, Dies at 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Nadine Gordimer, Winner of South Africa's First Nobel Prize in Literature, Dies at 90

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nadine Gordimer, who won South Africa's first Nobel Prize in literature, chronicled a racist regime's everyday horrors, from the enforced poverty and isolation of blacks to the petty cruelties ordinary whites visited upon them.

# data[].attributes.headline
South African literature: after apartheid

# data[].attributes.subject
South African literature: after apartheid

# data[].attributes.body
Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Olivier argues that "There is no obvious reason why it should be unhealthy or abnormal for different literatures to co-exist in one country, each possessing its own infrastructure and allowing theoreticians to develop impressive theories about polysystems".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
South African literature, literary works written in South Africa or written by South Africans living in other countries. Populated by diverse ethnic and language groups, South Africa has a distinctive literature in many African languages as well as Afrikaans (a vernacular derived from Dutch) and English.

See also African literature .

Although Afrikaans had emerged as a distinctive language by the mid-18th cent., Dutch remained the official language in government and was compulsory in the schools. The pressure of nationalism led finally to the legal recognition of Afrikaans in 1925, and it replaced Dutch completely. There soon emerged several authors writing in Afrikaans. Notable among them was C. J. Langenhoven, who wrote novels and poems, translated the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam into Afrikaans, and wrote the words of the national anthem. His efforts led to the compilation of an Afrikaans dictionary.

Other well-known Afrikaans writers were the poets Christian L. Leipoldt, Christiaan M. van der Heever, and Eugene Marais. A. A. Pienaar under the pseudonym Sangiro wrote nature stories. Uys Krige was extremely versatile his works include novels, short stories, poems, and plays in both Afrikaans and English. Important poets who have written in Afrikaans include W. E. G. Louw and his brother N. P. van Wyk Louw, Adam Small, and Elisabeth Eybers. In the 1960s novelist André Brink, novelist and poet Breyten Breytenbach , and poet Ingrid Jonker were among the Afrikaans writers who broke with conservative literary norms and wrote critically of apartheid . Brink and Breytenbach also wrote in English.

At first the limited local market retarded the development of an indigenous English-language literature. With the growth of the publishing industry, an increasing population, and the spread of education, a vital literary community developed in the mid-20th cent. In addition, many African writers, divorced from their ethnic heritage, began to write in English. One of the best known among the English-language novelists is Olive Schreiner , author of The Story of an African Farm (1883) she is considered the first great South African novelist.

Other important novelists include Sarah G. Millin , whose major work is God's Stepchildren (1924) William Plomer, who wrote Turbott Wolfe (1925) Alan Paton , whose novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) was widely acclaimed in America and Elizabeth C. Webster, who won an English prize for Ceremony of Innocence (1949). Roy Campbell is known as a South African poet, although he lived in England after 1926. Besides numerous other works, Stuart Cloete wrote Turning Wheels (1939), a story of the Great Trek, which was made into a film in the United States. Other internationally known works include H. V. Morton's In Search of South Africa (1948) and Episode in the Transvaal (1955) by Harry Bloom, who also wrote the book for the first all-African opera, King Kong (1958).

In the 1950s and 60s the magazine Drum was an important voice for African writers such as Lewis Nkosi and Ezekiel Mphahlele . Mphahlele wrote Down Second Avenue (1959), an autobiographical account of life in one of Johannesburg's African townships, and Voices in the Whirlwind (1972), a collection of essays about South Africa. Other writers who gained prominence in the 1950s and 60s include Jack Cope, Nadine Gordimer , Bessie Head , Dan Jacobson, Peter Abrahams, Alex La Guma, Sonya Rollnick, Laurens Van Der Post, David Lytton, and Athol Fugard . Many of these writers deal with the conditions of apartheid in South Africa. In the 1970s and 80s writers such as Miriam Tlali , Dennis Brutus , and J. M. Coetzee gained recognition for their eloquent protests of their racially segregated society.

See South African Writing Today, ed. by N. Gordimer and L. Abrahams (1967) S. Gray, South African Literature (1979) U. A. Barnett, A Vision of Order: A Study of Black South African Literature in English, 1914-1980 (1983).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

See more Encyclopedia articles on: South African Literature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
South African literature, literary works written in South Africa or written by South Africans living in other countries. Populated by diverse ethnic and language groups, South Africa has a distinctive literature in many African languages as well as Afrikaans (a vernacular derived from Dutch) and English. See also African literature .

# data[].attributes.body
A History of South African Literature, timeline1824-2005

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1824

The Glasgow Missionary Society founded the school of Lovedale at Alice in the Tyume valley in 1824.

1877

The first biography ever written about a black South African was published. It was written by John A. Chalmers on Rev Tiyo Soga.

1880

1883

Olive Schreiner's novel, The Story of an African Farm (1883) was published. It is generally considered to be the founding text of South African literature. The novel draws on the post-romantic sensibility of Wuthering Heights, and depicts rural South African life with authenticity and brio. It has been criticised for its silence with regard to the black African presence in South Africa, but it is still a key text in the formation of a truly South African voice.

1884

The first Black-owned and Black-run journal, Tengo Jabavu's Imvo Zabantsundu, was founded.

1889

Douglas Blackburn's Prinsloo of Prinsloosdorp was published. He was a maverick British journalist who came to South Africa when the Transvaal was still a Boer republic, and stayed during the Anglo Boer War and beyond. In several newspapers, he denounced British colonial attitudes as well as satirising Boer corruption. He wrote two novels set in this world, Prinsloo of Prinsloosdorp was one of these two.

1897

Schreiner's Trooper Peter Halkett of Mashonaland was published, it included a critique of Cecil John Rhodes's brutal form of colonialism.

1903

Douglas Blackburn's A Burgher Quixote (1903) was published it was his 2nd novel satirising boere corruption.

1908

Douglas Blackburn's novel Leaven is published. It is a moving denunciation of "blackbirding" and other iniquitous labour practices, and is one of the first South African novels to portray what life was really like for peasants forced into urban labour.

1911

Olive Schreiner's the polemical Women and Labour (1911) was published.

1912

Union in 1910 persuaded many educated Blacks to unite into a single organization in 1912 (the African National Congress) and most writers for the first half of the century, at least, adhered to its ideals.

1915

Douglas Blackburn's Love Muti (1915) attacks British colonial attitudes. Blackburn is not read much today, but his work is an important contribution to a developing South African literature - and style. Herman Charles Bosman, for one, seems to have learned from Blackburn's ironic humour.

1920

The first novel by a black South African was Mhudi (completed in 1920 but only published in 1930), by Solomon (Sol) Thekiso Plaatje. This epic story follows the trajectory of the Tswana people during and after their military encounter with the Zulus under Shaka, the Zulu conqueror of the 19th century, and encompasses their earliest encounters with the white people moving into the interior.

1924

Sarah Gertrude Millin, who became the most dominant literary figure between the two world wars, published a book titled God's Stepchildren. Her views on the "tragedy" of racial miscegenation were put forward in this publication. Seen in terms of racial hierarchies, with whites at the top and blacks at the bottom, Millin's views represented those held widely at the time.

1925

Thomas Mofolo's Chaka reinvents the legendary Zulu king (commonly referred to as Shaka). The novel was published in 1925 and the first English translation came out in 1930.

1926

Just as Olive Schreiner had drawn fire from the colonial elite for her liberal views, so did William Plomer, decades later, shock colonial society with his novel Turbott Wolfe (1926), written when he was only 19 years old. It tackled the highly sensitive issue of inter-racial love, though it is hardly a roistering sexual chronicle. It was, however, an indictment of white South African attitudes at the time, and a mere suggestion that there might be some human sympathy, let alone sexual attraction, between a white person and a black person, horrified many. There is also open discussion of the political and racial situation in South Africa. Along with his contemporaries and sometime collaborators Laurens van der Post and Roy Campbell, Plomer left South Africa soon after the publication of his novel.

1928

R R R Dhlomo published a short novel, An African Tragedy.

1930

Black writers started to develop a western-style of drama in the 1930s, most notably with the plays of Herbert Dhlomo. However, most black literary activity still centred at newspapers, such as Bantu World.

R R R Dhlomo's Plaatje's Mhudi was finally published.

1932

Bantu World, a black literary newspaper, was founded.

1940

The 1940s saw the beginnings of a flowering of literature by black South Africans, as a generation of mission-educated Africans came of age.

1941

HIE Dhlomo published a compilation of his works, which preached a "return to the source" - the wisdom of finding traditional ways of dealing with modern problems. His publication included several plays and the long poem The Valley of a Thousand Hills (1941).

1946

Peter Abrahams, an important voice who began writing in the 1940s, was of mixed-race descent. His early novel, Mine Boy (1946), was published in the same year in which a large miners' strike was violently suppressed by Smuts' government. Mine Boy depicts life in black areas of the time, and dramatises the problems of rural people in a depressed urban environment - a theme that was referred to as the "Jim comes to Jo'burg" phenomenon in South African literature. E'skia Mphahlele's short story Man Must Live was published. Taken as a whole, Mphahlele's oeuvre represents one of the most important views of the life experience and developing views of a politically aware South African; this is the work of a black man taking the urban scenario as his subject matter and moving beyond the sometimes contradictory messages of the mission-educated generation.

1947

Another South African writer who emerged in the 1940s, Herman Charles Bosman, has become one of the country's best-loved authors, particularly for his short stories set in the Groot Marico farming district. Bosman's first collection of stories, Mafeking Road, was published.

1948

Cry, The Beloved Country (1948) is possibly the most famous novel to have come out of South Africa. When it was first published, it was an international bestseller, launching its author, Alan Paton, to worldwide fame. The novel put South Africa on the map of international politics by making visible to Western audiences the effects of racial prejudice and the oppression of black people. Peter Abrahams: The Path of Thunder (1948), which deals with interracial love.

1949

One of HC Bosman's best works, Cold Stone Jug (1949), is a semi-fictionalised account of his time in jail, was published.

1950

The 1950s was the decade in which the African National Congress and its alliance partners launched the massive Defiance Campaign, a huge peaceful affront on white supremacy. It was the decade in which the Freedom Charter, the central document of the anti-racist movement, was written on the basis of contributions from all over the country. And it was the decade in which the apartheid state responded with massive treason trials for those who defied it. The 1950s also saw a new generation of black writers talking about the conditions of their lives in their own voices - voices with a distinctive stamp and style. The popular Drum magazine in the 1950s was their forum, and encouraged their emergence. It depicted a vibrant urban black culture for the first time - a world of jazz, shebeens (illegal drinking dens), and flamboyant gangsters (tsotsis). At the same time as the Drum generation was creating the first urban black voice, one of South Africa's most important white writers was beginning her long, distinguished career. Nadine Gordimer published her first short stories in the early 1950s; in 1991 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Between those two dates, her many novels and short stories articulated key issues for white South Africans sympathetic to the plight of disenfranchised blacks, as well as providing for the outside world a devastating picture of what it was like to live under apartheid.

1953

Peter Abrahams: Return to Goli (1953), was published.

1954

Peter Abrahams published his autobiography, Tell Freedom (1954).

1956

Publication of the art magazine Africa South and the literary magazine the Purple Renoster.

1958

Nadine Gordimer's second novel, A World of Strangers (1958) was published.

1959

E'skia Mphahlele's autobiographical Down Second Avenue (1959) is a landmark in the development of South African fiction. Set in a village and a township near Pretoria, the text records the resilience of various female characters in Mphahlele's life, who defy poverty and urban squalor to bring him up.

1960

In the early 1960s, the State of Emergency used by the apartheid state to crack down on dissidents, the banning of political organisations such as the African National Congress and the Pan African Congress, and the jailing of leaders such as Nelson Mandela, sent many black writers into exile. Among them was Alex la Guma, a Marxist and ANC leader who saw the purpose of his work as the exposure of the dreadful conditions of South Africa's oppressed. At the same time, in the 1960s, new talent was emerging in the Afrikaans literary scene; writers Jan Rabie, Etienne Leroux, Breyten Breytenbach and Andre Brink. Publishing first in Afrikaans, these writers were increasingly politicised by the situation in South Africa and their contrasting experiences overseas. During this period, Bessie Head emerged as a leading South African female writer, with the role of women as her central concern. Of mixed blood, and with a traumatic family history, Head left South Africa to avoid its racial policies. She settled in Botswana. Another writer to make his name in the 1960s was Wilbur Smith, South Africa's most popular literary export. The 1960s also saw the emergence of a new generation of white South African poets, among them Douglas Livingstone, Sidney Clouts, Ruth Miller, Lionel Abrahams and Stephen Gray.

Breytenbach, who began as one of the most linguistically radical new poets in Afrikaans, left South Africa in 1960, where he became a vocal critic of the apartheid state.

The New English language literary magazine Contrast was launched.

During this year there was debate and division amongst the magazine kol /spot white afrikaaner writers on how to deal with the crisis facing their community in the wake of the events after Sharpeville. See Andre Brink's article. Pg27.

Ronald Segal, editor of the magazine Africa Sout,h goes into exile. The magazine is eventually published from London.

1962

1963

Jack Cope, editor of Contrast, is one of 102 people listed as a communist.
The first issue of the magazine Classic, edited by Nat Nasaka, was published.
Passing of the 1963 publication and entertainment act.

Formation of group and magazine Sestiger.

1964

Wilbur Smith: Where the Lion Feeds (1964) was published.

1965

Writers Nat Nakasa and Lewis Nkosi were awarded Niemann Fellowership to study abroad. They were refused passports and were forced to leave South Africa on an exit permit. As a result they lost their South African citizenship.
14th July. Nat Nakasa dies in exile after a fall from the seventh floor of a building in New York.

19th July. Poet, Ingrid Jonker, commits suicide by drowning in Cape Town.

Publication of New Coin, a poetry magazine.

1966

Nadine Gordimer's The Late Bourgeois World was published. Wilbur Smith's The Sound of Thunder (1966) was published. Prime minister Vorster's government list the names of 46 South Africans in exile. The ban meant that all the people on the list, many of whom were leading writers, could not have their work published, distributed or quoted inside the country.

1967

Alex la Guma's Threefold Cord was published. E'skia Mphahlele's Short story In Corner B was published. Earnest Cole, who was in exile, publishes his book House of Bondage, the book was banned in the country.

1968

Bessie Head's When Rain Clouds Gather was published. Publication of Ingrid Jonker's Selected Poems by Jack Cope and William Plumer.

1969

Arrest of writer Wally Serote and photographer Peter Magubane, together with Winnie Mandela and others. They were kept in solitary for long periods of time and were later charged for 'furthering the aims of a banned organisation', these charges were eventually acquitted June.

1970

In the 1970s, South Africa experienced a literary revival of black voices that had been silenced by repression. The 1970s are widely regarded as a defining period for the development of political consciousness among black South Africans, with the rise of the Black Consciousness (BC) movement, of which Bantu Steve Biko was a leading figure, and the youth revolt of 1976. Literature became a vehicle to promote the political ideals of anti-apartheid popular movements, through poems, plays and such journals as Black Review, in which Steve Biko played a prominent part. Many of these productions were designed to mobilise audiences against state policies, and the genres of drama and poetry were utilised for their immediacy of impact. The most notable writers from this period are Mongane (Wally) Serote, Sipho Sepamla, Oswald Joseph Mbuyiseni Mtshali, Christopher van Wyk, Mafika Gwala and Don Mattera. Their poems were often performed at political rallies. Also in the 1970's Breyten Breytenbach returned to South Africa and was arrested and jailed for the work he was doing for the liberation movement. From this experience came his prison memoir, True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist (1996).

1971

E'skia Mphahlele's novel The Wanderers was published. Bessie Head's Maru was published. Oswald Joseph Mbuyiseni Mtshali's Volume of poems The Sound of a Cowhide Drum, was published. Publication of the magazine Izwi.

1972

Alex la Guma's novel, In the Fog of the Season's End (1972), possibly his best, was published. It shows the developing consciousness of a man dedicated to the underground struggle for freedom. As a "listed person", little of La Guma's work was available in South Africa until 1990, when the liberation movements were unbanned. Mongane (Wally) Serote's volume of poems, Yakhal'inkomo (1972), was published.

SPROCAS Publishes the book of poems Cry Rage by James Matthews and Gladys Thomas it was banned.

1973

1974

Nadine Gordimer: The Conservationist, which pits Afrikaner land hunger against the indigenous population in an often phantasmagoric narrative, was published. Mongane (Wally) Serote: volume of poems Tsetlo.

1976

1977

1978

Mongane (Wally) Serote: volume of poems Behold Mama, Flowers was published.

1979

Nadine Gordimer: Burger's Daughter (1979 ) was published.

1980

Increasing internal and external pressure on the apartheid state led, in the 1980s, to its most repressive measures yet. While sanctions were imposed from outside, a mass democratic movement, based on the ideals of the Freedom Charter, arose within the country. The state responded with successive states of emergency that brought white troops to the townships; a state of civil war existed in all but name.
With these political happenings came the driving need for politicised work, as it had been in the 1970s. Poets such as the orator Mzwakhe Mbuli reached vast audiences, while novelists such as Menan du Plessis and Mandla Langa engaged with the business of resistance to apartheid. Yet, at the same time, some writers felt the need for a move away from rhetoric toward the depiction of ordinary life. JM Coetzee, began publishing in the 1970s, but achieved prominence in these "emergency years" of the 1980's. Lesego Rampolokeng came to prominence in the 1980s, through the Congress of South African Writers. He used a vibrant mix of rap-styled poetry and township idiom, and displayed no loyalty to any figures of authority. His poems are published in Horns for Hondo (1991) and End Beginnings (1993). A powerful live performer of his work, he has collaborated with musicians as well.

Miriam Tlali's Amandla (1980) was published.

Coetzee's novel Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) was published. It tackles issues relevant to South Africa by telling the story of an official at the outpost of an unidentified empire, one under stress from a barbarian threat that may or may not be imagined.

Disbandment of PEN and the formation of Black only African Writers Association.

1981

Nadine Gordimer's July's People was published. It is perhaps Gordimer's most powerful novel, it projects into the future the final collapse of white supremacy and what that might mean for white and black people on an intimate level. Serote (who became an ANC leader) is also the author of the novel published in this year, To Every Birth Its Blood. An account of political activity in the 1970s.

1982

Andre Brink's immensely powerful novel A Dry White Season was published, it focused on the death in detention of a black activist, and caused great irritation to the apartheid state, and at the same time educated many white South Africans. It was also banned, then unbanned. Mbulelo Mzamane's The Children of Soweto was published.

1983

1986

Black Mamba Rising poems by Alfred Qabula was published by Cosatu worker resistance and Cultural publications.

1987

Don Mattera wrote an account of life in Sophiatown, and its destruction, in Memory is the Weapon.

1988

Breyten Breytenbach's prison poetry was published in English in Judas Eye.

1990

JM Coetzee: Age of Iron (1990), which takes the perspective of a white academic who is dying even as the townships explode with violence.

Ivan Vladislavic's collections of stories, Missing Persons (1990)

Apartheid came to an end, but its effects lingered on, and as writers such as Coetzee had demonstrated, the issues of power that haunted the apartheid era were still in many ways with South Africans. Certainly, while there was no sudden post-apartheid renaissance, there were many important writers who dealt with and who are dealing with South Africa in the 1990s, and processing its past, which is still in many ways with us today. Among them, one of the most acclaimed is Zakes Mda, who worked for many years as a playwright and poet before publishing his first novels in 1995. He started with a bang - with two novels, She Plays with the Darkness and Ways of Dying. The latter, the story of a professional mourner, won the M-Net Book Prize.

Ivan Vladislavic is another author who pushed into the post-apartheid future, with distinctly post-modern works that play with the conventions of fiction as much as they speak about contemporary realties in South Africa today.

1991

The Nobel Prize for literature was won by Nadine Gordimer. Andre Brink's An Act of Terror (1991), dealing with an Afrikaner dissident turned "terrorist", was published.

1993

Breyten Breytenbach's Return to Paradise was published. Andre Brink's On the Contrary (1993), a playful reworking of South Africa's colonial history, was published. Ivan Vladislavic's novel The Folly was published.

1994

Mongane (Wally) Serote's volume of poems Come and Hope with Me, was published. It won the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa.

1996

Breyten Breytenbach's essays were published in The Memory of Birds in Times of Revolution.

1997

Mark Behr, one of the most compelling and controversial additions to South African literature, published his first novel, The Smell of Apples, it was first published in Afrikaans. It tells of white South Africans who were brainwashed by the apartheid system, and went on to win several prizes. Soon after that, Behr admitted that he had been a spy for the apartheid police while a student activist; a graphic illustration, if one were needed, of the divided loyalties felt by many whites in that period.

1999

2000

2001

JM Coetzee: The Humanities in Africa - Die Geisteswissenschaften in Afrika (2001) and Stranger Shores: Essays, 1986 to 1999 (2001), were published. Zakes Mda's The Heart of Redness, won the Commonwealth Prize Ivan Vladislavic's novel The Restless Supermarket was published. Zoe Wicomb's, David's Stor, was published ( winner of the M-Net Book Prize). It interrogates the past and present of an anti-apartheid activist, as does Achmat Dangor's Bitter Fruit, also published in 2001. Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2001) was published. It is a critically acclaimed view of the physical and moral decay in both the rural areas of Tiragalong and the urban ghetto of Hillbrow.

2002

Stephen Gray's semi-autobiographical novel, The White Life of Felix Greenspan (2002), was published.

JM Coetzee's Youth (2002) was published.

2003

Coetzee was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

2005

JM Coetzee's Slow Man (2005) was published.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A History of South African Literature, timeline 1824-2005

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1824 The Glasgow Missionary Society founded the school of Lovedale at Alice in the Tyume valley in 1824. 1877 The first biography ever written about a black South African was published. It was written by John A. Chalmers on Rev Tiyo Soga. 1880