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Nguyễn Thị Ly - 1877202024
Phạm Thị Thu Hiền - 1977202009
Nguyễn Trần Thuý Ngân - 1977202023
Ngô Việt Trinh - 1977202039
Nguyễn Lê Phương Vy - 1977202043

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1. "The research technique and process should be valid and verifiable. It means the conclusions drawn by research should be correct and should be duplicated while applying a similar procedure again and angina over time".
Nguồn: https://enotesworld.com/essential-characteristics-of-research/
2. "Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy".
Nguồn: http://www.ihmgwalior.net/pdf/research_methodology.pdf

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The term research denotes a logical technique including enunciating the issue of problem, stating or formulating a hypothesis, collecting the data and facts, analyzing the data, and getting definite conclusions both in the shape of solutions relating to stated issues or indefinite generalizations for some theoretical construction. Thus it is search of a searched thing to elicit some facts out of the known thing.

In alternative words, research is a procedure that includes a sequence of steps needed to gather and examine the information to boost and amplify the understanding and consideration of a particular topic or issue. It involves major four steps as posing a question, setting a hypothesis, collecting data to analyze the posed issue, and presenting answers to the posed question. It is s method of searching for facts in any branch of knowledge. Good research has to contain all the essential characteristics of research.

Good research must have the following essential characteristics

Research must be purposive. It means research must be conducted with a certain and definite aim, objective, and purpose. Moving forward in any research should be guided by stated objectives and purposes. Only the research having a certain purpose and objective will lead towards certain conclusions and destinations.

The purpose of research always determines where the researcher is now and where he or she wants to go. All the further proceedings in research should be according to purpose and objective. It means the research without a certain purpose may lead a researcher in the wrong direction and creates many errors in the entire voyage.

Controlled

Control in research refers to a methodology that is to be applied while conducting research. Conducting controlled research is easy in lab-based testing but it is very difficult to conduct controlled experiments in anthropology where factors affecting a relation cannot be controlled totally.

The variable or factors in a questionnaire related to a human being, human life, and their emotions are difficult to control as there is a deep relation between them. The rigorous control of factors and variables in social science research is very difficult. It is easy in pure science. Control is important in good research.

The process or procedure of research must be rigorous. It means the researcher must ensure that the procedure followed is relevant, appropriate, and justified. There should not be a conflict and doubt with regard to the relevance of the research taken by the researcher.

The degree of rigor may differ from one researcher to another and from one field of study to another. But there should be an acceptable degree of rigor in the method of study to call it research.

Systematic

The study or research process should follow a sequence that logically terminates in the result. The process of research has to be sequential and it has to follow certain predetermined and verified patterns and pathways. It is necessary because the customary procedure would mislead the result and waste resources.

Valid and verifiable

The research technique and process should be valid and verifiable. It means the conclusions drawn by research should be correct and should be duplicated while applying a similar procedure again and angina over time.

It is assumed reliable and having quality when it duplicates the results when the same procedure is followed again and again. Validity measures the applicability of research. Only valid research has good application. The validity of the research ensures reliability. Validity is more important than reliability.

Critical in research refers to the state of the method, finding, and conclusion of the research. The process of research undertaking and its finding should have full proof of critical reviews so that result will be justice worthy. If the research is containing any drawbacks it would not be called good research.

Critical appraisal of research means an act of carefully and systematically examining research and its all findings to judge its reliability, validity, trustworthiness, value, and relevancies if results are applied in a particular field or context. It is the last condition of finding evidence reliably and efficiently.

It means the results and conclusions drawn upon are based on data or pieces of evidence collected from the subjects of research. The research should be based on observations, direct experimentation, or real-life experimentation by the researcher. The process or procedure in the research should be fully-proof and thus stands for critical appraisal.

Therefore, when we refer to a research or research study, it includes a systematic procedure, a process that is within a set of approaches, using techniques and methodologies that are already tested for its validity and reliability, and the outcome of the process/research is unbiased.

Here systematic procedure or approaches/methodologies means the fixed method. For example, it could be either qualitative or quantitative.

Similarly, the term reliability and validity refers to the accuracy of the procedures and quality of the procedure. Unbiased refers to the state in which procedure is freed from any kind of personal bias on the part of the researcher.

The degree of attainment of these criteria may vary from one person to another and from one discipline to another. But the absence of such a criterion does not qualify an activity to be known as research. Therefore good research should contain the above stated essential characteristics of research.

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essential characteristics of research-requirements of a good research

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The term research denotes a logical technique including enunciating the issue of problem, stating or formulating a hypothesis, collecting the data and facts, analyzing the data, and getting definite conclusions both in the shape of solutions relating to stated issues or indefinite generalizations for some theoretical construction.

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1. Định nghĩa:
1.1. Sử dụng các thông tin, chứng cứ làm cơ sở nghiên cứu phải chính xác, đã kiểm chứng
1.2. Sử dụng các phương pháp phân tích để lập luận (Ví dụ: phương pháp thống kê có liên quan đến số liệu: các phương pháp này có độ tin cậy hay không, từ số liệu thu được → xác định có hợp lệ và ý nghĩa không) - liên quan đến kết quả tương tự nhau khi lặp lại nghiên cứu nhiều lần
1.3. Đưa ra kiến thức, thông tin mới: đồng thời được mọi người kiểm chứng
⇒ Đúng và chính xác (Nghiên cứu tin cậy và hợp lệ)
2. Mục đích:
Độ tin cậy và hợp lệ là những khái niệm được sử dụng để đánh giá chất lượng của nghiên cứu.

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"Valid and verifiable-this concept implies that whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings is correct and can be verified by you and others."
Nguồn: http://www.ihmgwalior.net/pdf/research_methodology.pdf

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"Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure."

Reliable (verifiable)
Link: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/?fbclid=IwAR1YUAZM-eMdJZuD8MptlSrEkEClvBB-WDIS9mrg8ao2HqpjfZUd70uYr0c

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Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure.

It's important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research.

Reliability

Validity

What does it tell you?

The extent to which the results can be reproduced when the research is repeated under the same conditions.

The extent to which the results really measure what they are supposed to measure.

How is it assessed?

By checking the consistency of results across time, across different observers, and across parts of the test itself.

By checking how well the results correspond to established theories and other measures of the same concept.

How do they relate?

A reliable measurement is not always valid: the results might be reproducible, but they're not necessarily correct.

A valid measurement is generally reliable: if a test produces accurate results, they should be reproducible.

Understanding reliability vs validity

Reliability and validity are closely related, but they mean different things. A measurement can be reliable without being valid. However, if a measurement is valid, it is usually also reliable.

What is reliability?

Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.

You measure the temperature of a liquid sample several times under identical conditions. The thermometer displays the same temperature every time, so the results are reliable.

A doctor uses a symptom questionnaire to diagnose a patient with a long-term medical condition. Several different doctors use the same questionnaire with the same patient but give different diagnoses. This indicates that the questionnaire has low reliability as a measure of the condition.

What is validity?

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably isn't valid.

If the thermometer shows different temperatures each time, even though you have carefully controlled conditions to ensure the sample's temperature stays the same, the thermometer is probably malfunctioning, and therefore its measurements are not valid.

If a symptom questionnaire results in a reliable diagnosis when answered at different times and with different doctors, this indicates that it has high validity as a measurement of the medical condition.

However, reliability on its own is not enough to ensure validity. Even if a test is reliable, it may not accurately reflect the real situation.

The thermometer that you used to test the sample gives reliable results. However, the thermometer has not been calibrated properly, so the result is 2 degrees lower than the true value. Therefore, the measurement is not valid.

A group of participants take a test designed to measure working memory. The results are reliable, but participants' scores correlate strongly with their level of reading comprehension. This indicates that the method might have low validity: the test may be measuring participants' reading comprehension instead of their working memory.

Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important. To obtain useful results, the methods you use to collect your data must be valid: the research must be measuring what it claims to measure. This ensures that your discussion of the data and the conclusions you draw are also valid.

How are reliability and validity assessed?

Reliability can be estimated by comparing different versions of the same measurement. Validity is harder to assess, but it can be estimated by comparing the results to other relevant data or theory. Methods of estimating reliability and validity are usually split up into different types.

Types of reliability

Different types of reliability can be estimated through various statistical methods.

Type of reliability

What does it assess?

Example

Test-retest

The consistency of a measure across time: do you get the same results when you repeat the measurement?

A group of participants complete a questionnaire designed to measure personality traits. If they repeat the questionnaire days, weeks or months apart and give the same answers, this indicates high test-retest reliability.

Interrater

The consistency of a measure across raters or observers: do you get the same results when different people conduct the same measurement?

Based on an assessment criteria checklist, five examiners submit substantially different results for the same student project. This indicates that the assessment checklist has low inter-rater reliability (for example, because the criteria are too subjective).

Internal consistency

The consistency of the measurement itself: do you get the same results from different parts of a test that are designed to measure the same thing?

You design a questionnaire to measure self-esteem. If you randomly split the results into two halves, there should be a strong correlation between the two sets of results. If the two results are very different, this indicates low internal consistency.

Types of validity

The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence. Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods.

Type of validity

What does it assess?

Example

Construct

The adherence of a measure to existing theory and knowledge of the concept being measured.

A self-esteem questionnaire could be assessed by measuring other traits known or assumed to be related to the concept of self-esteem (such as social skills and optimism). Strong correlation between the scores for self-esteem and associated traits would indicate high construct validity.

Content

The extent to which the measurement covers all aspects of the concept being measured.

A test that aims to measure a class of students' level of Spanish contains reading, writing and speaking components, but no listening component. Experts agree that listening comprehension is an essential aspect of language ability, so the test lacks content validity for measuring the overall level of ability in Spanish.

Criterion

The extent to which the result of a measure corresponds to other valid measures of the same concept.

A survey is conducted to measure the political opinions of voters in a region. If the results accurately predict the later outcome of an election in that region, this indicates that the survey has high criterion validity.

To assess the validity of a cause-and-effect relationship, you also need to consider internal validity (the design of the experiment) and external validity (the generalizability of the results).

How to ensure validity and reliability in your research

The reliability and validity of your results depends on creating a strong research design, choosing appropriate methods and samples, and conducting the research carefully and consistently.

Ensuring validity

If you use scores or ratings to measure variations in something (such as psychological traits, levels of ability or physical properties), it's important that your results reflect the real variations as accurately as possible. Validity should be considered in the very earliest stages of your research, when you decide how you will collect your data.

Choose appropriate methods of measurement

Ensure that your method and measurement technique are high quality and targeted to measure exactly what you want to know. They should be thoroughly researched and based on existing knowledge.

For example, to collect data on a personality trait, you could use a standardized questionnaire that is considered reliable and valid. If you develop your own questionnaire, it should be based on established theory or findings of previous studies, and the questions should be carefully and precisely worded.

To produce valid generalizable results, clearly define the population you are researching (e.g. people from a specific age range, geographical location, or profession). Ensure that you have enough participants and that they are representative of the population.

Ensuring reliability

Reliability should be considered throughout the data collection process. When you use a tool or technique to collect data, it's important that the results are precise, stable and reproducible.

Apply your methods consistently

Plan your method carefully to make sure you carry out the same steps in the same way for each measurement. This is especially important if multiple researchers are involved.

For example, if you are conducting interviews or observations, clearly define how specific behaviours or responses will be counted, and make sure questions are phrased the same way each time.

Standardize the conditions of your research

When you collect your data, keep the circumstances as consistent as possible to reduce the influence of external factors that might create variation in the results.

For example, in an experimental setup, make sure all participants are given the same information and tested under the same conditions.

Where to write about reliability and validity in a thesis

It's appropriate to discuss reliability and validity in various sections of your thesis or dissertation. Showing that you have taken them into account in planning your research and interpreting the results makes your work more credible and trustworthy.

Section

Discuss

Literature review

What have other researchers done to devise and improve methods that are reliable and valid?

Methodology

How did you plan your research to ensure reliability and validity of the measures used? This includes the chosen sample set and size, sample preparation, external conditions and measuring techniques.

Results

If you calculate reliability and validity, state these values alongside your main results.

Discussion

This is the moment to talk about how reliable and valid your results actually were. Were they consistent, and did they reflect true values? If not, why not?

Conclusion

If reliability and validity were a big problem for your findings, it might be helpful to mention this here.

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Reliability vs. validity: What's the difference?

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Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure.