# data[].attributes.body
Love
Violence
Survival

# data[].attributes.body
love
slavery
abuse/violence
discrimination
mentions of marriage (?)

# data[].attributes.body
Theme of racism shown in clear contrast between the blacks and whites when it comes to authority and the whites are simply superior just because of their skin colour. Theme of relationship is through Rufus desire for alice is similar to Dana desire for keVin. Theme of pain and suffering is through Dana getting whipped as well as alice getting punished for running away with issac.

# data[].attributes.body
slavery - difficulty of being a slave
violence - from the slave masters ( father, rufus )

# data[].attributes.body
love
forbidden love
slavery
fear
jealousy
violence
survival
good vs evil
freedom
prejudice
desire to escape
power and corruption

# data[].attributes.body
love
slavery
passion for writing???
asserting boundaries as an inferiority and getting discriminated for it????
violence :D

# data[].attributes.body
-slavery
-discrimination
-love
-survival
-violence

# data[].attributes.body
slavery
discrimination
racism
relationships
survival

# data[].attributes.body
slavery
love
violence/abuse
survival
discrimination

# data[].attributes.body
Violence
Love
Slavery
Discrimination
Racism
Survival
Corruption
Jealousy
Freedom

# data[].attributes.body
Slavery
Discrimination
Good vs bad
Love
Violence

# data[].attributes.body
the theme of asserting boundaries as an inferior; asserting boundaries is seen as rude and is not accepted especially when one is a woman and/or coloured and in this case, both. this is shown in the line “i’d done it the first time , grudgingly, not telling him how much i hated typing, how i did all but the final drafts of my stories longhand.” over here, i can infer that Dana is somewhat afraid of asserting her boundaries possible due to her not wanting to lose her relationship that she values so much. However we can see that she is a strong woman from when in the second and third time kevin had asked her to type his pages she had refused, asserting her boundaries. This theme is important to Dana’s character development as we can see how she progresses from being unsure about denying a request to throwing away her people pleasing habit and putting up her walls, which she has the rights to. Even when Kevin asks her to leave for merely not typing a page for him, she didn’t give in and left. This reinforces my point of how the theme of asserting boundaries  is important in this text.

# data[].attributes.body
-Slavery
-Corruption
-Relationship
-Longing
-Inferiority
-Love

# data[].attributes.body
themes of racial discrimination, slaves being only black and masters being only white. people who are black are at a disadvantage as they have no status and their known only as slaves and nothing more. people who are white have higher authority and they are able to order blacks around and purchase them as slaves.
theme of violence can be seen from when father abuses the slaves by whipping them or making them work at the corn field under the hot sun. father whips the slave when they make a  mistake, this scares the slaves and pressures them to listen to father in order to not get whipped .

# data[].attributes.body
love pain life violence freedom slavery suffering

# data[].attributes.body
personification “the pain was a friend” this implies that she was very familiar to pain and Dana explained that pain was a “friend” because “it forced reality on (her) and kept (her) sane”

# data[].attributes.body
love
violence
racism
slavery
survival

# data[].attributes.body
the theme of problems of interracial relationship is shown through the characters of Dana and Kevin where they had an argument about how their families will be harsh on them about being with each other. Dana explains how her close family will not be that open to accept the fact that she will be marring a white man.

# data[].attributes.body
-violence
-slavery
-racism
-relationships
-corruption

# data[].attributes.body
theme of setting boundaries in relationships, where Dana refused to be a type-write for Kevin but he got angry and told Dana to leave if she was not going to do him a favour, showing how in a relationship, boundaries must be set for the safety of both parties.

theme of being in an interracial relationship, Dana and Kevin having an argument over how neither of them would be accepted by both families if they were to be married can be shown when Kevin's sister refused to meet Dana or when Dana's aunt and uncle are waiting for her to come to her senses on marrying a white man, showing how both Dana and Kevin's family are not comfortable with the idea of them being in an interracial relationship.

theme of racial discrimination (blacks vs whites) white people have more privilege and authority than black people, seeing as to white people purchasing black slaves to order them around or even abuse them.

# data[].attributes.body
the theme of interracial love is shown when Rufus tried to sell Alice’s husband, Isaac, in attempt to stop Alice from marrying Isaac. He uses his privilege of being white and superior to try to sell away Isaac who is a slave and is inferior to try and prevent Alive from marrying him.

# data[].attributes.body
being separated from a loved one: alice losing her husband, isaac, as he was being sold away & dana being transported back to present time while kevin still stuck in the past

new life being born: nigel & carrie welcoming their firstborn

desperation & force: rufus “begged her (alice)” not to go with isaac out of jealousy & desperation. when alice disobeyed rufus, he sexually assaulted her by force, fought isaac, then sold him away

strain put on familial relationships: while rufus was badly injured after being beat up by isaac, his father whispered under his breath that hes a “worthless 🤬”

quick reaction under pressure: dana immediately knowing what to do after seeing rufus being badly injured & beat up & still knew the way to the weylin house. she also knew exactly how to clean a wound without infections despite not being trained in any medical field

# data[].attributes.body
Alliteration is shown in the line “drying our dinner dishes” where Dana is washing and drying both hers and her then boyfriend,  kevin’s dishes. kevin does not offer to help and instead continues asking for favours. [THE AUDACITY MANN] this shows his mere disrespect for her and him taking advantage of her kindness to him. Dana still does the chore well, given the fact that she’s drying the dishes.  This also shows the theme of asserting boundaries as she does not seem to notice that he is taking advantage of her like that. Even though it’s not considered a big deal, even something small like not typing his pages out makes him angry enough to kick her out which leads me to the question; if this was a bigger deal, how much worse will he react and what will he do?

this is a risky point lol

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of violence is shown on pages 121,122 and 123 where Dana had time travelled from the past to her current home. As Dana reached home, she expressed how painful her bruises were from the past. This can be seen from page 121, “I got up, aware that my eyes were streaming muddy tears, aware of the pain. God, the pain!” The use of the exclamation mark exemplifies how bad the pain was. “My back was cut up pretty badly..” shows the ruthlessness of the people in the past and their sense of merciless beatings to people who were of a lower,inferior status which highlights the sense of cruelty in the past. On page 122, Dana exclaimed that her “face had swollen and was puffy and was old-looking. My hair was in tangled patches, brown with dirt and matted with blood” This brings out the physical impact that the slaves in the past and Dana faced which leads on to show that the past was extremely violent.  On page 123, Dana was “wincing, grimacing. Finally I got angry and moved vigorously in spite of the pain” As the wounds were so serious, she was physically unable to control her patience with them which hence highlights the cruel beatings endured and faced by many in the past. Hence, these pages highlight the theme of violence in the past.

# data[].attributes.body
Juxtaposition is shown when the text stated that Rufus had caused Alice trouble and had been rewarded for it

# data[].attributes.body
i personally think that dana’s boundaries asserting skills are quite firm but not firm enough to keep her stand to egoistic kevin

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of racism and racial discrimination is brought out through how blacks are referred to as 'niggers' and how whites are superior compared to blacks, being able to hold blacks in slavery and abuse them.
The theme of violence is brought out on pg 194, 'He beat me until I swung back and forth by my wrists, half-crazy with pain, unable to find my footing, unable to stand the pressure of hanging, unable to get away from the steady slashing blows...' shows the cruelty of whites and merciless beatings the slaves have to endure just because of social status.

# data[].attributes.body
Butler uses imagery on page 116 where it was said that Dana had a “sardine-can sized apartment” This shows that Dana was actually quite poor and was not of a very high status as her house was extremely small.

Butler also uses personification on page 122 where “The pain was a friend. Pain had never been a friend to me(Dana) before, but now it kept me(Dana) still. It forced reality on me and kept me sane.” The whole idea of the pain “helping” Dana and it being something she finds as a friend hence reinforces the use of personification of pain.

# data[].attributes.body
one literary technique used is repetition. in the lines of ' i have never seen a captured runaway like Alice. i had never felt the whip across my own back. i had never felt a man's fist' pg189 . the repetition of the phrase 'i had never' (pg189), emphasises on the fact that dana is  sympathising of Alice and how she doesnt want that to happen to her.

# data[].attributes.body
one literary device used in the kindred was repetition. in page 150, sarah was talking about margaret weylin and mentioned how margaret was “still there, still sick, still crazy”. the repetition of the word “still” is trying to emphasise how margaret is nevertheless crazy and would not be getting any better by the meantime.

another literary device used can be seen in the book where they used the map as a symbol. the map represents how dana is able to navigate her way around maryland. however, it also represents freedom to move around. this was also the reason why rufus made dana burn her map, as he did not want to grant her freedom

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of power and corruption is shown when Alice and Isaac run away and escape together as if anyone were to know Isaac had beat up Rufus, Isaac would be punished badly, even though Rufus was beat up for raping Alice who was Isaac’s wife, which meant Rufus abused his power as a master and completely deserved it and even so both Alice and Isaac were caught and given extremely severe punishments. From how Alice said “They cut him! They cut off his ears!” and how they sent Isaac to Mississippi that Isaac was given a punishment way beyond what he deserved as all he wanted was to protect his wife, but because he is a black man and a slave and Rufus is a white man and their master, Isaac was punished a great amount and Rufus was not affected or blamed. Alice was also severely injured “after days of running, after the dogs and the whipping” even though she was the victim. Hence, the theme of power and corruption is shown.

The theme of jealousy is shown when Rufus refuses to send Dana’s letters to Kevin after she travelled back to the past to get Kevin back after she went back to the present and left him there. Rufus says “You’ll be alright here. You’re home”, implying that Dana only needs him and not Kevin after explaining to Dana how Kevin “couldn’t really protect you [Dana]” and how Dana did not need him. Hence, the theme of jealousy is shown.

# data[].attributes.body
I am familiar with the theme of love as my family members often are selfless and care more about me, like how Kevin did not blame Dana for leaving him behind in the past for five years.

# data[].attributes.body
Although Dana was careful and was attentive to her surroundings, I personally believe that she should have been more careful and try to gain trust by others before attempting to do anything risky as she could lose her life in the cruel past and she should have used her intelligence more wisely as she needed to get home without dying or risking a serious injury.

# data[].attributes.body
Dana is good example of a human being as although she is courages at times and stand up for what she believes is right, she is still afraid of some things that like the whip which is human nature.

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of racism is seen as black people are considered inferior to the superior white people. Since they are inferior, they should ‘respect’ their white masters and not do anything without ‘permission’. The theme of inter-racial love is shown when Dana and Kevin are in a relationship despite Dana being black and Kevin being white.

# data[].attributes.body
A literary technique used was imagery. “Stories of beatings, starvation, filth, disease, torture” shows how appalling the living conditions were.

# data[].attributes.body
I can relate to the theme of love as my mother is very caring for me and always thinks about me and buys things that I need and want (like $35 worth of pen refill .-.).

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of love can be seen when Rufus shows how desperate he is to get Alice to love him instead of Isaac. This can be seen in page 134 in which Rufus states 'I begged her(Alice) not to go with him' This shows how much Rufus loved Alice, even though he did things he should not have done to her.

# data[].attributes.body
Imagery is used when Dana says 'Everything was distorted, blurred' This shows Dana how Dana's transition from Rufus's time and her time

# data[].attributes.body
I am familiar with the theme of corruption as I know that it is still an issue in other countries

# data[].attributes.body
i am familiar with discrimination as back in primary school, it was very common for the boys to make fun of the girls for being the “weaker gender”

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of white superiority can be seen when Rufus tries to reason his actions of hurting Alice, stating "quietly" that he even "begged her" and repeated it again by saying "Do you hear me, I begged her!" Speaking in a soft voice, the feeling of shame can be inferred as being a white person then represented having dominance, yet Rufus having to beg, which is a action that is seen as pitiful, shows how he was ashamed of having to tell Dana that he did so. He also makes it seem as if it was a sacrifice to beg, as if he crossed the line that goes beyond the boundary of being a white person then. His repetition of begging and the need of asking if Dana heard him clearly to him also shows how he desperately wanted to carry the message of him as blameless even though his action was unjustified and unreasonable. Therefore, through his pride and reasons for his actions , the theme of white superiority can be seen.

# data[].attributes.body
The literary technique of repetition is seen when Rufus states , " I begged for her not to be with Isaac" and "Do you hear me, I begged for her!". The use of repetition of 'begging' emphasises his action of trying to carry his message of being 'sacrificial' by getting himself in a way that at that time brings shame and pity to his race.

# data[].attributes.body
The theme of unaccepted interracial love can be seen from Kevin and Dana wanting to get married but their families not accepting their partner because of the colour of their skin. Each family member had differing reactions but all their judgement and criticism was solely regarding their skin colour. This can be seen from Pg 118, Kevin’s sister refused to meet Dana and threatened to not have Dana and Kevin in her house if he chose to marry her. This can also be seen from Pg 119 and 120, when Dana went to talk with her aunt and uncle, her aunt accepted the idea of Dana marrying Kevin just because any children they have would be light as she prefers light-skinned blacks and she “forgives” Dana for Kevin. While Dana’s uncle took it rather personally, he felt as though Dana rejected him despite being her father figure for so many years even before her mother’s passing, just for wanting to marry a white man. He was more hurt than mad and had wanted Dana to marry a black man. Dana’s uncle even threatened that he would rather will his apartment houses in Pasadena to his church than will it to Dana for it to fall into white hands. None of the family members ever met or got to know Dana or Kevin but based on their skin colour alone and their prejudice against them, they rejected them and threatened them in one way or another just for wanting to marry someone of a different skin colour. In the end, after all the rejection and harsh criticism, Dana and Kevin thought it was best to move to Las Vegas and get married against their wishes, pretending they do not have any relatives.

# data[].attributes.body
i am familiar in the theme of love because i love my amplify people like how Kevin loves Dana

# data[].attributes.body
imagery was used on pg-122 'My hair was in tangled patches, brown with dirt and matted with blood' this shows how harsh and merciless the beatings were and how the whites didn't care for the blacks welfare.

# data[].attributes.body
Repetition is seen when Rufus says “I begged her not to go with him” and “Do you hear me, I begged her!”, which emphasises how hard it was for Rufus to beg someone and especially a slave, showing how much Rufus did not want Alice to leave.

# data[].attributes.body
I am familiar with the theme of discrimination as I came from China so I was used to being called 'China girl' in primary school.

# data[].attributes.body
one of the literature techniques used is repetition in page 150 where sarah said “ still there still crazy still sick. “

# data[].attributes.body
Repetition is shown when Rufus was calling out for Dana, 'Dana? Come back here! Dana!' 'Dana!' emphasising his desperation and fear of Dana abandoning him and leaving him to die

# data[].attributes.body
Alliteration was shown when Dana said, "I was drying our dinner dishes", perhaps showing how Kevin did not bother to help Dana with household chores but still has the audacity to ask Dana to type his manuscripts, even though Dana does not like doing so as she prefers writing by hand.

# data[].attributes.body
I feel that although Dana tries to be assertive, it is still not enough as Kevin continuously asks her for help in typing out his manuscripts. I can relate to Dana when this happens as I myself sometimes find it hard to say no to a favour, especially from a loved one.