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What is informed consent?

a person freely choosing to engage in a research study after being told of all components of the study and having full awareness of what their involvement entails and the risks connected with it is known as informed consent.

Why is it essential?

2. informed consent is essential on prevention of later study withdraw or misunderstanding about the study. It protects individuals from harm in creating a systematic security barrier for their well being, which also gives permission for potential stakeholders to participate with autonomous decision as a basic right.

What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?

When it comes to acquiring informed consent, there are numerous problems. The informed consent process can be overly lengthy, convoluted, and written at a reading level beyond most potential participants' comprehension. Phase one or phase two trials of non-adjuvant or adjuvant therapy, for example, can be found in the permission document, which can contain a lot of scientific-technical and legal language.

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1. Informed consent is the process by which health care providers educate patients about the risks, benefits and alternatives to a particular procedure or intervention. Patients must be able to make a voluntary decision about whether to undergo the procedure or intervention.

2. Informed consent provides potential participants with all the information they need to understand what they are voluntarily participating in. Without informed consent, subjects may not fully understand what they are participating in.

3. In order for a person to give informed consent effectively, three elements must be present: disclosure, competence and voluntariness.
Disclosure requires the researcher to provide each potential subject with the information needed to make an autonomous decision and to ensure that the subject fully understands the information provided.
Competence refers to the subject's ability to understand the information provided and to form a reasoned judgement based on the potential consequences of his or her decision.
Voluntary means that subjects freely exercise their right to make decisions without external pressures such as coercion, manipulation or undue influence.

4. The term 'consent' refers to human participants who are able to enter the study freely (voluntarily), who are fully aware of the implications of participating in the study, and who are given permission to do so prior to entering the study.
Forcing someone to do something through the use of force or other unethical means is 'coercion'.

5. Researchers may withhold or mislead information from participants for the purposes of the research. Observations conducted by researchers without the knowledge of the subject group are known as 'covert observations'. In this case, the research is conducted 'in secret' in order to obtain reliable data that is not affected by the participants' level of awareness. In an open observation, the participants' right to privacy is represented, but their perception of the validity of the research may be compromised.

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1.

Informed consent is that process in which subjects are given important information, including possible risks of the experiments/demonstrations/simulation/procedures they voluntarily take place under, providing them with meticulous detail to make an informed and well thought decision.

2.

Its necessity lies in the fact that it is crucial for voluntary subjects to decide if they accept the simulations, experiments, tests, or take part in trials. It is immoral to un-inform a volunteer of risks that may take place during these experiments since this alters the autonomy the volunteer has to make a sound and personal judgement to avoid potential risks and harm, doing such would be deliberately lying and it is immoral, therefore informed consent is necessary.

3.

The main concern is the delivery of information. Let it know the complete information including the nature of the matter, etc. Then let it make a decision after it is fully informed. Solution: Retain vigilance on the verification of information. Make a decision after full understanding.

4.

we can withhold information from our research participants.

If people are unaware that they are the objects of sociological study, they have not given informed consent. It might be possible, in some cases, to get consent after the study has taken place, or to receive general consent

5.

researchers can withhold or mislead participants with wrong information in the name of research.

Covert observations are researches that In this instance, the research is conducted under covert means, to avoid attraction and awareness from participants in order to record genuine unbiased data that unaffected by awareness the participants would have in overt observations. Overt observation represents the validity of the subjects' rights to be informed and privacy but since they are aware they may be biased and acting unnaturally.

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1. Informed consent is the process by which healthcare providers educate patients about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. Patients must be able to make voluntary decisions about whether to undergo surgery or intervention.

2. Informed consent is an ethical and legal obligation for physicians in the United States, stemming from the right of patients to direct what happens to their bodies. Implicit in providing informed consent is an assessment of the patient's understanding, making practical recommendations, and documenting the process.

3. In order for an individual to give effective informed consent, three elements must be present: disclosure, ability and voluntariness.

Disclosure requires the researcher to provide each potential subject with the information needed to make an autonomous decision and to ensure that the subject fully understands the information provided.

Competence refers to the ability of a subject to comprehend the information provided and form reasonable judgments based on the potential consequences of their decisions.

Voluntaryness means that subjects freely exercise their decision-making powers without external pressures such as coercion, manipulation, or undue influence.

4.The term "consent" refers to human participants who are able to enter research freely (voluntarily) with full knowledge of what it means for them to participate and that they give their permission before they enter the research.
Forcing someone to do something by using force or other unethical means is what the term "coercion" refers to. Coercion is when you threaten someone with harm if they don't sign a contract.

5.For the sake of the study, researchers can withhold or mislead participants' information. Observations made by a researcher without the subject group's knowledge are known as "covert observations." In this instance, the research is conducted "undercover" in order to obtain reliable data that is not influenced by the participants' level of awareness. A participant's right to privacy is reflected in an overt observation, but their awareness of the research's validity can be jeopardised.

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1. One of the foundational concepts of research ethics is informed consent. Its goal is for human volunteers to engage in research freely (voluntarily) after receiving complete information about what it entails for them to participate and giving their agreement before doing so.

2. The informed consent process has been viewed as vital both to safeguard persons from harm and to maintain the foundation of autonomy as a right in and of itself by allowing potential participants to make their own decisions.

3.Language barriers are assumed that the individual who signs the consent form does so with a full understanding of what is stated on the consent form. However, it is very difficult to evaluate their viewpoint about the trial since there is no established method to measure the level of understanding that a participant has about the information given. The informed consent process is sometimes treated as a ‘now-size fits all’ Clinics don’t always provide the ideal setting to engage in meaningful discussions with potential participants. A common misconception about the process.

Solutions:

- Be prepared to explain the study to potential participants.

- Be familiar with the clinical environment.

- Be respectful of patients and family.

4.Informed consent is a process in which subjects voluntarily choose whether to participate in the study after fully obtaining and understanding the relevant information of the study. The purpose of informed consent is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of subjects and researchers. The behavior of being forced to participate in the study without knowing the harm and deciding is the behavior of being coerced.
For example, in medical experiments, the patient's surgical process will be displayed, that is, he will participate in the surgical demonstration. Doctors need to ask patients to sign informed consent under the permission of the law. If they lack this step, it will constitute coercion.

5. In general, deception is not acceptable in human studies. Occasionally, it is necessary to mislead the participants who are subjects of a study in order to obtain unbiased information. The Institute Review Board (IRB) must review very carefully the proposals that use deception or misrepresentation. Overt Observation occurs when the people being researched are aware that they are being watched. Covert Observation - when the group being researched is unaware that they are being watched, or when the research is conducted "undercover."

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1.Informed consent is one of the founding principles of research ethics. Its intent is that human participants can enter research freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it means for them to take part and that they give consent before they enter the research.

2.The benefits of informed consent in relation to research on human participants can be seen as respect for participants, engaging the participants with the study and enhancing the researcher-participant relationship, which may reduce discontent and litigation.

3. Religious Influence

The informed consent process is designed to give every participant the liberty to decide whether to accept or refuse the recommended medical treatment. Sometimes their decision for participating in researcher projects is influenced by the religious beliefs. It is commonly observed that how the methodology of the experiment come into conflict with the rules of behavior set by a participant's religion                    Patient Perceptions

Most patients believe that, trials will put extra burden on them. They assume that the conventional treatment is best and they are afraid of the unknown side-effects of new treatment. Convincing and receiving informed consent from such a patient is most difficult. In some case disclosing too much information of the potential side-effects may unnecessarily scare the patient away from a potentially life-saving or life-enhancing surgery or procedure

4.The definition of consent refers to human participants who can enter research freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it means for them to take part and that they give consent before they enter the research.

The definition of coercion refers to the act of persuading or convincing someone to do something using force or other unethical means. When you threaten someone harm if they do not sign a contract, this is an example of coercion.

5.Researchers can withhold information from research participants or give them false information in order to carry out their research. That would be called a covert observation as the group being studied would not be aware of a researcher's observations. In this case, the research goes 'undercover' in order to gain valid data that is not influenced by the awareness of the participants'. In an overt observation, the participants are aware, which reflects the rights they have concerning their participation, but their awareness can risk the validity of the research in itself.

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1.In social studies, ethics is the object of social science and a branch of philosophy. Ethics defines the basic norms and values of the research community. Its main views include the nature of ultimate values and criteria for judging human behavior, namely right and wrong.

2.

The most basic principle of Utilitarianism is that right actions produce a maximum proportion of results that are beneficial to everyone and do more harm than good. In short, sacrificing a small number of people for the happiness of the majority in a group. It's an ethicalism that considers the community as a whole when making moral decisions.

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As for Deontology, The core is Kant's Categorical Imperative, that is, to act only on The criteria that can simultaneously become The universal law in people's minds. We must act responsibly and without regard to the consequences. We can see that deontology is a kind of rule-primacy ethics

3.The study of the social sciences is people-centred and is intended to promote the co-development of the individual and society. Compliance with ethical laws facilitates the regulation of all relations in society and the relationship between society and nature.

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1.

Ethics in social science research is the awareness that the methodology adopted by the researchers align with certain ethical standards. This sometimes depends on whether or not the potential benefits that the research bring will outweigh the harms to individual participants. In these cases, strong justifications must be provided.

2.
Deontology is an ethical theory to distinguish right and wrong. It is associated with Kant, who believed ethical actions follow universal laws.

To apply it, people need to just follow the rules and do their duties. Unlike consequentialism, deontology doesn't require weighing the cost. Due to this, there are uncertainties as rigidly following it can produce unacceptable results.

Deontology advises following rules, even when the consequences can be wrong. A notable example would include the revelation of confidential information even when it leads to chaotic outcomes. If a part of your code of conduct includes the keeping of important information, no matter how dangerous it can be, deontology insists that we keep the information as it is part of our jobs

On the other hand, Utilitarianism is a morality theory that promotes actions for the greater good and oppose actions that causes negativity or harm.

When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole, aiming for the greater good.

Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group. A rather extreme example would be harvesting the organs of a healthy man to save five people.

3.

We take ethical consideration into works since ethical standards promote values essential to collaborative work, such as trust, responsibility, mutual respect and fairness.

For example, many ethical norms in research, such as authorship guidelines, copyright and patent policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration.

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1.Research ethics is a codification of scientific morality in practice. Guidelines for research ethics specify the basic norms and values of the research community. They are based on general ethics of science, just as general ethics is based on the morality of society at large.

2.Utilitarianism can be used to justify military force or war. It is also the most common method of moral reasoning in business.When individuals are deciding what to do for themselves alone, they consider only their own utility. For example, if you are choosing ice cream for yourself, the utilitarian view is that you should choose the flavour that will give you the most pleasure.

Deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. People are required to follow rules and fulfils obligations，not to lie and cheat.Deontology states that an act that is not good morally can lead to something good, For example, shooting the intruder (killing is wrong) to protect your family (protecting them is right).

3.First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. Second, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. Third, ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. Fourth,  ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. Lastly, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, and animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety.

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1.Define ethics in social science research.

Ethics may be conceptualized as a special case of norms governing an individual or social action. As a researcher, you have an overriding obligation to protect participants’ welfare and safety and to ensure they are treated fairly and with respect. Research participants’ rights are anchored in fundamental human rights and the fundamental ethical principles that govern all scientific research. The basic ethical principles that have evolved to protect human participants from harm, apply to all fields of research in which humans participate by contributing time, effort, insights, and personal data for researchers’ use.

2，Deontology: "In modern Western ethics, the moral theory that human behavior must follow certain moral principles or act in accordance with certain justifications." This theoretical system focuses on the motive of moral behavior, does not focus on the consequences of behavior, but resorts to certain rules, norms and standards of behavior, and the core of its theory is obligation and responsibility.
Example:Christians believe that behavior is morally correct as long as it conforms to the rules and obligations established by God.
Utilitarianism holds that one should perform an act that "reaches the greatest good," and that the calculation of the greatest good depends on the sum of the bitter feelings of each individual involved in this action, each of which is considered to have the same weight, and pleasure and suffering can be converted, and suffering is only "negative happiness." Unlike general ethical doctrines, utilitarianism does not consider the motives and means of a person's actions, but only considers the effect of the results of one action on the maximum happiness value.
Example:The rules of the market economy are all utilitarian rules, rules set for the greatest sum of social welfare.

3. There are a few reasons why it is critical to follow moral standards in inquiry about. To begin with, standards advance the points of inquire about, such as information, truth, and evasion of mistakes. For cases, denials against creating, adulterating, or distorting inquires about information advance the truth and minimize mistake.

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1. Research ethics encompasses a wide range of principles, norms, and institutional frameworks that assist to define and control scientific operations. Research ethics is a practical formulation of scientific morals. The core standards and ideals of the research community are specified in research ethics guidelines.
2.The notion of "the greatest benefit for the greatest number" is typically connected with utilitarianism, the first ethical framework in normative ethics. It is frequently referred to as consequentialism since the premise is that ethical judgments are made based on the consequences of the action.  For example, if you have to work as a group, the utilitarian view is that you should choose people who can cooperate with you and give you the best pleasure. The second major notion, deontological ethics, is linked to Immanuel Kant, the father of contemporary deontology. He was noted for his 'Categorical Imperative,' which seeks out universally applicable transcendent concepts. "Human beings should be treated with decency and respect because they have rights," the concept goes. To put it another way, "people have a duty to respect other people's rights and treat them properly" in deontological ethics. The essential idea here is that everyone has objective responsibilities, or duties, that they must fulfil. shooting the murderer (killing is wrong) to protect your significant others (protecting them is right).
3. These factors safeguard study participants' rights, improve research validity, and preserve scientific integrity. What is the significance of research ethics? Scientific integrity, human rights and dignity, and science-society partnership all depend on research ethics.