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What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System and alternate names associated with each?

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What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System and alternate names associated with each?

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The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) and the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS).

The PNS is also known as the "Rest and Digest" Division, Craniosacral Division, and the Cholinergic Nervous System.

The SNS is also known as the "Fight or Flight" Division, Thoracolumbar Division, and the Adrenergic Nervous System.

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What neurotransmitters are associated with the PNS and SNS? 

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What neurotransmitters are associated with the PNS and SNS? 

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The neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System are Acetylcholine (ACh).

The neurotransmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous System are Acetylcholine (ACh), Norepinephrine (NE), and Epinephrine (EPI).

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Where are the locations of neurotransmitter release for the PNS and SNS?

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Where are the locations of neurotransmitter release for the PNS and SNS?

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The PNS releases the neurotransmitter ACh at both the ganglia and post ganglionic nerve endings.

The SNS releases the neurotransmitter ACh at the ganglia nerve ending. The SNS also releases the neurotransmitter NE at the post ganglionic nerve endings. NE and EPI are released by the adrenal medulla but still act upon adrenergic receptors.

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What are the types of receptors and their location for the PNS and SNS?

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What are the types of receptors and their location for the PNS and SNS?

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The PNS's cholinergic receptors are called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are located in the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands. Nicotinic receptors have two types, Nn (nerve) and Nm (muscle). Nn receptors are located at both the PNS and SNS ganglia while the Nm receptors are located on the cell membranes of skeletal muscle.

The SNS's adrenergic receptors are called beta and alpha receptors. Beta receptors have two types, 1 and 2. Beta 1 receptors are located in the heart while Beta 2 receptors are located in the smooth muscle of the coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels as well as the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Alpha receptors also have two types, 1 and 2. Alpha 1 receptors are located mostly on the smooth muscle of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary/GI tract while Alpha 2 receptors are located on the adrenergic nerve endings.

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What are the Heart, GI Tract, Lung, Vessel, Bladder, and Eye responses when stimulated by the PNS?

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What are the Heart, GI Tract, Lung, Vessel, Bladder, and Eye responses when stimulated by the PNS?

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Heart Response: Decrease in heart rate and AV conduction; Slight decrease in contractility

GI Tract Response:
Increased intestine and GI motility/secretions

Lung Response:
Bronchoconstriction

Vessel Response:
Most arteries are NOT supplied by parasympathetic nerves

Bladder Response:
Contraction

Eye Response:
Constriction (miosis)

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What are the Heart, GI Tract, Lung, Vessel, Bladder, and Eye responses when stimulated by the SNS?

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What are the Heart, GI Tract, Lung, Vessel, Bladder, and Eye responses when stimulated by the SNS?

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Heart Response:
Increase in heart rate and AV conduction; Increase in contractility

GI Tract Response:
Decreased intestine and GI motility/secretions

Lung Response:
Bronchodilation

Vessel Response:
Vasoconstriction with the exception of coronary and skeletal muscle arteries--which are dilated

Bladder Response:
Relaxation

Eye Response:
Dilation (mydriasis)

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What are the drug classifications for the PNS? 

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What are the drug classifications for the PNS? 

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The drug classifications of the PNS fall in two categories--Agonist and Antagonist drugs. Agonist drug classifications for the PNS are named Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonists and Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents. Antagonist drug classifications for the PNS are named Anticholinergic.

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What are some specific drug examples of the drug classifications of the PNS?

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What are some specific drug examples of the drug classifications of the PNS?

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Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonists:

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents:

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergic:

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

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What are the drug classifications for the SNS? 

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What are the drug classifications for the SNS? 

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The drug classifications of the SNS fall in two categories--Agonist and Antagonist drugs. Agonist drug classifications for the SNS are named Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists, Adrenergic Agonists, Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists, and Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists. Antagonist drug classifications for the SNS are named Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers, Beta Blocker Nonselective, and Beta Blocker Selective.

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What are some specific drug examples of the drug classifications of the SNS?

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What are some specific drug examples of the drug classifications of the SNS?

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Adrenergic Agonists:

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists:

dobutamine (Dobutamine®)

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers:

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

toxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta Blocker Nonselective:

nadolol (Corgard®)

propranolol (Inderol®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

Beta Blocker Selective:

tenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

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Hitner, Henry, and Barbara T. Nagle. Pharmacology: An Introduction. Vol. 4, McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.