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The system of Colonial Government involved rule by local governors and the church out of necessity.  This was because it took extended time to communicate and travel between the Americas and Europe.  A decision a monarch might make in Europe about a crisis in their colonies might not arrive until weeks after the crisis played out.

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The Triangle of Trade is a specific exchange that connected Europe, Africa, and the American continents.  European ships carried European manufactured goods to Africa where they were traded for enslaved people.  Enslaved Africans were then sent to the Americas and sold on the Middle Passage from Africa to the Americas.  The final stage involved merchants that brought cash crops like tobacco, molasses, sugar, and cotton, as well as raw materials back to Europe to turn into more manufactured goods.

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The negative impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas was the spread of disease that led to devastating health epidemics on the native peoples.

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The Columbian Exchange was an exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas that had both positive and negative consequences.

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The printing press developed during the Renaissance allowed an increased focus on education through the easier production of books.  Books previous to the printing press were transcribed by hand, making them rare, expensive, and predominantly focused on religion.  This development allows for the maps and charts necessary to lead to the age of exploration, and the publication of rival religious materials to lead to the Reformation.

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A system that suggests the prosperity of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver, and establishing a favor trade balance (difference in value between what a nation imports vs exports) to bring in gold and silver.

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Gold and discovery of other previous medals that could result in economic gain represents one of the three motives for exploration in addition to glory (being viewed as powerful) and god (spreading christianity).

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Lutheranism is the religious doctrine developed by Martin Luther that challenged the Catholic doctrine on salvation.  Luther believed salvation could be achieved by faith alone, not faith and good works (indulgences + pilgrimages).  This made Lutheranism the first protestant faith.

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Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire controlled an immense amount of territory that consisted of much of Europe.  While his lands spoke different languages, had varying economic success, and different cultural practices, he maintained power and control through a common similarity, the Catholic faith of all of his peoples.

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Christian Humanism is a movement that developed in northern Europe during the late Renaissance that combined classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

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A republic is a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote.

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The High Renaissance was the period in which Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo were all producing artistic works.

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Perspective was an artistic technique developed in the Renaissance that is used to give three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces.

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A Fresco was a new still of painting developed during the  Renaissance where painting is completed directly on fresh wet plaster with water-based paints.

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The Middle Ages went full circle as monarchs started the period by losing power to their lords, knights, and the church, and ended the period back in strong control of their monarchies and kingdoms.

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Tailles was an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy.  This practice of taxation would spread to use by other kingdoms in Europe.

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Universities emerged in growing cities during the Middle Ages.  Students studied liberal arts topics with a focus on theology.  The universities produced individuals for positions in the church and in government as aides monarchs.

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Religion was an extremely important part of daily life in the middle ages.  This provided for understanding of all that surrounded them.  It was also the only institution that many would have contact with on a consistent basis.  This might include pilgrimages, relics, prayer, and adherence to the sacraments all viewed as necessary for salvation.

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The Magna Carta was an English document forced on King John that restricted the power of the monarch.  It formally declared the relationship between the king and vassals (lords), each with rights and obligations.  This was significant because it suggested the kings power was not absolute.

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A money system uses currency, often gold or silver coins, in place of bartering to acquire goods and services.

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The creation of English Parliament was forced upon King Edward in response to his attempt to increase the power of his position.  Parliament would have a role as a legislative branch to go with the king.  It included the House of Lords and the House of Commons and passed laws and taxes.

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A barter system exists when goods and services are directly traded and exchanged for other goods and services.

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The bourgeoisie is the name of the middle class.  It included merchants, industrialists, and professional people.  It was a new class during the middle ages that included professions for peasants and commoners beyond agriculture.  It emerged as cities grew and transitioned to a money economy.

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The Carruca is a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare (blade).  It allowed more land to be cleared for farming.

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Feudalism created a strict order in which individuals had defined responsibilities. People stayed within their class of monarchs, lords, knights, and peasants. Women lacked many rights.