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4.1 Tiến Dũng

After years of fighting, the Parliamentary forces gained the upper hand, and in 1649, they charged Charles I with treason and beheaded him. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king. The return of Charles II is known as the Restoration. Charles II was committed to expanding England’s overseas possessions.PENNSYLVANIA-English crown by helping take Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655. Figure 4.6 Charles II granted William Penn the land that eventually became the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in order to settle a debt the English crown owed to Penn’s father. Indeed, the colony allowed a degree of religious tolerance found nowhere else in English America.

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4.4 Minh Hoàng
During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalismknown as theFirst Great Awakening. The Great Awakening caused a split between those who followed the evangelical message (the “NewLights”) and those who rejected it (the “Old Lights”). The elite ministers in British America were firmly110Chapter 4 | Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763.Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenthcentury that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind fait. Several ideas dominated Enlightenment thought, including rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, andcosmopolitanism. Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason togain knowledg. Empiricism promotes the idea that knowledge comes fromexperience and observation of the world. Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of reasonand observation, humans could make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especiallyimportant as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the seventeenth century.Finally, cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as citizens of the worldand actively engaged in it, as opposed to being provincial and close-minded. In all, Enlightenment thinkersendeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice. TheFreemasonswere a fraternal society that advocated Enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance. There he began publishing thePennsylvania Gazettein the late 1720s, and in 1732 hestarted his annual publicationPoor Richard: An Almanack, in which he gave readers much practical advice,such as “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” When he retired in 1748, he devotedhimself to politics and scientific experiments. His most famous work, on electricity, exemplifiedEnlightenment principles. Franklin observed that lightning strikes tended to hit metal objects and reasonedthat he could therefore direct lightning through the placement of metal objects during an electrical storm.He used this knowledge to advocate the use of lightning rods: metal poles connected to wires directinglightning’s electrical charge into the ground and saving wooden homes in cities like Philadelphia fromcatastrophic fires. He published his findings in 1751, inExperiments and Observations on Electricity. In the 1730s, it even prompted the foundingof a new colony. George II,understanding the strategic advantage of a British colony standing as a buffer between South Carolinaand Spanish Florida, granted the charter to Oglethorpe and twenty like-minded proprietors in 1732.Oglethorpe led the settlement of the colony, which was called Georgia in honor of the king. In 1733, heand 113 immigrants arrived on the shipAnne. Over the next decade, Parliament funded the migration oftwenty-five hundred settlers, making Georgia the only government-funded colonial project..

Oglethorpe’s vision for Georgia followed the ideals of the Age of Reason, seeing it as a place for England’s“worthy poor” to start anew. To encourage industry, he gave each male immigrant fifty acres of land,tools, and a year’s worth of supplies.

4.5 Trang Linh
Britain, France, and Spain fight for the colony of North America. Most of these conflicts originated in Europe, but their engagements spilled over into the colonies. Almost 80 years, the war have no victors.

1754-1763, French and Indian war is a conflict between England and France. Britain forced India to join the war, so Britain defeated France. With the Treaty of Paris, New France was eliminated, and Britain gained control of North America.
4.2 Việt Bách
King James II, second son of Charles I, ascended to the English throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother (Charle II).  He modeled an absolute monarchy like his cousin Louis XIV.  He has a Catholic wife and a son, which leads to threats to Protestants.  The king always maintained a standing army in peacetime making the people feel free, and worried that the king would turn England into a Catholic monarchy.  In 1686, James II created the huge colony known as the Dominion of New England which included (Massachusetts, Newhampshire, Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven, Rhode Island, and the addition of New York and New Jersey in 1688).  In late 1688, The Whigs (the organization of James II opponents) overthrew James and he had to flee to the court of Louis XIV in France.  They call this the Glorious Revolution.  In 1689, the Glorious Revolution spread, causing the Bostonians to overthrow the Dominion government of New England (Sir Andros, ..) That same year, Jacob Leisler led a group of Protestant New Yorkers against the government.  That left the government affected, then tried for treason and executed.  In 1691, England restored control over New York.

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4.1 Khắc Huy
Charles I (Charles II's father) ascended the throne in 1625 and soon married a French Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria, who was not well-liked. by English because most people in the UK are Protestant. Charles' marriage was strongly opposed by the British people and the British parliament. In 1629 Charles I suspended his parliament and ruled without parliament for 11 years. That also caused civil war between charles I and parliament the outbreak of war. Civil war raged from 1642 to 1649, and in 1649 parliament prevailed and in that year charles I was accused of treason and beheaded causing the monarchy to be dissolved. When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660 and Charles II took very little time to consolidate his country's global power. During that time Charles II restored colonies of new york, new jersey, Pennsylvania and the Carolinas. In order to reap the greatest economic benefit from England’s overseas.
4.2: Duy Đức
-King James II , the second son of Charles I, ascended the English throne in 1685 on the death of his brother, Charles II.
XIV, his cousin centralizing English political strength around the throne, giving the monarchy absolute power. Also like Louis XIV, James II practiced a strict and intolerant form of Roman Catholicism after he converted from Protestantism in the late 1660s. James also worked to modernize the English army and navy. The fact that the king kept a standing army in times of peace greatly alarmed the English. In 1686,James placed in charge Sir Edmund Andros, a former colonial governor of New York.His regime caused great uneasiness among New England Puritans when it called into question the many land titles that did not acknowledge the king and imposed fees for their reconfirmation---> a move that threatened to disrupt the region’s trade.In England, opponents of James II’s efforts to create a centralized Catholic state were known as Whigs. Revolution while James fled to the court of Louis XIV in France. William III and his wife Mary II ascended the throne in 1689. The Glorious Revolution spilled over into the colonies--->Bostonians overthrew the government of the Dominion of New England and jailed Sir Edmund Andros as well as other leaders of the regime. In 1691, England restored control over the Province of New York.The Glorious Revolution provided a shared experience for those who lived through the tumult of 1688 and 1689.+English liberty against a would-be tyrant.In October 1689, the same year that William and Mary took the throne, the 1689 Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy.It stipulated Parliament’s independence from the monarchy and protected certain of Parliament’s rights( such as the right to freedom of speech, the right to regular elections, and the right to petition the king. The 1689 Bill of Rights also guaranteed certain rights to all English subjects. James ii and returned to England after the Glorious Revolution, published his Two Treatises of Government in 1690. The Glorious Revolution also led to the English Toleration Act of 1689, a law passed by Parliament that allowed for greater religious diversity in the Empire.
While the Church of England remained the official state religious establishment, the Toleration Act gave much greater religious freedom to nonconformists.

4.4 Lê Phạm Bảo Lâm
Across the British Empire, the eighteenth century saw a slew of social, religious, and intellectual shifts. While the Great Awakening emphasized fervent emotional religiosity, the Enlightenment emphasized the power of reason and scientific observation. Both movements had long-term consequences for the colonies. The beliefs of the First Great Awakening competed with the religions of the first colonists, and religious fervor in Great Britain and her North American colonies bound the eighteenth-century British Atlantic together in a shared, common experience. Benjamin Franklin, a British colonist, rose to prominence as a printer, publisher, and scientist on both sides of the Atlantic. With his scientific experiments and philanthropic efforts, he embodied Enlightenment ideals in the British Atlantic. Even the founding of the colony of Georgia was guided by Enlightenment principles, though those principles were unable to withstand the realities of colonial life, and slavery quickly took hold in the colony.

4.3 Quang Anh
The developments of slaves and colonies from Carolina to Boston. The fierce of white concussed slaves. There were the slaves trade to African goods. And then a number of slaves were transported to the Mainland English colonies. The majority of the communities they formed to adjust their lives were based in Jamaica. Rebellions were common in the past. The British Americans aspired to imitate the English aristocracy in order to appear civilized. Purchase, consumption, and good exhibition were the disparities between gentry and others, all of which contributed to the consumer revolution, when consumer goods were more widely available. Whites' reaction to such revolts, the prospect of such revolts. The Atlantic economy expanded, giving colonists more access to British goods. Consumers and colonial were motivated to the consumer revolution
4.5 Nhật Huy
During Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), England fought against both Spain and France over who would ascend the Spanish throne after the last of the Hapsburg rulers died. The victory was again not decisive because England failed to take Quebec, which was controlled by Canada. In 1704, French and India raided against  Deerfield, Massachuttes. The killing scores and taking 112 prisoners. There was 7 years old daughter of Deerfield's minister John Williams named Eunice among the captives, who married a Mohawk and refused to return to New England. Possession of Georgia and trade with the interior was the focus of the War of Jenkins' Ear between 1739 and 1742, A conflict between Britain and Spain over contested claims to the land occupied.
The war was named by the ear of a British captain as punishment for raiding Spanish ships. In King George's War (1744-1748), the British took the massive French fortress. However, It has been relinquished control of the fortress to the French. However, with the recruitment of new young colonies during the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763, the war began to turn in favor of the British. When the French signed the Treaty of Paris in 1963, New France ceased to exist. The British Empire grew to dominate North America, becoming a truly global empire, and British colonists celebrated their heritage as British subjects.

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4.1 Gia Kien
Following the English Civil War, Britain began to build an empire that is larger and more powerful than the North America's empire. From the 1660s to 1680s, to reclaim sovereignty of New York and New Jersey from the Dutch, Charles II formed the Carolinas and Pennsylvania. Thousands more Europeans attempted to enter the colonies, and African slaves were banished from their homelands, all of which contributed to the population increase of English America. . From 1651, England made the most of their overseas assets through the pursuit of commercial policy. Besides, the Navigation Acts did not restrict commerce as intended because they were not enforced properly and there was nothing to prohibit colonial traders from controlling their own fleets of ships.

4.2 Chau Giang
Charles Jame  II ascended the English throne in 1685 on the death of his brother, then he practiced a strict and intolerant form of Roman Catholicism in the late 1660s. There is a threat that the king Charles James II would turn England into a Catholic monarchy with the people.
The Dominion of New England is an enormous colony created by James II and this colony in charge of Sir Enmund Andros who caused great uneasiness among New England Puritans.
In 1688, there was a centralized Catholic state were known as Whigs deposed James II  and named that event as Glorious Revolution. In 1689, William III and his wife ascended the throne.
The Glorious Revolution had a strong influence and spilled over into the colonies.
In the same year that William and his wife took the throne, Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy bringing some benefits to the people. John Locke's political philosophy had an enormous impact on future generations of colonist and established the paramount of represention in government.
The Glorious Revolution also led to the English Toleration Act of 1689 extending to the British colonies, a major step toward greater religious diversity.

4.3 Dlinh
The Royal African Company, which set basis for transporting slaves after its ending due to the Glorious Revolution, was created and developed by both kings in 1660.

African would be moved from Barbados to mainland. Most the communities that they created to adapt their lives lived in Jamaica. Rebellions occurred frequently (noticeable was the one in 1739 but it failed)

Conflicts between ethnic groups in NYC created many rebellion (Stono Rebellion, fires…). Slaves were thought to be the main reason, so a lot of them were killed, accused, or sold.

The British American tried to be genteel by model themselves on the English aristocracy (noticeable was William Byrd II of Westover, Virginia). The differences between gentry and others were purchase, consumption, and good exhibition- all of which led to the consumer revolution, when consumer goods available increasing.

Print material became more popular throughout this revolution. After that, many new genres of printed books such as Cato’s Letters, Mr. Spectator, and novels were published and became famous.
4.4 Mai Mạnh Hưng
By the eighteenth century, The British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awaken. A new empires was established. A lot of changing in social, religious, and intellectual changes. At the time, The Great Awakenung caused a split between the "New light" and "Old light". Benjamin Franklin, stands as the embodiment of the Enlightenment in British America. Born in Boston in 1706 to a large Puritan family, Franklin loved to read, although he found little beyond religious publications in his father’s house. He began publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette in the late 1720s, and in 1732 he started his annual publication Poor Richard: An Almanack, in which he gave readers much practical advice, such as “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy,... Oglethorpe was a leader in the reform of the colonial settlement known as Georgia Georgia in honor of the king. His vision followed the ideals of the Age of Reason, seeing it as a place for "Poor" England to start over. Oglethorpe's vision called for a ban on alcohol and slavery. This reform was very successful, but it wasn't long before slavery was back in action
4.5
From 1688 to 1763, Great Britain was involved in power struggles with France and Spain and also in other wars in Europe. For nearly 80 years, the Great britain and France fought for control in eastern North America. During that time, neither side achieved a decisive victory, although each side did have some small victories with the help of the natives. By 1754-1763, when Great Britain strengthened its army, the British army was much stronger at this time. The Treaty of Paris 1763, the new France was eliminated, all the land on the fire side of Florida and east of Mississippi was controlled by the British.

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4.1 Duc Minh
In 1625 king Charles I ascended the English throne and married a French Catholic princess which resulted in a war between the Parliament and the king. The war lasted 7 years which the Parliamentary forces gained superiority and beheaded the king. Oliver Cromwell headed the new English Commonwealth and soon after he died, his son Richard take over. But the people had had enough and asked Charles II to take the throne putting an end to the English Civil War and interregnum. After the events, England became much more powerful and larger in North America. From the 1660s to 1680s, king Charles II established Restoration colonies which includes of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and the Carolinas. These colonies play an important role as it supply the English with goods that aren’t produced in England. They also help to the rise of inhabitants with thousands of Europeans starting to make home in the colonies. The numbers soon rocketed as the number of enslaved Africans starting to migrate into the colonies. The English soon become craving for wealth and in the second half of the 17th century, they created the Navigation Acts to help them gain better control over trading with the Americans. The Navigation Acts mostly is to benefits the English. The Navigation Acts soon prove not efficient as intended as Great Britain exercised lax control over the English colonies due to Prime Minister Robert Walpole policies.

4.2
bao anh
The threat of a Catholic absolute monarchy prompted not only the overthrow of James II, but also the enactment of new laws and policies that altered English government. The Glorious Revolution restored a Protestant monarchy while also limiting its power through the 1689 Bill of Rights. Those who witnessed the events kept alive the memory of the Glorious Revolution and the defense of liberty that it represented. Meanwhile, thinkers like John Locke contributed new models and inspirations to the evolving concept of government.

4.3 Khang
*Slavery’s role in the British Empire can be seen by the number of colonies that had slaves. It served not only as a labor system that British America and other colonies were built on, but also a way of giving the white colonists an “exaggerated sense of their own status.”

*As slaves everywhere resisted their exploitation, the Stono rebellion was one of the many rebellions that occurred in the time. It was led by a literate slave named Jemmy who was believed to have been taken from the kingdom of Kongo and believed to have a similar background with South Carolinian slaves. Thus, Jemmy had little difficulty in communicating and rallying the slaves to resist their enslavement. Although the attempt was stopped, it, combined with many others, instilled fear in the white colonists. As a result, the Negro Act of 1740 was brought forward which prohibited slaves from learning to write, creating communities, having the freedom to grow their own food, and travelling. Tensions ran high between the slaves and free population in New York especially after the Stono Rebellion. The tension burst forth when fires broke out in New York city, combined with the already fearful White population, rumors were spread that the fires were conspiracies made by the slaves. 200 people, including many slaves were arrested and soon, 13 were executed the New York Conspiracy trial. The trial was the result of fear and panic in the white population caused by the rebellions in 1740 which furthered the dominance and power of white people over the slaves.

*As gentries used their purchase and display of goods to set themselves apart from others, the consumer revolution made also the ordinary settlers purchase the goods from Great Britain. It also made printed materials more widely available.

4.4
hùng
In the 18th century the English Atlantic Ocean took place a different boom known as the first awakening and the second awakening took place in the 1800s, the tribes of this place have denied worship and instead embraced a powerful religion, but Martin Luther and John Calvin taught and recounted their knowledge. In British America, Franklin is regarded as the personification of the Enlightenment. Franklin, who was born in Boston in 1706 to a big Puritan family, loved to read, though he didn't find much other than religious literature in his father's house. In the late 1720s, he started publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette, and in 1732, he began producing Poor Richard: An Almanack, in which he provided readers practical advice such "Early to bed, early to wake, makes a man healthy, prosperous,..." Oglethorpe was a key figure in the reorganization of the colonial colony of Georgia, which was named after the monarch. His concept was based on the principles of the Age of Reason, and he saw it as a location where "poor" England might begin again.Alcohol and slavery were also prohibited in Oglethorpe's vision. This reform was a huge accomplishment, but it didn't take long for slavery to return.

4.5 Minh Anh
From the late 1600s to the mid 1700s, the British Empire involved in conflicts with France and Spain. In nearly 80-year fighting for control of North America, the war resulted in an incompletely victory for both Britain and France. However, in the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the war began to turn in favor of the British with recruitment of new young colonies. In 1963, the French signed the Treaty of Paris, New France ceased to exist. The British Empire has gained mastery over North America, became a truly global empire and British colonists celebrated their identity as British subjects

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4.1 lê vy
Charles desired to take command. Plantation owners from the United Kingdom moved to South Carolina. Charles Town was the name given to the settlement. As the British discovered additional territories, tens of thousands of Europeans made their way to the colonies, increasing the population. As more downtrodden Africans become slaves, the number continues to rise. The British pursued strategies aimed at maximizing their overseas assets. They also devised the Navigation Acts in the second half of the 17th century to enable them to acquire stronger control over trading with the Americans.

4.2: Nguyễn Thùy Anh
* The king James II was overthrown by the Whig party in the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 => a Catholic absolute monarchy has been replaced by Protestant reign
- King James II made his country a Catholic country with political concentration & built powerful armies and navies) & built the ultimate power for monarchy, which the people had no freedom => the reason for GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
- During the Glorious Revolution, people in New England jailed Andros and some other leaders, who was trusted by King James II => expressed hatred
- Leisure, a Protestant, led a group of rebels but was later executed
=> This period symbolizes the period of chaos=> the period of defending independence from the rulers
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was made => people had basic right (to vote, to regular elections, to petition the king)
- English Toleration Act of 1689 allows religious tolerance for everyone, except for Catholic