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In the text, blood represents the constant murders of those who pose a threat to Macbeth's rule. After Macbeth murdered Duncan, blood was evident on his hands and Lady Macbeth advised him to "Go get some water and wash this filthy witness from your hand" (Shakespeare 2.2.60-61). Shakespeare's purpose for including this is to articulate the guilt Macbeth feels due to the bloody remains of his friends he killed. This contributes to the theme of as you gain more and more power, your actions in order to stay in power may lead to a loss of humanity. It relates because through bloodshed, Macbeth loses his humanity while being able to stay in power.

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Fate has shown up in the text multiple times already, especially when Macbeth and Banquo were given that prophecy from the three witches. It represents how we have control over our lives and that it's up to us to decided if we want to leave our fate unbothered or change it for our benefit or the benfit of others. In the text, Shakespeare conveys, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir" (Shakespeare 1.3 146-148). Shakespeare's purpose for including this motif in the text is to remind us that the future and our fate is not set in stone. We do have control over lives, we can change our own fate for the better or worse of ourselves and/or others. This can contribute to a theme of how humans can change their fate since it's never a fate that's completely set.

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Macbeth has been experiencing hallucinations after he kills or has someone killed throughout the text. After each apparition Macbeth's reactions to them become more and more deranged. Lady Macbeth tell him that, "Impostors to true fear, would well become A woman’s story at a winter’s fire, Authorized by her grandam. Shame itself!"(Shakespeare 3. 6. 77-79). Shakespeare uses this motif to show how Macbeth doesn't want to take responsibility for the murders and is feeling guilty about them. It gives Shakespeare the tone of someone who is slowly but surely becoming more deranged but still acting like a spoiled child denying that he stole a cookie from the cookie jar.

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Sleep is used liberally throughout this play, having vastly different connotations depending on the character who is speaking them. Some characters parallel sleep to death; both easing their minds as well as haunting them later. Other characters such as Macduff use sleep as a direct contrast to death, and focus on how different the two are. This use of sleep as a motif is apparent when Macduff asks those around him to wake up after the murder of King Duncan happened,  requesting that they “Shake off this downy sleep, death’s counterfeit, And look on death itself” (Shakespeare 2.3.88-89). Macduff's request that these men wake up from their seep, which represents innocence, is really a way of saying that after that murder and that night, their innocence would be gone. Despite the different usages of sleep throughout the play, it is an abundantly used motif that generally represents innocence (which creates a stark contrast to those who have stripped that away).

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Fate is used as a major plot device in this story as it pushes the main characters to deceive and kill one another. Of course at the beginning we learn that Macbeth will be king, yet Banquo's sons will be king after Macbeth. In the text Macbeth says “No son of mine succeeding. If ’t be so, For Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind For them the gracious Duncan have murdered” (Shakespeare 3.1.69). Here Macbeth is sort of rationalizing the situation he is in with the dead Duncan, and prophesized Banquo. At first he likes the prophesy so he goes along, but later he doesn't so he tries to fight it. The way Macbeth deals with his fate is used throughout the entire story by Shakespeare to push the themes and narrative, and also gives the story a more suspenseful tone.

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Apparations are a newfound motif in this play because they didn't begin to occur until later in the play. However, this motif shows up literally in this text because shortly after Macbeth sends murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance, Macbeth begins to hallucinate the ghost of Banquo. This apparation allows Macbeth to become insecure and act less of a man as he yells at the ghost "Thou canst say I did it. Never shake Thy gory locks at me" (Shakespeare 3.4.61-62). Although, Macbeth seems to believe that he can see Banquo as a ghost, nobody else can and it doesn't leave a good impression for the new King of Scotland. Shakespeare's purpose for including this motif in this play is to proclaim that Macbeth is unfit to be a King because King's aren't suppose to murder innocent people. This motif also contributes to the theme that fate never ends to one's liking because at first, Macbeth didn't want to murder anyone, yet now, he wants to murder anyone who he finds to be in his way of power. However, this act of greedy power has made Macbeth evil and insecure because he cannot withstand the stress or comprehend properly what he has done, which leads to him hallucinating, being unable to sleep, and seeing ghosts and apparations.

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One of the motifs that show up in ¨The Macbeth¨ is the sleep which has the symbolic significance of peace of mind. Throughout the play, it is shown that those who have done no bad deed were able to sleep peacefully at night while those who have committed sins were not able to enjoy peace of sleep, this is shown in the character of Macbeth. After Macbeth murdered Duncan while he was asleep he heard a voice saying “Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep” (Shakespeare 2.2.35-40) This reveals that after committing such a hideous sin Macbeth´s peace was taken away from him as a punishment of his ambition. Even though there were many ways in which sleep was portrayed throughout the play it represented peace of mind.

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Apparitions are a rising motif that always seem to be mentioned during, or after a traumatic event. They represent Macbethś state of mind. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was hallucinating and saw a dagger, this dagger represented his anxiety and guilt for what he was about to do, murder the king. Then after killing Banquo, Macbeth saw Banquoś ghost, which again represented his guilt and fear. In Act four, he goes to see the witches, they cast a spell enabling him to see different apparations, these apparations tell him to ¨Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife¨(Shakespeare 4.1.71-72). Macbeth has become more paranoid because he wants to preserve his power, which is represented in this apparation, telling him to beware of another person. The other apparations tell him to be violent and bold, which represent Macbeth trying to justify his actions.

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Fate in the text shows up in the text when Macbeth is informed of his near future. Later in the text Shakespeare uses fate to display the theme of power and its ability to ruin ones sense of humanity. As Macbeth moves further in his so called fate he sees “a dagger I see before me, the handle toward my hand?” (Shakespeare 2.1.33). Shakespeare uses Macbeth hallucinations to portray how his reach for power allows him to excuse his actions as fate, blending the end result with his own decisions. When Macbeth reaches his fate he allows himself to excuse his actions and continue to commit such crimes because of his new found power, displaying his disappearing sense of humanity

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One motif that occurs in the text is the ever increasingly violent actions of Macbeth. At first, he kills Duncan, then he kills Banquo, and then Macduff's family. Thus, Macbeth's desire to stay in power propelled him to act inhumanely and violently. Soon after one of the prophecies of the witches, Macbeth says that “From this moment/The very firstlings of my heart shall be/The firstlings of my hand. And even now,/To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and/done:/The castle of Macduff I will surprise,/ Seize upon Fife, give to th’ edge o’ th’ sword/His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls/That trace him in his line” (Shakespeare 4.1.146-153). Thus, this represents the motif of Macbeth's violent actions. What is interesting is that each time Macbeth kills, his tone becomes less hesitant to kill again. In this part, it seems that he has absolutely no hesitation. A theme that connects to this quote is that the more sins one does, the more one hurts himself/herself. This theme is shown in Macbeth because with each of Macbeth's killings, there are complications, and it is likely that since Macduff and Fleance survived, they would contribute to Macbeth's downfall. The last part of Act 4 of Macbeth shows how the sorrowful and angry Macduff, as well as Malcolm, will retaliate.

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Sleep is a recurring motif in Macbeth and it signifies innocence and a peaceful state of mind. No one does bad things in their sleep, but Macbeth does terrible deeds when others are asleep, in particular King Duncan. After Macbeth killed him, he is horrified that he killed his king in “the innocent sleep, sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care, the death of each day’s life, sore labor’s bath, balm of hurt minds” (Shakespeare 2.2.48-51). This act killed Macbeth's innocence and any chance of peace for him; this is evident with the mood of the remainder of the play when he and his wife are plagued by horrible nightmares and when his paranoia and restlessness lead him into killing more people, giving the following scenes a forewarning and grim mood.

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In Macbeth one of the most occuring motifs is blood as there are constant act of violences. For example when Macbeth killed King Duncan he had blood all over him as he stood still in regret, "Go get some water and wash this filthy witness from your hand"(Shakespeare 2.2.60-61).  Lady Macbeth had to take charge in the rest of the plan as Macbeth has become crazy. The purpose of all this blood is to show the readers the guilt of the characters as Macbeth regretted killing King Duncan and Banquo as he is not the same no more. The blood also relates to the essential question of power. The blood correlates with greed as greed was a common emotion of the correlation between humanity and power as greed would lower someone's humanity.

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Fate is a recurring subject throughout the play. In the first act Shakespeare writes the line, “If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me. Without my stir” (Shakespeare 1.4.158-159). Shakespeare writes this early on the let the viewer/reader now that some things are not asked for but instead just happen due to other events beyond one's power. This can contribute to the tone of the play by letting the reader acknowledge that you don't always get what you want and every action has a reaction wether you plan it to or not.

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Paradoxical language is used to pose rhetorical plot lines and potential outcomes in Macbeth. They're like exposition, only more confusing even after a third read. Sentences like this. - "Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier. Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none" (I.3.66-68) - illustrate fate, another motif. Paradoxical language also translates as a kind of irony, sometimes it is dramatic irony when we figure out the puzzle of whatever the paradox means, and it's also situational and often verbal, when Shakespeare successfully tricks us into a different belief. It is mainly verbal irony as a tool of literature, because it creates opposing ideas to further drive forward a point or plot line.

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Blood is often used as a motif for guilt throughout Macbeth. Blood  emerges as a motif most notably in Act II after Macbeth kills Duncan. When Macbeth staggers at the sight of his hands covered in blood, Lady Macbeth says, “And wash this filthy witness from your hand” (Shakespeare 2.2.61). The blood on Macbeth's hands freezes him in his guilt of having murdered Duncan, and Lady Macbeth asks him to "wash it off." However, Macbeth is unable to wash away his guilt and stay paralyzed by its presence, and it isn't until Lady Macbeth helps him wash the blood off that he is finally free of his guilt.

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In the text, blood represents the constant murders of those who pose a threat to Macbeth's rule. Blood becomes a motif most prominently in Act II after Macbeth kills Duncan.

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Fate:

The motif of fate has been shown differently throughout every act. In act one, Macbeth states “If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir” (Shakespeare 1.4.158-159). Here, Macbeth is saying it is up to fate if he is going to be king or not, it is not his choice. This quote reminds us that every choice we make in life will affect our future and if we just do what we think is right then fate will take care of the rest. Towards the end of the play, I think that Macbeth forgets he has a choice to make good decisions as he is letting the power get to his head. This motif shows up many times throughout the play.

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Fate plays an intriguing role throughout the play and becomes the deciding factor of many of Macbeth's decisions. While attempting to build the courage to finally kill King Duncan for the throne, Macbeth remembers the prophecies of the witches and states, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir" (Shakespeare 1.3.157-159). It is made clear that Macbeth had let fate decide his ultimate decision for murder and that it was not necessarily by choice, but rather destiny. Shakespeare includes this thematic element to create an interesting ethical dynamic in Macbeth and to contribute to his shift in humanity and its correlation to power. In fact, the prophecies and apparitions are thought to be the leading cause in any of Macbeth's actions, thus they play a critical role in the plot and Macbeth's character development.

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Throughout the play, Macbeth suffered from apparitions, a motif Shakespeare utilized to illustrate Macbeth’s mental state as well as the theme of how one’s ambitions can have serious repercussions. Macbeth’s first action after hearing the prophecy from the witches was to kill King Duncan. As he was about to kill Duncan, he began imagining a dagger, but he was aware it was an apparition. However, Macbeth later decided to kill his friend Banquo, and during a dinner party, he saw an apparition of Banquo sitting in his seat. Macbeth told “[the Ghost] Thou canst not say I did it. Never shake Thy gory locks at me”(Shakespeare 3.4.61-62). During this event, Macbeth clearly believes that Banquo’s ghost is real which proves that his mental state was far worse since killing King Duncan. Additionally, this reveals how Macbeth’s ambition of becoming king resulted in him killing numerous people, which in turn caused his mental health to deteriorate.

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Fate shows up frequently throughout the play once the witches’ prophecies are revealed. When Macbeth is informed of his destiny, he starts seeing things and questions, “Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee” (Shakespeare 2.1.33-34). The bloody knife he sees in front of himself describes a hallucination regarding the prophecies and reveals the destiny that he wishes to accomplish. Although the dagger is imaginary, it suggests that Macbeth seeks to follow his future of becoming king, sooner than letting it play out itself. There is a sinister mood revealed, which foreshadows that at least one death takes place in this Shakespearean tragedy.