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A historical or cultural lense really focuses on the idea that a text cannot be fully understood and interpreted without looking at the time period it was written in, and all the external influences.

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Majority of the time we won’t know for sure if it was a deliberate act to weave these aspects into his story, or that he was not aware of the triggers that inspired his ideas.

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Many events and forgotten memories may influence it. It is certainly not unthinkable that characters like the Cheshire Cat or White Rabbit were inspired by things Carroll read, saw, or otherwise encountered in his lifetime.

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There are also aspects out of the author’s environment that he knowingly or unknowingly must have integrated into the story.

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Personal identity is shaped by the culture in which it emerges, therefore personal experience has a large impact on our personal morals and values.

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Using this theory requires the application of specific historical information to a text. History in this case can refer to social, economical, political, cultural and intellectual climate of the time period.

This lens examines the text from the time period in which it was created and the one it was depicting. It assumes that a text cannot be understood without the context of the point in history in which it was created/written about and the study of the cultural norms and values of the time period(s)

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Cultural criticism is the practice of describing, interpreting and evaluating culture. It derived in the 18th and 19th through authors such as Jonathan Swift and most specially Matthew Arnold. In relation to literature, it explains why an author wrote his/her work in regards to the influences behind it.

Cultural criticism may consider race, gender, religion, ethnicity, sexuality or other characteristics that separate individuals in society and potentially lead to one feeling or being treated as “less than” another. It suggests that being included or excluded from the dominant culture changes the way one may view the text.

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Lewis Carroll; author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass spent his life as a bachelor mathematician and was obsessed with puzzles and logic games.