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Abu Bakr was born on October 27th 573 A.D. and died on August 23, 634 A.D. He was caliph from 632 to 634 A.D. after Muhammad died. (Quyen Cao)

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Umar was born on 579 A.D. and assassinated on November 3rd 644. he was elected to be the next caliph after Muhammad died. He was caliph on August 23, 634.  (Quyen Cao )

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Uthman was born in 577 A.D. and June 17, 656 A.D. He was caliph after Umar was assassinated.  He became caliph after 644 A.D. which was the year Umar was assassinated. ( Quyen Cao )

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Ali was born on March 17, 599 A.D. and assassinated on January 27, 661 A.D. He was the son in law and cousin of Muhammad. He became caliph after Uthmar died and was caliph after 644 A.D. ( Quyen Cao )

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(Anna Lee)

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(Anna Lee)

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(Cayle Aragon)

Osman leads the way (About 1300 A.D.).
Bursa is made into the capital of the Ottoman Empire and Osman dies in1326.
Osman's son, Orhan, rules after his father's death (dies in battle field)(1326 - 1389 A.D.).
Civil war, then victory (1402 - 1413 A.D.).
Bayezid's sons fight for control. In 1413 Mehmed wins and reunites the empire. He dies in 1421.
1453
The end of the Byzantine Empire.
Ottoman culture flourishes (1453 - 1481 A.D.).
Suleyman I reigns (1520 - 1566

A.D.).One of the best known and most powerful leaders of the empire is Suleyman.1683
A losing battle.
The Ottomans try to conquer Venice in 1683, but fail.
1821
Greece revolts.
The Balkan Wars (1912 - 1913 A.D.)  The end of a war and an empire (1914 - 1923 A.D.).
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire sides with the Central Powers. They lose the war, and peace treaties cause the empire to dissolve.

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(Cayle Aragon)
This map shows the ancient trade routes of the Arabian Empire.

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Important Dates and Caliphs of the Abbasid Empire

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Important Dates and Caliphs of the Abbasid Empire

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Shreyas Koppula
The word Abbasid comes from the name of Muhammad's uncle, al-ʿAbbās. Near the start of the Abbasid dynasty, the capital was moved to Baghdad, Iraq. The Abbasid dynasty lasted from 750 to 1258 A.D. In 747, a revolt led by Abū Muslim ended the Umayyad dynasty. In 750, after the Battle of the Great Zab River, the first Abbasid caliph, Abū al-ʿAbbās as-Saffāḥ, was proclaimed. In 1258, a Mongol siege ended the Abbasid dynasty.
Below: The caliph Abū al-ʿAbbās as-Saffāḥ.

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This map shows the Ottoman Empire at its height. (Quyen Cao)

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Important Dates and Caliphs of the Umayyad Empire

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Important Dates and Caliphs of the Umayyad Empire

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Shreyas Koppula
The Umayyads were a large Quraysh family that converted to Islam in 627 A.D. Near the start of the Umayyad dynasty, the capital mas moved to Damascus, Syria. The Umayyad dynasty lasted from 661 to 750.  Muʿāwiyah was the first Umayyad Caliph, being the son of the head of the Umayyads. He gained power after a civil war that lasted from 656 to 661.  Marwān II was the last Umayyad caliph.
Below: The caliph Muʿāwiyah.

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The Topography of the Arabian Peninsula (Shreyas Koppula)

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The Topography of the Arabian Peninsula (Shreyas Koppula)

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The Arabian Peninsula's interior regions are mostly arid desert. However, the coastal regions are very abundant. Ports for trading are found on the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Farms are on the coastal regions, and nomadic groups travel the desert. The Arabian Peninsula has a roughly  uniform distribution of desert.