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Influenced from the Manchurian during Qing dynasty

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Influenced from the Manchurian during Qing dynasty

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•The Manchu’s were the last Chinese people to rule the dynasty, but their traditions & religion was not forgotten.

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•When the Manchu’s came to power they allowed their own practice, shamanism to be allowed in the Chinese life.

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•The many Religions in the Qing dynasty include Heaven worship, Shamanism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity & Chinese folk religion.

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•The various religion had an impact on the culture of the Manchus.

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•It also uses Yin & Yang

•Yin (Unseen feminine0  is the dark part of the symbol and is associated with shadows or darkness.

•Yang (seen, masculine) is the white part of the symbol and is associated with light & sun.

•Together they make a whole and it allows everything and nothing to exist.

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•The religions in the Manchu’s dynasty were mainly focused on one particular thing: Enlightenment (The Tao)

•The religion focuses on Tao which is the realm were enlightenment can be achieved.

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The Six Ministries and their respective areas of responsibilities

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The Six Ministries and their respective areas of responsibilities

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Board of Civil Appointments

-The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list".

Board of Revenue

-The government's main source of revenue came from taxation on landownership supplemented by official monopolies on salt, which was an essential household item, and tea

-In the predominantly agrarian Qing dynasty, the "household" was the basis of imperial finance

-Department was charged with revenue collection and the financial management of the government.

Board of Rites

-Responsible for all matters concerning court protocol.

-Organized the periodic worship of ancestors and various gods by the emperor, managed relations with tributary nations, and oversaw the nationwide civil examination system.

Board of War

-The Eight Banners were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving the ministry only with authority over the Green Standard Army.

-Campaigns and troop movements were monitored and directed by the emperor, first through the Manchu ruling council, and later through the Grand Council.
Board of Punishments
-Handled all legal matters, including the supervision of various law courts and prisons.

-The Qing legal framework was relatively weak compared to modern day legal systems, as there was no separation of executive and legislative branches of government.

-The legal system could be inconsistent, and, at times, arbitrary, because the emperor ruled by decree and had final say on all judicial outcomes.
Board of Works
-The Board of Works handled all governmental building projects, including palaces, temples and the repairs of waterways and flood canals.

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1908, coronation of a three-year-old Puyi
The previous emperor had died earlier that day. The dying Empress Cixi summons Puyi to the Forbidden City and tells him that he will be the next emperor as she dies. After his coronation, Puyi, frightened by his new surroundings, repeatedly expresses his wish to go home, which is denied. Despite having scores of palace eunuchs and maids to wait on him, his only real friend is his wet nurse, who accompanied him and his father to the palace on the Empress Dowager's summons.

The next section of the film continues the series of chronological flashbacks showing Puyi's early life: Starting from  his imperial upbringing in the Forbidden City with his younger brother, Pujie. The young emperor is spoilt by the eunuchs who does everything for him except for letting him out of the Forbidden City. He slowly realises from his brother that he has no actual power over the kingdom, and that outside the castle, there is a new leader.

During the Republican era, Puyi learns about the western world from his tutor, Scotsman Reginald Johnston. Johnston is his only channel to learn beyond the castle walls. Johnston teaches him about the cultures in other countries, and increases Puyi's urge to leave China and head West. He insists that Puyi get glasses when he is short-sighted, and also brought him a bike one day.

1950, Puyi as a war prisoner of the People’s Republic of China
Puyi has been kept in custody for five years, since the Red Army captured him during the Soviet Union entry into the Pacific War in 1945. In the recently established People's Republic of China, Puyi arrives as a political prisoner and war criminal at the Fushun Prison. Soon after his arrival, Puyi attempts suicide, but is quickly revived and told he must stand trial.
Under the "Communist re-education programme" for political prisoners, Puyi is coerced by his interrogators to formally renounce his forced collaboration with the Japanese invaders for war crimes during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Finally, after a heated discussion with the camp commandant and upon watching a film detailing the wartime atrocities committed by the Japanese, Puyi recants his previous stance and is considered rehabilitated by the government; he is subsequently set free in 1959.

1967, the rise of Mao Zedong's cult of personality and the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.
By now, Puyi has become a simple gardener. On his way home from work, he happens upon a Red Guard parade, complete with children playing pentatonic music on accordions en masse and dancers who dance the rejection of landlordism by the Communists. His prison camp commander, who helped him greatly during his rehabilitation, is forced to wear a dunce cap and a sandwich board bearing punitive slogans, and is one of the political prisoners now punished as an anti-revolutionary in the parade.

Puyi later visits the Forbidden City as an ordinary tourist. He meets an assertive little boy wearing the red scarf of the Pioneer Movement. The young Communist orders Puyi to step away from the throne. However, Puyi proves to the boy that he was indeed the Son of Heaven, proceeding to approach the throne. Behind it, Puyi finds a 60-year-old pet cricket that he was given by an elderly Mandarin on his coronation day and gives it to the child. Amazed by the gift, the boy turns to talk to Puyi, but the emperor has disappeared.

In 1987, a tour guide is leading a group through the palace. Stopping in front of the throne, the guide sums up Puyi's life in a few, brief sentences, concluding that he died in 1967.

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-The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols.

-The Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905.

-The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories.

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-The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries), each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents.

-Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations.

-In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City.

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The reason Puyi was chosen by the empress dowager Cixi was that it would be easy for her to continue to rule China (behind the screens), as he was just a toddler.

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1908

Two year-old Puyi becomes Emperor. (China)

1924

Puyi loses his throne and is forced to leave the Forbidden City. (Beijing, China)

1932

The invading Japanese army found the state of Manchukuo and install Puyi as its ruler. (Manchuria, China)

1945

Puyi captured by the Soviets while fleeing Japan, put on trial for co-operating with Japan, and spends the next few years in a Chinese re-education camp.

1967

Puyi, the last Chinese emperor, dies as a simple gardener. (Beijing, China)

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•The Chinese enjoy a mix of carbohydrates like rice, fish and vegetables

•It is comon for carbs like rice and vegetables like leeks to be favourites.

•Foods that are not fresh used to be taboos in Chinese culture. However with Western influence, it has changed

•The manners at the table maybe different, but fundamentally, they are like us

•Food is a simple way to show honor, thankfulness, and love. The kinds of dishes are important too

•Food is one of the reasons the Chinese are so prosperous

•Food comes with it’s own taboos like never leaving you with food on it.

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•In Chinese culture, fate is unavoidable and luck is not affected by your actions ( For example : the penny facing heads up )

•If an individual sticks to the traditions of a group, they will be accepted and glorified by the group

•Chinese parents try to emphasize the importance of learning English, however they try to reject the culture

•Typically, a Chinese community officials, however just like America, there are differing opinions

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•Butterflies, tigers and cranes all have special meaning in China and are important to its culture

•Mice, cats and other “street” animals are considerable innapropiate as pets. They are treated badly by society.

•The tiger, phonix, crane and butterfly have religious roots in China

•There isn’t much strife in the urban communities, however the spiritual groups find offense

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•Music comes from all regions and is very valued. Most music is folk, however pop has come into the picture

•Traditionally varying types of flutes and guitars are used

•Children are supposed to be fluent in classical instruments like piano and the flute

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•The moon, sun and stars have great meaning to China spirtually and economically.

•There are associated gods for all of the natural phenomenon

•There are taboos for people who act against nature.

•Due to Chinese diverse populations, you see groups praising the sun, and some watching the Weather Channel, both are common

•Beliefs that were formed in the early part of China’s development are still referenced today

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•The Chinese do not have a word for time, they have “shi”

•In China, time isn’t given where you can stretch it and vary it, time goes on continuously and people are the servants to it. Thus, punctuality coms naturally.

•There is a strict social command for parents to control their children’s time ( Think Tiger Mom )

•Chinese homes are typically very modest with furniture and home goods. They are also typically very open homes

•For direction, their compass would say “ East, South, West, North”. When China was first forming in 11th century BC, they began building on the Eastern shores.

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•The purpose of education is to instill purpose and make children the best

•In a typical Chinese classroom, the teacher lectures and gives hands-on work. Students enjoy rigor

•At home, it is the responsibility of the parents to drill the student until they are perfect. They buy books , software, tutors to aid their child.

•Languages is very important to parents and students because knowing the native tongue holds nation pride.

•Students typically ask questions, however they risk judgement by their peers. This is because they show misunderstanding which could be weakness.

•If a teacher answers the question in a manner that the child has to investigate further, this is positive

•Nine years is the required amount, however with a raise in private scholling and college, many go for longer

•Due to the competitive nature of the Chinese to succeed and be best, there is no differing expectation in different subjects

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•Children have celebrations whenever they are born and when they reach adulthood

•Festivals, celebrations and holidays are meant to demonstrate the importance of the particular celebration and bring rememberance

•Chinese would say that many of our holidays are unnecessary

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•Loose pants and simple shirts for everyday. Beautiful silk with golden detail and images for special occasion

•Both women and men are encouraged to dress in looser and thinner clothing

•As a person grows into an adult, they will start to decide their own style.

•Modesty is still policy in China. Women can dress according to weather, however they should still be rather concealed

•Beauty is defined by many factors including the person’s family, their skin and their personality

•A complement is very modest and simple. Not sexualized or nasty

•Colors have very symbolic meaning in Chinese culture

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-In art, typically paintings or photography showing death, nudity, or other “ vulgar” material isn’t taboo. However, speech in music is limited

-Disapproval is less common in China, Instead of “That’s bad.” , they say “It could be improved”

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-Dominated by three major groups of artists.
-The individualist
-The orthodox school
-Professional and court artist

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- Was highly appreciated by educated gentlemen, but most of the writing is written by women.

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Dorgon reestablished the imperial examinations, held every three years, and in this way, he gained the support of large numbers of literati and the bureaucracy.

A problem in the empire increasingly became the lack of modern education. The empire concentrated on Imperial Examinations, studying ancient philosophical and religious texts.

The Qing rulers did little to promote the knowledge of the world. Instead, they were isolationist.

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flute, plucked lute, and clappers, several drums, a double-reed wind instrument, cymbals, and gongs

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The late Qing saw the emergence of the new "civilized drama" (文明戏), a hybrid of Chinese operatic drama with Western-style spoken drama. Peking opera and "reformed Peking opera" were also popular at the time.

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The late Qing fiction is modern. Important novelists of the period include Wu Woyao (吴沃尧) (1866–1910), Li Boyuan (李伯元) (1867–1906), Liu E (刘鹗) (1857–1909), and Zeng Pu (曾朴) (1872–1935).

·       The Travels of Lao Can (Lao Can Youji 老残游记) by Liu E 1903

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The Forbidden City (also called Zijin Cheng) is a 72-hectare (178 acres) palace complex in Beijing that was used by the emperors of China from A.D. 1420 to 1911.

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Late Qing ( 1895 - 1911 )
Most outstanding were the translations of Yan Fu (严复) (1864–1921) and Lin Shu (林纾) (1852–1924). In this climate, a boom in the writing of fiction occurred, especially after the 1905 abolition of the civil service examination when literati struggled to fill new social and cultural roles for themselves. Stylistically, this fiction shows signs of both the Chinese novelistic tradition and Western narrative modes.

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Imran Lockman
Tan Jeslyn
Chang Chin Leng
Chin Li Qin
One
Wong Yin Yee
Goh Zheng Rong
Priyav
Daniel Kua

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During the Qing Dynasty, China was ruled by the Manchus, a tribe of foreigners from northeastern China. The reigns of the first three emperors, which lasted for 133 years, were a time of peace and prosperity for China.The Qing Dynasty adopted the form of government used during the Ming Dynastywith only minor adjustments. All positions were held jointly by one Manchu and one Chinese, with the Manchu having more power. The form of military organization that the Qing used was one of the best in the world. They organized their troops under banners, each of which was a separate unit. These fighting men were owned by the emperor, and they were incredibly loyal to him. The banner men also functioned as a talent pool from which civil bureaucrats could be chosen.

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The Emperor or Huangdi was the secular imperial title of the Chinese sovereign reigning between the founding of the Qin dynasty that unified China in 221 BC.  The emperor had, by law, an absolute position not to be challenged by anyone else, his or her subjects were to show the utmost respect in his or her presence, whether in direct conversation or otherwise.

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Legalism was invented by the Chinese during the Qing era. It mainly focused on ideas and philosophical analysis of obedience to the legal system. Most of the ideas promoted by this new philosophy talked about rewarding the people who respect the law and punishing the ones who do not

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Chinese culture originated on the "Yellow Plateau," the cradle of the Chinese nation was the "Yellow River," and descendants of the Yan Emperor and the Yellow Emperor have "yellow skin." Since ancient times, the color yellow has been inseparably linked with Chinese traditional culture. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing became the capital city, and the color yellow became the exclusive color for the imperial family. Ordinary people were not allowed to wear yellow. The emperors wore "yellow robes," their carriage was called a "yellow carriage," the path they walked on was called a "yellow path," the flags used on their tours were "yellow flags," and the wrapping material for their seals was also yellow. Consequently, the color yellow became a symbol of supreme power. Only the imperial family members and their relatives could live in residences with red walls and yellow-colored glazed tile roofs. Ordinary people could only use cyan-colored bricks and tiles. If you climb up to the top of Jingshan and overlook the forbidden city, you can see a stretch of yellow glazed tile roofs. On both sides of the halls, front and back, there are huge, gold-plated bronze vats and animal figures. They look magnificent, enhancing each other's brilliance and radiance, representing the supreme sovereign.

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- carry out observation and calendar studies of the heavens, determined the most auspicious time for the wedding was between 3 and 5 in the morning.
- Each gate of the Forbidden City was decorated with traditional Door Gods, Chinese decorations placed on each side of an entry to a temple or home and were believed to ward off evil spirits and ghosts.

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- when someone dies , they will have to put a black pearl in their mouth  to ward off evil spirits.

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The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911) was characterised by an astounding wealth and variety of robe types. The presented garments, including clothing both for men and women as well as accessories of children's clothing, perfectly reflect this diversity. When the Manchu Dynasty seized the power in China in 1644, a new type of clothing appeared.

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Yellow and red are the two main colors. Yellow, meaning respect in Chinese culture, was widely used on roofs of most palaces. This color is only used by imperial families and makes these palaces looks gorgeous. The red walls stand for emperors’ hope of national stability.

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- The animals on the ridge of the ancient buildings include Chiwen, the kissing dragon, the phoenix, the lion, the heavenly horse and the sea horse, Suanni - the lion-like dragon, Yayu - the fish dragon, Haetae, Douniu - the bull-like fighting dragon and Xingshi, the flying monkey

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- Foot soldiers made their armor lighter so they could move faster.
- Carrying bronze swords and spears.

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hipped-gable roof

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single-eave hip roof

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- The scale of printing production greatly expanded during the Qing period and in terms of the quantity and variety of publications.
- Woodblock lettering with each of the word getting famous

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- single-eave hip roof, hipped-gable roof and pyramidal-hipped  roof
- big as well as the smooth lines and the eaves
- The Hall of Supreme Harmony has the highest level of the roof with ten mythical animals at each of its roof corners, which shows the superiority

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Traditional Chinese palatial architecture
- emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry to signify balance.
- emphasise breadth rather than height
-  enclosed, heavy platform, covered with a large roof
-  The halls and palaces have relatively low ceilings compared with similar western architecture.

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- China discovered gunpowder long before the Qing Dynasty took over the throne. However, during the dynasty’s rule, the first machine gun was invented. Firearms were used for quite some time, but expert Dai Zi managed to develop a continuously shooting gun. He lived during the Qing Dynasty and his invention was able to hold up to 28 bullets.

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- Originated from those used by the Qin State in previous dynasties and was named Ban Liang Qian (half liang money).
- Is the foremost ideal of symmetry and balance.

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-In 1877, Six Chapters of a Floating Lifewas written.
-Focusing on various aspects of life and meditation.

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This movie is about a boy named Puyi who is made the emperor of the Forbidden City in China. This covers his troubled life as an imperial man in the new People’s Republic of China. During 1940’s, the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War and the captures Manchuria. He grows up and becomes the puppet ruler of Manchukuo ( Manchuria). Soon he is in prison as a political prisoner and war criminal. This film shows the life of revolutionary China and it’s people life.

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-The late Qing also saw a "revolution in poetry" (诗界革命).

- Promote experimentation with new forms and the incorporation of new registers of language.

- Become the objects of scorn by New Culturalists like Hu Shi, who saw their work as overly allusive, artificial, and divorced from contemporary reality.