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Names of the days of the week - Wikipedia

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The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Names of the days of the week - Wikipedia

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The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Names of the days of the week - Wikipedia

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The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Names of the days of the week - Wikipedia

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The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Invasions of the British Isles - Wikipedia

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Invasions of the British Isles have occurred throughout history. Various sovereign states within the territorial space that constitutes the British Isles were invaded several times; by the Romans, Germanic peoples, Vikings and Norsemen, the French and the Dutch. This page covers invasions from 2000 BC up to the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

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Names of the days of the week - Wikipedia

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The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Invasions of the British Isles - Wikipedia

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Invasions of the British Isles have occurred throughout history. Various sovereign states within the territorial space that constitutes the British Isles were invaded several times; by the Romans, Germanic peoples, Vikings and Norsemen, the French and the Dutch. This page covers invasions from 2000 BC up to the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

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In this cans video, we tell you how the Vikings laid siege to Paris and settled in Normandy. Go Vikings Go! Have fun! Watch the previous Vikings video: http://youtu.be/BCj6Qeofw1U Please share this video If you like it and subscribe to support us for more content!

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In this cans video, we tell you how the Vikings invaded Europe and the beginning of the Viking Age. Go Vikings Go! Have fun! Watch the next Vikings video: http://youtu.be/0BTUGIpFdeM Please share this video If you like it and subscribe to support us for more content!

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The History of English - Languages: Anglo-Saxon (1/10)

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0:00 / 4:13•Watch full video

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The Anglo Saxon Invasion - History of Britain (BBC Documentary)

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Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain - Wikipedia

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The settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples, who eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons, changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic. This process principally occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries, following the end of Roman rule in Britain around the year 410. The settlement was followed by the establishment of the Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain, later followed by the rest of modern England, and the south-east of modern Scotland.[1] The exact nature of this change is a topic of on-going research. Questions remain about the scale, timing and nature of the settlements, and also about what happened to the previous residents of what is now England.

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Modern English is commonly thought of as a West Germanic language , with lots of French and, thanks to the church, Latin influence thrown in the mix. But this take on English leaves out a very important piece of the linguistic puzzle: Old Norse, the language of the Vikings. The English we speak today is riddled with lingual remnants leftover from a time when wearing ornately-decorated helmets was all the rage. Let's take a look at some Old Norse words that have withstood the test of time by fighting their way into our modern vocabulary.

How To Speak Viking

The Old Norse word meant an overseas expedition, and a was someone who went on one of these expeditions. In the popular imagination, the Vikings were essentially pirates from the fjords of Denmark and Norway who descended on medieval England like a bloodthirsty frat party - they pillaged, murdered and razed villages, only to sail right back across the North Sea with their loot.

Reality is far more nuanced, though. The earliest Viking activity in England did consist of coastal raids, but by the 870s, the Danes had traded sword for plow and were settled across most of Northern England in an area governed by treaties known as the Danelaw. England even had Danish kings from 1018 to 1042. However, the more successful and longer-lasting Norman conquest in 1066 marked the end of the Viking era and virtually erased Danish influence in almost all aspects of English culture but one: its effect on the development of the English language.

me, (though) it may seem at first, we still very to use the words the Vikings did in our everyday speech. (their) language evolved into the modern-day Scandinavian languages, but (they) also gave English the of hundreds of words.

[A note on the letter þ: the Old Norse letter, called thorn, makes the same sound as the "th" in "thin".]

Days Of The Week

The most obvious Old Norse influence on modern English is the word Thursday ( Þorsdagr), which you might guess means "Thor's day."

"Tuesday," "Wednesday" and "Friday" are sometimes also attributed to the Norse gods Tyr, Odin and Freya respectively, but the weekdays are actually named for the Anglo-Saxon equivalents of these gods, Tiw, Wodan and Friga. The similarity of these names points to the common ancestry shared by the various Germanic tribes in prehistoric northern Europe, centuries before their descendants clashed on England's shores.

War And Violence

If the Vikings are famous for one thing, it's their obsession with war. They didn't just bring death and destruction to medieval England, they brought really cool words for death and destruction. They were certainly a rough bunch. Just look at a Viking the (wrong) way, and he might (thrust) a into your .

Here are some more violent Old Norse words we can thank the Vikings for:

Society And Culture

Life in the Danelaw wasn't all murder and mayhem, of course. Ironically, these savage berserkers also gave us many Old Norse words now central to our more "civilized" culture:

Animals

Although most English animal names retain their Anglo-Saxon roots (cow, bear, hound, swine, chicken, etc.), the Vikings did bring a few Old Norse words to our animal vocabulary:

Some words associated with hunting and trapping also come from the Vikings. Sleuth now means "detective," but the original meant "trail" or "track." Snare, on the other hand, retains the original meaning of the Old Norse .

Landscape

Old Norse words are good for describing landscapes and weather. This was especially useful in Viking-inhabited northern England, where both and (rugged) terrain are often shrouded in , and oppressed by of wind and (low) (clouds).

Much of the Danelaw bordered swamps and alluvial plains, so it's no surprise that many Old Norse words for dirty, mucky things still survive in English:

The Norse Legacy In English

Thanks to the cross-cultural fermentation that occurred in the Danelaw, the English language is much closer to those of its Scandinavian neighbors than many acknowledge. By the time the Norman conquest brought the irreversible influence of French, Old English had already been transformed beyond its Anglo-Saxon roots.

This is still in evidence today: Modern English grammar and syntax are more similar to modern Scandinavian languages than to Old English. This suggests that Old Norse didn't just introduce new words, it also influenced how the Anglo-Saxons constructed their sentences. Some linguists even claim that English should be reclassified as a North Germanic language (along with Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Swedish), rather than a West Germanic language (with Dutch and German). The Viking influence may be most apparent in the Yorkshire dialect, which uses even more Old Norse words in daily speech than standard English does.

English is probably too much of a hybrid to ever neatly classify, but its Old Norse is clearly there among the tangle of Anglo-Saxon, French and Latin roots. The language of the Vikings may have become subdued over the centuries, but make no about it: from (birth) we (die), Norse's raw energy simmers under the surface of everything we say.

More Old Norse Words

We use Old Norse words every day without even realizing it.

Verbs

Objects

Adjectives

The Body

People

Emotions

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139 Old Norse Words That Invaded The English Language

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Without the Vikings, English would be missing some awesome words like berserk, muck, skull, knife, and cake! Here's our list of Old Norse words in English.

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Anglo-Saxon Words - Word origins - Word Lover's blog - Collins Dictionary

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Old English, or Anglo-Saxon as it is also known, is the oldest form of English. The original speakers of 'English' came from the part of Europe that is now Germany and Denmark in the form of three tribes called the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.

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Although we call the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons Old English, English speakers today won't find much in common between it and the language we have now. More than 1000 years ago, English was still being written using long-abandoned letters like þ (known as "thorn"), ƿ ("wynn") and ð (eth or thæt). It had a different phonology and a much more complex grammatical structure than we have today that relied on a complicated series of word endings and inflections to convey meaning rather than a predictable syntactic word order.

Old English also had a rich array of inventive and intriguing words, many of which have either long since dropped out of use or were replaced by their continental equivalents after the Norman Conquest of England, and so would be all but unrecognisable to modern English speakers-which is a shame, given just how imaginative the Old English vocabulary could be. Here are the origins and meanings of 20 fantastic, long-forgotten Anglo-Saxonisms.

1. ATTERCOPPE

First recorded in a medical textbook dating from the 11th century, attercoppe was the Old English word for a spider; it literally means "poison head." The word remained in use in English right through to the 1600s, but only survives today as attercop or attercap in a handful of British English dialects.

2. BREÓST-HORD

Breóst-hordliterally means "breast-treasure," and was used in Old English literature to refer to what we might call the heart, the mind, or the soul today-namely, a person's inner workings and feelings.

3. CANDELTREOW

Old English had the word candelstæf for what we'd call a candlestick today, but it also had the word candeltreow -literally a "candle-tree"-for a candelabra, or a candlestick with more than one branch.

4. CUMFEORM

Cuma (a "comer") meant a houseguest, a visitor, or a stranger in Old English, while feorm referred to food or supplies and provisions for a journey. , ultimately, is "stranger-supplies"-another word for hospitality, or for entertaining strangers.

5. EALDOR-BANA

Ealdor or aldor is related to the modern English word elder and was used in Old English to mean either an ancestor or superior, or a life or lifespan in general. A bana meanwhile was a killer or a destroyer, or a weapon that had been used to cause a death-so an ealdor-bana, literally a "life-destroyer," was a murderer or something with fatal or murderous consequences.

6. EARSLING

No, not another name for a ear bandage. Earsling actually brings together the Old English equivalent of "arse," ears or ærs, and the suffix - ling, which is related to the - long of words like livelong, headlong and endlong. It ultimately means "in the direction of your arse"-or, in other words, backwards. Just like attercop, happily arseling also still survives in a handful of English dialects.

7. EAXL-GESTEALLA

Eaxle was the Old English word for your shoulder or armpit (which is still sometimes called your oxter), or for the humerus bone of the upper arm. An eaxl-gestealle is literally a "shoulder-friend"-in other words, your closest and dearest friend or companion.

8. EORÞÆPPLA

Cucumbers were " earth-apples"- eorþæppla -in Old English.

As far as words that should have never left the language go, frumbyrdling is right up there at the top of the list: it's an 11th century word for a young boy growing in his first beard.

10. GESIBSUMNES

Gesibsumnes (the ge- is roughly pronounced like "yeah") literally means something along the lines of " collective peacefulness." It referred to the general feeling of friendship, companionship, or closeness between siblings or members of the same family.

11. GLÉO-DREÁM

Dreám meant "joy" or "pleasure" in Old English (so not "dream," which was ). Gléo-dreám literally means "glee-joy," but it specifically referred to the feeling of pleasure that comes from listening to music. The sound of a musical instrument, incidentally, was sometimes called orgel-dreám (literally "pride-pleasure"), while the art of ability to play an instrument was dreámcræft.

12. HLEAHTOR-SMIÞ

This "laughter-smith" is someone who makes you laugh.

13. HLEÓW-FEÐER

Hleów-feðer means "shelter-feather," but is used figuratively in some Old English literature to refer to a protecting arm put around someone.

14. INSTICCE

It's not entirely clear what the Old English insticce, or "inside-stitch," actually referred to, but if not meant to describe a painful "stitch" caused by physical exertion, it probably meant a general prickling or tingling sensation-what we'd now call pins and needles.

15. LÁRÞÉOW

Lárþéow-which later became lorthew before it disappeared from the language in the mid-13th century-was an Old English word for a schoolteacher. It literally means "teaching-slave."

16. MEOLCLIÐE

Meolcliðe, meaning "milk-soft," was used to describe anything or anyone exceptionally gentle or mild-tempered.

17. ON-CÝÐIG

On-cýðig literally means "un-known," but that's not to say that it meant the same as "unknown." Although its exact meaning is debatable, it's thought on-cýðig referred to the despondent feeling caused by missing something that is no longer close at hand-in other words, the feeling of "knowing" about something or someone, and then either having to leave it behind, or having it taken from you.

18. SÆFLOD

The "sea-flood" was the incoming tide in Old English.

19. SELFÆTA

A "self-eater" was a cannibal-or, by extension, an animal that preyed on other animals of the same species.

20. UNWEDER

And when the weather gets bad, it's no longer "weather" but "un-weather"- an Old English word for a storm.

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Although we call the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons Old English, English speakers today won't find much in common between it and the language we have now. More than 1000 years ago, English was still being written using long-abandoned letters like þ (known as "thorn"), ƿ ("wynn") and ð (eth or thæt).

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List of English words of Anglo-Saxon origin - Wikipedia

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Below is the list of English words of native origin, in other words, words inherited directly from the Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, stage of the language. This list also includes neologisms formed from Anglo-Saxon roots and/or particles in later forms of English, and words borrowed into other languages (e.g.

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If you are an English-speaker, you already know more German than you may realize. English and German belong to the same "family" of languages. They are both Germanic, even though each has borrowed heavily from Latin, French, and Greek. Some German words and expressions are used constantly in English. Angst, kindergarten, gesundheit, kaputt, sauerkraut, and Volkswagen are just some of the most common.

English-speaking children often attend a Kindergarten (children's garden). Gesundheit doesn't really mean "bless you," it means "health"-the good variety being implied. Psychiatrists speak of Angst (fear) and Gestalt (form) psychology, and when something is broken, it's kaputt (kaput). Although not every American knows that Fahrvergnügen is "driving pleasure," most do know that Volkswagen means "people's car." Musical works can have a Leitmotiv. Our cultural view of the world is called a Weltanschauung by historians or philosophers. Zeitgeist for "spirit of the times" was first used in English in 1848. Something in poor taste is kitsch or kitschy, a word that looks and means the same as its German cousin kitschig. (More about such words in How Do You Say "Porsche"?)

By the way, if you were unfamiliar with some of these words, that's a side benefit of learning German: increasing your English vocabulary!

It's part of what the famous German poet Goethe meant when he said, "He who doesn't know foreign languages, doesn't know his own." ( Wer fremde Sprachen nicht kennt, weiß auch nichts von seiner eigenen.)

Here are a few more English words borrowed from German (many have to do with food or drink): blitz, blitzkrieg, bratwurst, cobalt, dachshund, delicatessen, ersatz, frankfurter and wiener (named for Frankfurt and Vienna, respectively), glockenspiel, hinterland, infobahn (for "information highway"), kaffeeklatsch, pilsner (glass, beer), pretzel, quartz, rucksack, schnaps (any hard liquor), schuss (skiing), spritzer, (apple) strudel, verboten, waltz, and wanderlust.

And from Low German: brake, dote, tackle.

In some cases, the Germanic origins of English words are not so obvious. The word dollar comes from German Thaler - which in turn is short for Joachimsthaler, derived from a sixteenth-century silver mine in Joachimsthal, Germany. Of course, English is a Germanic language to begin with. Although many English words trace their roots back to Greek, Latin, French, or Italian, the core of English - the basic words in the language - are Germanic. That's why it doesn't take too much effort to see the resemblance between English and German words such as friend and Freund, sit and sitzen, son and Sohn, all and alle, flesh (meat) and Fleisch, water and Wasser, drink and trinken or house and Haus.

We get additional help from the fact that English and German share many French, Latin, and Greek loan words. It doesn't take a Raketenwissenchaftler (rocket scientist) to figure out these "German" words: aktiv, die Disziplin, das Examen, die Kamera, der Student, die Universität, or der Wein.

Learning to use these family resemblances gives you an advantage when working on expanding your German vocabulary. After all, ein Wort is just a word.

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If you are an English-speaker, you already know more German than you may realize. English and German belong to the same "family" of languages. They are both Germanic, even though each has borrowed heavily from Latin, French, and Greek. Some German words and expressions are used constantly in English.

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List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English - Wikipedia

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This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic-in most cases these words are not cognates, but in some cases they are doublets, i.e., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus.

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VIKINGS - III: Invasion of England | Norman Conquest of England