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Sight is a sense that most people use every day to gain vital information about the world around them. Up until the tenth century, the predominant theory about sight was that the eye created light, which allowed it to see the world. However, in the tenth century, scientists noticed that pupils dilate and contract in response to light, which implies that the light is separate from the eyes themselves. Since then, much research has been done involving the eye and how it works.

There is a plethora of figurative language that deals with sight, because it's such an integral part of how we experience the world. One common example is that certain colors are often associated with certain emotions, like red with anger, blue with sadness, gk;yellow with happiness, green with envy, and darker colors with unpleasant emotions. In addition, blindness often symbolizes wisdom. Blind characters usually have special knowledge that other characters don't have. For example, the seer in Oedipus Rex is blind; however, he knows the truth about Oedipus' parentage, while Oedipus, who at that point in the play can still see, is blind to his true circumstances.

1. Sight- Sight is the most important sense perception since we observe, analyze, and gain most of our knowledge through our sense of sight. It would be difficult to gain any knowledge without sight.

2. Hearing- Hearing is just as important because without the sense of hearing you can't learn that much knowledge just as much you can't gain knowledge without sight.

3. Temporal Perception- You can gain a lot of knowledge through the time and experiences you encountered.

4. Touch- Without touch, you can't feel pain and don't know when you need medical attention, you can gain knowledge through that reasoning.

5. Nociception-A type of response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. You can learn from the knowledge you gain by experiencing this sense perception.

6. The proprioception-the concept of knowing where your body is in space (body awareness) and the ability to safely maneuver around your environment. You can gain a knowledge by finding your own sense of self and discover self-regulations.

7. Thermoception-the sense by which an organism perceives temperatures, I think it's somewhat similar to touch but being able to perceive temperature isn't that much important where you only gain knowledge about effects your body or something else experiences through temperature.

8.Taste-The ability to detect the taste of different foods. We believe that taste is the lowest since we don't gain much knowledge through that type of sense perception.

9. Equilibrium-A state of physical balance, but I don't think you gain much knowledge from equilibrium.

10. Smell- There is very little use of smell in my opinion. You gain a knowledge of how good or bad a smell could be and that's about it.

The Munsell System is a way of organizing colors based on three characteristics: hue, chroma, and lightness. Hue is the shade of the color: red, blue, green, yellow, etc. Hue is what is represented by a color wheel. Chroma is how close the hue is to being black, white, or gray. This could be simplified to say that chroma is how close the hue is to being monochrome. Finally, lightness is how dark or light a color is (light green is a different color than dark green). Lightness is also called value. These three characteristics are represented in three dimensions. Lightness is the vertical axis, and hue is represented around that vertical axis. Chroma is represented by the distace of the specific hue from the lightness (vertical axis).

As children, everyone was taught what colors are. This apple is red, the sky is blue, this grass is green, and so on. This makes sense. Vision plays a huge role in aquiring information and navigating the world, and for most people, color is a fundamental part of vision. Therefore, it's important to have a way to describe different colors, so that you can describe what you're seeing and understand others' descriptions, as well.

However, color isn't a physical property of objects or light. This isn't a problem in everyday life, because we don't go around verifying that our words and actions are always in accordance with what physicists and philosophers say is true. But when we do start thinking about what they say is true, and when we want to discuss those ideas, it becomes difficult to do so using the vocabulary we have all grown up with. For example, if you say "that tree has green leaves," this would not be accurate, because the leaves, like everything else, have no inherent color; you are creating that color as you perceive the leaves. However, saying "The green of those leaves is a quality of my experience of the leaves" is cumbersome, and most likely distracts from whatever point you were trying to make about the leaves in the first place. Descartes offers a solution to this.

It is clear then that when we say we perceive colors in objects, it is really just the same as saying that we perceived in objects something as to whose nature we are ignorant but which produces in us a very clear and vivid sensation, what we call the sensation of color.

This means that we should continue to talk about colors in the way we have grown up doing, but we should interpret that talk in a different way.

You can read about how light waves work here, and how our eyes interpret those light waves here, but this is not a complete explanation of how humans perceive color. Objects don't have color as we see them, rather, color is a perception. This perception varies based on the species, but we will discuss human color perception here. When we look at an object and see its color, we are interpreting the light waves bouncing off of that object. So, while our perception of color is based on physical properties of the object and the light, it is not identical to the physical properties of the object and the light. We are creating the perception of color in our minds, so color is a psychological property moreso than a physical one. Another way that this argument is often presented is by saying that color is a sensation, and not an objective fact.

Eliminativism is the belief that objects don't have color. Subjectivism is the belief that color is subjective, meaning that it's a quality of one's experience. These beliefs aren't mutally exclusive. Most scientists (especially physicists) are subjectivists, and agree that color is not a physical property, but a quality of experience. Many are also eliminativists, though this belief is less commonly held than subjectivism.

These ideas have implications for what objects look like when we aren't there to see them. Since colors are qualities of our experiences, and objects don't have their own color, then objects must not appear to have color when there is no one observing them. This seems simple, but it's a counterintuitive concept, because we assume that if an object looks the same every time we observe it, then it will look the same whether we're observing it or not. However, this is obviously not the case for color, because objects that aren't being observed don't appear to have color. This raises the question: does this same logic apply to other qualities of the object, like shape or texture? Our brain goes through the same process of interpreting signals from our eyes and making its prediction about the shape of an object as it does the color. So, even if an object still exists when it isn't being observed, it must be different somehow then when it is observed, because there is no brain to project an image of what that object looks like.

In 1728, an English surgeon published a paper that detailed what a congenitally blind person (blind since birth) had seen once the surgeon had removed his cataracts. He had been unable to distinguish between objects of different shapes, which would suggest that the answer to Molyneux's problem was no. However, there were questions about the validity of this conclusion. Some suggested that the boy whose cataracts were removed was not given enough time to recover from his operation, so his eyes weren't functioning properly. Molyneux's problem, for the time being, remained unsolved. However, this surgery showed that the problem could be answered experimentally.

In 2003, a similar surgery was performed on five different patients, with Molyneux's problem in mind. After the restoration of their sight, these five patients were able to distinguish between objects by sight; however, they were not able to identify by sight an object that they had previously known by touch. In terms of the problem, they could recognize that the cube and globe had different forms, but they did not know which was the cube and which was the globe. In other words, they couldn't connect their sense of touch to their sense of sight. This means that the answer to Molyneux's problem is most likely no, the man wouldn't be able to identify the cube and the globe.

The implications of this experiment are that our senses aren't inherently linked to each other. The connection between what something feels like and what it looks like is a learned connection. It's our brain making a prediciton based on past experiences. Without the past experience of sight, our brains are unable to predict what something looks like based on how it feels. However, when the five patients were able to see, they developed the connection between vision and touch over the course of a few days, which is fast when you consider that, to begin with, they had none of that connection. So, our brains need experiences in order to make connections between touch and vision, but once they are provided with those experiences, they begin to make connections very quickly.

After Molyneux's problem was published, philosophers from varying fields and backgrounds entered the debate, and brought with them different answers to the problem. They went about finding those answers by examining the relationship between tactual and visual sensations. On one side were the empiricists, with some of the more famous players being Molyneux, Locke, and Berkely. They held that touch and sight are related by experience, and since the man has never experienced sight before, he has not yet been able to relate it to his sense of touch. Therefore, he would not be able to distinguish the cube from the globe.

The rationalists were on the other side, and had for well known figures Leibniz, Synge, and Lee. Synge and Lee believed that the relationship between tactual and visual sensations could be perceived directly, meaning that one didn't need experience to relate the feeling of the globe and cube to the visual appearance of the globe and cube. Leibniz thought that the information obtained from vision and touch had something in common, and that those sensations could be related by reason.

NOTE: The philosphers' positions on this question don't determine whether they are rationalists or empiricists. The beliefs they held before learning about Molyneux's problem determined whether they were rationalists or empiricists, and then those beliefs influenced their answer to the problem. They're just grouped together in this way because it's the grouping that divides the two sides of the argument.

William Molyneux was an Irish politician and scientist who lived in the 17th century. He was a contemporary of John Locke, and one day, Molyneux sent Locke a letter in which he posed the following question. A man, blind since birth, has learned to identify a cube and a globe by touch. If his sight were restored, would he be able to identify those same objects by sight alone? Leave your answer in the comments below.

Face blindness, also called prospagnosia, is a type of agnosia that is characterized by an inability to recognize familiar faces. People with prospagnosia can describe the person that they're looking at in terms of physical features, but they can't identify the person by name. Like other types of agnosia, prospagnosia can occur as a result of brain damage, sometimes after a stroke or traumatic brain injury. Specifically, damage to the right fusiform gyrus causes prospagnosia. However, the disorder can also be present at birth, in the absence of any brain damage. In these cases, it appears to be more common in some families. This means that it's hereditary, and likely the cause of a genetic mutation, which is being passed on from parent to child. Although studies on prospagnosia are limited, it's thought to affect 2-2.5% of the population.

There is no known cure for prospagnosia, and very little research being done on it. Most people with prospagnosia develop ways to compensate for prospagnosia. A common strategy is to learn to recognize people by the way they walk (their gait) or dress, or even their hairstyle. However, these methods don't work 100% of the time. Usually, they fail if a person with prospagnosia wasn't expecting to see someone, or sees them in a new context, so they have less clues to go off of for identification purposes.

Agnosia occurs because of brain damage in specific areas of the brain. The area in which the damage occurs determines the type of agnosia. People sometimes get agnosia after a stroke or a head injury. It can also be caused by dementia or developmental disorders that cause damage to brain tissue. Despite a range of possible causes, agnosia is really rare. Usually, visual agnosia is divided into two types.

Apperceptive Agnosia

Apperceptive agnosia is the inability to process what is being seen. This means that the affected individual has trouble distinguishing different objects from each other, or recognizing and interpreting shapes that they see. This often leads to an inability to recognize an object if it's at a different angle. In addition, apperceptive agnosia is often characterized by the inability to copy a picture or drawing. Since agnosia isn't the same as memory loss, people can still draw objects from memory, as long as someone tells them what object to draw.

Associative Agnosia

Those with associative agnosia cannot connect objects they see with their memories of what those objects are. They have no problem perceiving the objects, so they can copy drawings. They just don't know what they're copying. However, once they are told what the object is, or ascertain this knowledge through their other senses (touch, smell, taste), they can describe the function of that object.

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Featured Sight is a sense that most people use every day to gain vital information about the world around them. Up until the tenth century, the predominant theory about sight was that the eye created light, which allowed it to see the world.

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The sense of taste is mediated by taste receptor cells which are bundled in clusters called taste buds. Taste receptor cells sample oral concentrations of a large number of small molecules and report a sensation of taste to centers in the brainstem.

The sense of taste is the excitation of taste receptors, and receptors for a large number of specific chemicals have been identified that contribute to the reception of taste. Despite this complexity, five types of tastes are commonly recognized by humans:

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The sense of taste is mediated by taste receptor cells which are bundled in clusters called taste buds. Taste receptor cells sample oral concentrations of a large number of small molecules and report a sensation of taste to centers in the brainstem.

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Have you ever felt like your morning moves slowly, and your evening flashes by in the blink of an eye? Or perhaps the morning flew by and it's still evening? A distortion in our perception of time is a temporal illusion.

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The Rubber Hand Illusion An illusion where psychologists found that they could convince people that a rubber hand was their own by putting it on a table in front of them, hiding their real hand, and then stroking it in the same way as their real hand.

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The word "empirical" indicates information gained by means of observation, experience, or experiments. Empirical research is informed by observation, sight, but goes further in depth. Observations alone are just observations or examinations to the human eye. What creates and establishes empirical research is the scientist's ability to use those observations using testable research questions, but how can you account for a testable research question when your vision or sight is flawed? In science, research relies on observation. When your sight is flawed and tampered with, your mind perceives an "alternate" reality that requires you to change the way you see life. This change in your eyes, causes your observation to shift meaning that it's perceived as wrong. You see, empirical evidence and eyesight are directly proportional with one another. When one increases or decreases so does the other one. The same goes for science. Science is merely observations that turn into theories or proven theories, but when your vision is misleading you, you are misleading the very aspect of science.
8Lits of Senses form Most Least Important to Most Important
10.Thermoception-

9.Temporal perception-

8.Equilibrium-

7.Nocioception-

6.Proprioception-

5.Taste-

4.Smell-

3.Touch-Helps perceive danger and enables u.

2.Hearing- This helps us interact with the world around us and us gives us an idea of our location.

1.Sight-This can tell you more about the other sense and is a vital part of life.

In the areas of knowledge, vision is mostly useful in the physical aspects of knowledge, anything you can prove by seeing or by solving with facts and proven information. It is not really useful with the spiritual, ethical and religious aspects

Everyone knows that the brain is the most important organ in our body, but how does it contribute to our sight? Vision can be derived from the basic formula: Eyes + Brain = Vision. As the eyes are constantly in motion, they are suppressed. That is why we don't see fast motion and image blur. Not only do our eyes process this, but the brain corrects for movements of the eyes. Our brains neglect some of the information that enters our eyes, thus the visual world is perceived during fixations. This is why our fixations play an important role when looking at the visual world. We look at the important visual information, and our brains omit the rest, that is why we can focus on certain aspects of our vision.

Sense perception is quite the controversial topic, especially when dealing with sight. Of course, a variation of sight between humans is one thing, but the variation of sight between species is on a whole different level. We can look at the skulls of different species to analyze how one belonging to a certain species would normally see. For example, when we look at a cow's skull, the "eye holes" are at each side of its head, hence they would be able to see things around them. But, they would only be able to see towards one direction with one eye, not with 2 eyes as opposed to humans. Another thing to take into account is the size of the eyes. Eagles have huge eyes in comparison to the size of their head. An eagle's eyes are much more refined as opposed to a human's eyes. They see far better than the human species. This would make them excellent predators, and a force to be reckoned with in nature.

Color is just the translation of light into our eye and brain. Light receptors within the eye transmit messages to the brain, which then makes the brain decide what color it is. You see objects can both absorb and reflect colors. The colors it reflects are the ones we perceive. This was one of Newton's great discoveries, an object appears white when it reflects all wavelengths and black when it absorbs them all.

This is a link to a simulator on how we see color:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision
All of these words can be used to describe the sense of sight, but they all have a variety of roots which I find very interesting.

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The word "empirical" indicates information gained by means of observation, experience, or experiments. Empirical research is informed by observation, sight, but goes further in depth. Observations alone are just observations or examinations to the human eye.

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One illusion that can be demonstrated by sense perception is the feather, cardboard and hammer while the other hand is out of sight, and a fake hand trick. This tricks the persons mind, sight, and thought of reality. Under the illusion, people feel that a rubber hand placed on the table before them is their own, a bizarre but convincing shift in perception that is accompanied by a sense of disowning their real hand.

In the Areas of Knowledge, nociception seems to fit closer to Natural Science and the Arts. In the Natural Science, anything dealing with our body would fall into this category for biological. Nociception accociates with the biological compants of Natural Science because nociception deals with the stimulation in which the stimulation is pain which is a message sent to the brain. In the Area of knowledge, nociception seems to fit close to the arts because without pain their wouldn't be art. We put our emotion pain into the masterpieces we create, such as music, painting, and photography.

How the brain processes pain is through the nervous system. When your body senses any type of physical pain it "runs" through your nervous system in a matter of .1 of a second to your brain. This is to help decide what type of emotion you should express your feelings toward that type of pain.

The physiology behind Nociception is that there are two components; localized sensation in a particular body part; unpleasant quality of varying severity commonly associated with behaviors directed at relieving or terminating the experience. Nociception has alot in common with a bunch of other sensory modalities. For example, there are pain receptors; there are nerve ending that are ment to only respond to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli. Second the messages initiated by these noxious stimuli are transmitted by specific, identified nerves to the spinal cord. The sensitive nerve ending in the tissue and the nerve attached to it together form a unit called the primary afferent nociceptor. The primary afferent nociceptor contacts second-order pain-transmission neurons in the spinal cord. The second-order cells relay the message through well-defined pathways to higher centers, including the brain stem reticular formation, thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and limbic system. It is thought that the processes underlying pain perception involve primarily the thalamus and cortex.

Nociception is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. In nociception, intense chemical chili powder in the eyes, mechanical cutting, crushing, or thermal heat and cold stimulation of sensory nerve cells called noceciptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord to the brain. Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses and usually results in a subjective experience of pain in sentient beings.

What is nociception?(no-ce-ception) Nociception is Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. But this does not answer the question as stated. What is nociception? Nociception is the feeling of pain within your body.

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One illusion that can be demonstrated by sense perception is the feather, cardboard and hammer while the other hand is out of sight, and a fake hand trick. This tricks the persons mind, sight, and thought of reality.

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Time is something which can't be accurately described without delving into quantum physics. But, unfortunately, the description which quantum physics gives us is not a particularly intuitive one.

Time is one axis in the four-dimensional structure which is spacetime. Imagine a reel of film, a bunch of entirely still scenes, all of which contain the same characters, just in different positions. Imagine if you cut all of the frames apart, and pressed them against eachother into a big block. That is what spacetime is, a static structure composed of a seemingly infinite line of moments with the same contents in different positions. Time is the line which all of the moments are lined up along.

If two people sync their watches, and one of them goes on a trip in a rocket ship, when they meet up again, their watches will not have the same reading, even though neither of them felt a difference in their perception of time. This effect is not caused by a mechanical malfunction, and will be seen regardless of the type of watch. So why does it happen?

Continue reading The Physics of Temporal Perception

Different animals perceive time differently based on its "critical flicker fusion frequency." This is the point at which the flashes that an animal views seem to merge together so that the light source appears constant. Simply put, the perception of time of an animal depends on how frequently its eyes send updates to its brain.

The following are a few examples of the different perceptions of time of different species based on units of information per second:

Housefly: 6.8, Dog: 2.0, Cat: 1.4, Human: 1.0, Black-nose shark: 0.45, Leather-back Turtle: 0.37, European Eel: 0.35.

In the study of time perception, there are two main models that are used to explain how the brain perceives time: the strength model and the inference model.

In the strength model, the brain uses what is known as a 'memory tracer' in order to determine when an event took place. The inference model, however, states that the brain places certain events on a timeline based on contextual information that is attached or associated to said events.

Regarding the brain itself, the perception of time is thought to take place through a distributed network of regions in the brain involving the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia.

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Time is something which can't be accurately described without delving into quantum physics. But, unfortunately, the description which quantum physics gives us is not a particularly intuitive one. Time is one axis in the four-dimensional structure which is spacetime. Imagine a reel of film, a bunch of entirely still scenes, all of which contain the same characters, just in different positions.

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Welcome to my site, where you will learn the ins and outs of hearing perception!

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What exactly does thermoception mean?

Well, "thermo" is from the Greek word "thermos" which means hot or warm. "Ception" is a Latin ending that generally means "something that has multiple layers." Putting both definitions together to make it simple, the word thermoception literally means "hot with layers." This works, surprisingly, because temperature is measured by how hot something is or how hot something isn't. For example, cold, is really just the absence of heat. As far as a sense perception goes, thermoception is how organisms perceive temperatures.

For humans, that happens through the skin, by sensors. These sensors are called TrpV1. They help regulate body temperature and make judgement calls for the temperature of things outside the body. There are two of these sensors, one for hot and one for cold. Thermoception works alongside touch to decipher the objects around us, even when we can't see them. For example, we can feel the heat waves of a fire and not see the flames, we can reach out and find things in the dark, etc.

Thermoception is known as an "extra" sense, but really it's the sense that brings together most of the others.

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What exactly does thermoception mean? Well, "thermo" is from the Greek word "thermos" which means hot or warm. "Ception" is a Latin ending that generally means "something that has multiple layers." Putting both definitions together to make it simple, the word thermoception literally means "hot with layers."

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Our Balance can mislead us due to input received from the three peripheral sources (mentioned in detail on the "Brain's role in balance" post). For example when someone is sitting in a parked car and the car next to them begins to back out could create an illusion for the person sitting in the car that he/she is moving rather than that car backing out. However at the same time the proprioceptive information from this person's muscles and joints indicate that they are actually not moving. The sensory information provided by the vestibular organs may help override this sensory conflict. Additionally higher level thinking and memory might compel the person to glance away from the car backing out and look in front of them and get visual confirmation that they are not moving.

How does it work?

In order to Maintain balance the information received by the brain from the eyes,muscles and joints and the vestibular organs all send signals to the brain in the form of nerve impulses from special nerve endings called sensory receptors (information also on previous post).

What is the Cerebellum?

This is a part of our brain located in the lower area of the brain below the pons which some say is a unique location. The main function of the cerebellum is balance. People who have damaged their cerebellums tend to struggle with keeping their balance and maintaining proper muscle coordination.

If the sensory input received from eyes,muscles and joints or the vestibular organs conflict with one another this can cause the person to become disoriented.

In physics gravity is defined as a downward force and thus if you are closer to the ground you inter will have a better sense of balance. Examples of how people manipulate this science is when tightrope walkers try to focus their sense of gravity solely on the rope. They hold out a really long rod, they stretch out their arms out or carry weights.

We often feel like we are correctly balance and thus we don't fall. But how accurate is it really. If you spin around five times and suddenly stop, you feel dizzy and often lose balance.

How do ballerinas defies this? They do two simple things; focus on one point during the spins and they whip their heads around quickly. When ballerinas do this they manipulate our sense of balance by specifically relying on eyesight.

So why don't we lose our balance as the earth is spinning? We are currently spinning at 465 meters per second. We don't feel this because we have been going at a constant speed all our lives. If you wanted to somewhat get a sense of how fast we are going is to look up at the clouds.

Animals from furry to feathery, and scaly also rely on the same senses, sight vestibular balance, and proprioception to achieve locomotion. Animals that use their tails to help them balance and remain stable have an advantage. We all know that animals use their tails to show us their emotions and some use their tails as a defense weapon when they are being threatened. Tails are the reason animals can maintain perfect balance while moving at high speeds. Their tails are a free limb and can be used to maintain weight distribution and balance. For example, Squirrels use their tails to help do fast turns and remain balanced when jumping from tree to tree and running along electrical wires.

Plants also have a sense of balance. Plants exhibit gravitropism, which is the ability to detect and react to changes in gravitational pull. Plants roots grow towards the force of gravity and if the plant grows to exhibit negative gravitropism and grow against to pull of gravity. Plants do respond to the direction of the sunlight, and due to that gravitropism and the growth of roots, this is a key factor in its balance and movement with the sun.

Balance is define as 1. physical equilibrium 2. Stability produced by even distribution of weight on each side of the vertical axis. Associations to balance are like; night and day, good and evil, ying and yang, sweet and salty.

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Our Balance can mislead us due to input received from the three peripheral sources (mentioned in detail on the "Brain's role in balance" post). For example when someone is sitting in a parked car and the car next to them begins to back out could create an illusion for the person sitting in the car that he/she is moving rather than that car backing out.

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an evolutionary explanation of taste assumes that human preferences arise from natural selection

provides no map for navigating differences in taste between individuals and groups

humans appreciate a wide variety of tastes because of our omnivorous evolutionary history and the genes we carry that allow us to sense sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory flavors

new research reveals at a genetic level the evolutionary changes that account for such diverse tastes

Neuroscience:

neural and cognitive sciences get closer to what we are really after-an explanation of differences in taste

neuroscientific explanations are essentially half way between cultural and evolutionary theories

we like things because the "pleasure centers" in our brains "light up" when we encounter them

pleasure centers are shaped by experience and natural selection

Without the sense of taste, food is just made up of chemicals. A person would be able to perceive the smell and texture of food but not the 5 basic tastes. Foods would not have a taste but just certain qualities. Savory is just food rich in protein, like glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Sweet is just be the presence of sugar or carbohydrates. Sour foods are just be acidic, containing hydrogen ions. Salty foods would contain salt, sodium and chloride. Bitter is just the presence of other proteins. Outside of taste, these flavors would just be the presence of certain compounds.

If a cake is just sitting there and no one eats it, is it sweet? - No, it just contains carbs.

Without the sense of taste, eating food is just necessary for survival; it doesn't present any pleasure. Ageusia, the loss of taste, is a rare condition that alters people's lives. A more common condition, however is the loss of smell. The loss of smell can nearly cause a loss of taste, since smell makes up a big part of taste. This can lead to weight lose and other problems. Without taste we would not be able to taste harmful things in our food, often associated with the bitter taste.

Taste is not reliable on it's own. To recognize the flavor of something we do not only rely on our sense of taste. Taste works with other senses like smell and touch. When we only have the sense of taste without these others, we do not get the full flavor. Taste is reliable to decipher whether something is sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or savory but you cannot rely on it, on it's own, to fully experience food.

Taste can be misleading. According to research, there are 3 types of tasters: super tasters, non tasters, and everyone in between. Super tasters taste tastes intensely while non tasters have a weak sense of taste. With people having varying senses of taste we cannot trust our sense of taste to reflect what others taste. (Luckily, science is not often based on taste. If it was there would be flaw in results because everyone has a slightly different sense of taste.) Non tasters can rely on their taste even less. Non tasters tend to overindulge because with less sensitive taste they often have to eat more to feel satisfied.

There's also sensory-specific satiety. "It's called sensory-specific satiety," she explains, "and it happens when you eat one type of food to the point where you don't want any more, yet you can still be hungry for foods with other flavors, textures and smells." (Barbara Rolls). Our sense of taste can trick us into eating more because we crave other flavors, like being hungry for dessert after getting full from dinner. Certain processed foods can also trick us. Some foods contain additives that make us want more, like salt in tomato sauce or cereal. We don't notice these additives but our taste buds do, making us crave it.

Taste relies on other sense perceptions. When those other senses are manipulated it can change your perception of taste. Sight, smell, and touch all have influence over what we taste. An experiment in France gave wine connoisseurs a white wine that was dyed using a red dye. They described the wine as red wine because of the color of the wine. This means that our taste can be manipulated by sight. When we see something our brain already makes a prediction of the taste. Smell also influences taste. If you taste something without smelling it you don't get the full flavor. The full flavor of something emerges when you have the scent, for example, you taste vanilla instead of just tasting sweet, when you have the scent combined with the taste of vanilla. Your brain can also become confused when the tactile sensation does not match your expectation. For example jalapeno ice cream is expected to be cold but when you eat it it actually has a hot sensation, confusing your brain.
Sound can also affect our taste. Charles Spence performed an experiment where he would give participants the exact same Pringles chips. He would alter the sound the heard when eating the chip. He would make the sound of the chip sound softer or crisper. Most people claimed the chips they ate when they heard the crisper sound was fresher. This shows how sound can play a part in what we think we are eating, not only taste. For more info on this experiment visit, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/02/accounting-for-taste .
Video on this subject: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9bwn8ahRi0

1. Sight: Sight is a huge part of sense due to it's the 1st sense everyone learns

2. Touch: Touching is a huge part due to touch is one of the main 5 senses and because when new objects are introduced one of the 1st things done is touching it.

3. Nociception: It's nervous system is the way you are able to feel touch so it should come right after

4. Proprioception: Where you are on with yourself so it means you have a piece of mind which is a good way to shape 5-9.

5. Temporal Perception: Sense of time: it's a bit less important and you need proprioception to have a sense of time

6. Taste: I feel as if your taste changes depending on mood so you need proprioception

7. Smell: Smell is one of the lesser 5 senses due to everyone having a different smell

8. Hearing: Hearing is a lesser one due to not everyone having the same hearing or hearing at all

9. Thermoception: Lesser due to biological reasons and low iron levels so not everyone feels the same thermoception

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an evolutionary explanation of taste assumes that human preferences arise from natural selection provides no map for navigating differences in taste between individuals and groups humans appreciate a wide variety of tastes because of our omnivorous evolutionary history and the genes we carry that allow us to sense sweet, salty,

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Proprioception can affect people who have lost a limb. This is called Phantom Limb Pain which is when a limb hurts even though it isn't there anymore. It is unknown what causes this, but it is believed to be proprioception. There is a different theory that is called Proprioceptive Memory which revolves around the idea that someone's missing limb and its position remain in their subconscious and cause pain or feeling in the arm. It is believed that we have these memories in order to protect ourselves from repeated injury.

Our sense of proprioception comes from our muscles. Within each muscle there are sensors that relay information back to the brain. Some of the information is location which is what lets you know where your muscles are. It gives you proprioception.

Proprioception is something that doesn't rely on external conditions or stimuli. It's a sense of yourself that comes from within. As a result there isn't a counterpart scenario like "if a tree falls and nobody is around to hear it, does it make a sound?" for proprioception.

We put proprioception at 6th because more knowledge comes from sight, hearing, touch, nociception, and temporal perception. More information comes from these than where you are in space. KNowing where your body is important to living in a space that is always dark and sad.

Proprioception doesn't have much of a place within a lot of the areas of knowledge with the main exception being the arts. Proprioception is a sense of your body and where your limbs and appendages and things are in relation to the rest of you. In physical arts like dancing or anything else requiring body control a sense of where your parts are is integral.

Proprioception is a sense of where your body parts are located even without seeing them. Being able to do things like walk around in a dark room or touch your nose with your eyes closed can be attributed to proprioception.

The definition of proprioception is stimuli produced and received within a body relating to the position of the body. The word proprioception comes from the Latin word proprius, meaning own, and the English word receptive. Proprioception is a sense of your own body.

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Proprioception can affect people who have lost a limb. This is called Phantom Limb Pain which is when a limb hurts even though it isn't there anymore. It is unknown what causes this, but it is believed to be proprioception.

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even though nociception is necessary to navigate the world without getting merced, it can sometimes play pranccs on us, which is not h*ckin cool. however, there are a few ways to get around this.

because nociception is not always accurate, it messes up the science. all of it.

without pain/nociception, no one would know what is and is not dangerous. people would probably sit around hacking parts off themselves and not realize that they'll probably die if they keep doing it. but, despite that, it's pretty much natural selection if they don't know better.

as helpful and useful nociception is to stay alive, sometimes it pranccs us. people with chronic pain feel pain where there is none, and individuals with congenital analgesia do not (and never have/will) felt/feel physical pain. said individuals often die young (because pain is helpful. sometimes).

yes. some aninsmal are painful.

studies have shown that mice feel pain similarly to humans, 'grimacing' when they feel pain. rabbits may narrow their eyes, stiffen their whiskers, and pin back their ears upon feeling discomfort. it's still unknown how exactly animals feel pain, but we do know they feel it.

on the opposite end of the spectrum, fish are sickos and do not feel pain the way humans do. a fish burnt down my house and clogged my toilet

you might be wondering: vro what the h*ck is pain anyway? how does it work

but, bad news, it's not as complicated as you might think.

there are tons of little sensors in the skin called nociceptors. the sensors send the signals they receive from touching things through bundles of nerves to the spinal cord, which then sends those signals to the brain where the final judgement of 'painful or not' is made.

nothing is real so idk physics don't apply here (nor do they apply anywhere else, for that matter)

nothing is real. sometimes, though, things are extra not real. take illusions for example. they can be literally anything (which is why nothing is real). nociception is no exception.

when people have recently lost limbs or appendages, they can sometimes feel pain in the areas which the limbs/appendages once were. that's pretty wild if you ask me.

aside from that, the brain can sometimes prancc you and interpret regular signals as pain. which sucks.

there are a few rare individuals who are born without the ability to feel pain, but because the sensation is so necessary to live, these individuals die young.

you may be wondering 'what the h*ck is a nociception and can it hurt me.' the answer is yes.

the word nociception itself has origins in both Latin and English, with 'noci' coming from the Latin word ' nocere' meaning to harm/hurt, and ' ception' stemming from the English word perception.

1. sight. i'm blind you'll have to speak up

2. touch. haven't felt that in 26 years

3. nociception. o h*ck that hurts

4. hearing. it's too bright in here i can't hear you

5. smell. that smelly smell that smells...smelly

6. proprioception. we don't want to stand on top of our friends

7. taste. lov the crumch

8. thermoception. the boiling water is safe to consume as is, no worries

9. temporal perception. time isn't real

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even though nociception is necessary to navigate the world without getting merced, it can sometimes play pranccs on us, which is not h*ckin cool. however, there are a few ways to get around this. because nociception is not always accurate, it messes up the science. all of it.

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The Rubber Hand Illusion An illusion where psychologists found that they could convince people that a rubber hand was their own by putting it on a table in front of them, hiding their real hand, and then stroking it in the same way as their real hand.

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Aristotle, among others, believe that time does not exist independently from events that occur in time. This theory is called "Reductionism with Respect to Time" or "Relationism with Respect to Time." The conceptual argument for this states that time is as system of temporal relations. Therefore, time cannot occur if change does not occur, and vice versa. The epistemological argument states that no human has perceived anything outside of time. If a frozen period occurred, no one would even know of it.

Plato had different ideas. He believed that time exists exists whether or not events occur within it. This is often called "Platonism with Respect to Time" or as "Substantivalism with Respect to Time" or as "Absolutism with Respect to Time." Sydney Shoemaker has suggested a possible situation where empty time is possible and to estimate how long the pause occured. For more information on this thought experiment, watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7jVTB413Wg

In science, people use timers and stopwatches to accurately measure time. However, simple timekeeping devices can be inaccurate. But these inaccuracies are small and have little impact on calculations.

Another scientific issue the the effect of gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are disturbances in the fabric of space-time as a result of massive events in outer space. However, these variations are incredibly small (1/1000 the diameter of a proton) and have little impact on measurements.

People have always created time measuring devices to account for not being able to accurately measure time. For example early Europeans built Stonehenge in accordance with the winter and summer solstices so they could properly time their farming. Current methods of measuring time are far more advanced; for example, the digitalization of clocks and the creation of Greenwich Mean Time. Generally though people just use digital methods of defining and accounting for time.

Temporal perception is an essential sense because our sense of time enables us to measure our own actions and learn cause and effect. However, we very rarely learn from our sense of time itself. As such, we decided that temporal perception should not be near the top of the list. On the other hand, people learn a great deal about cause and effect and such form their sense of time, so we didn't want to put it too close to the bottom. We decided to make Nociception the most important sense because our sense of pain it is very important to learning what will and will not be dangerous to us which is essential to learn for life.

Emotional states
People who are in distress will often feel as if time is moving slower. This is because your brain registers that you are in danger and releases neurotransmitters into the brain which slow our perception of time to enable the brain to take steps to help you solve whatever is causing you distress.

Aging
As we age we experience time as if it is going faster. For example a study in 2009 asked 40 19-24 year olds and 60-80 year olds to define a 3 minute period, the 19-24 year olds averaged at 3:03 seconds while the 60-80 year olds averaged a 3:40 seconds. This process occurs because three minutes for a child is a much larger portion of their current total lifespan than it is for an adult. Another effect of age on time can be seen in young children. Young children and animals have almost no concept of time because their prefrontal cortexes and hippocampi are not yet fully developed.

Kappa effect
The time duration between consecutive events appear to be shorter or longer than the recorded time. For example, when three lights flash at the same interval in a dark room, the two lights that are closer together appear to have a shorter duration between flashes. (depicted in featured image)

Chronostasis (stopped clock illusion)
When the first instance of sensing an object the time duration extends briefly. The most common example of this is when a person initially looks at an analog clock, the second hand freezes for a short period of time.

Oddball effect
When something unusual occurs the brain spends more time processing and recording the event. This most commonly occurs when one is under sudden stress, particularly when one sees a potential threat or mate. This is caused by a release of adrenaline in the brain. This allows the brain more time to think of a decision before acting.

A master clock in the brain coordinates all the biological clocks in a living thing, keeping the clocks in sync. In vertebrate animals, including humans, the master clock is a group of about 20,000 neurons that form a structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, also known as SCN. The SCN is located in the hypothalamus and receives direct input from the eyes.

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Aristotle, among others, believe that time does not exist independently from events that occur in time. This theory is called "Reductionism with Respect to Time" or "Relationism with Respect to Time." The conceptual argument for this states that time is as system of temporal relations.