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-when Cortes launched his counterattack, Aztec population greatly reduces by smallpox and measles.

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-European disease would truly devastate the natives of central Mexico

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-as result, they died by the hundreds of thousands.

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- they died by the hundreds of thousands.

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-finally the native could do little to stop invisible warrior, who marched alongside the Spaniards diseases

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-Cortes learned, some natives resented the Aztecs, they hated their harsh practices, including human sacrifice

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-Second Cortes was able to enlist the help of various native groups

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-first Spanish had advantage of superior weaponry.

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- their men conquered the Aztecs in 1521

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-June 1520, Aztecs rebelled against Spanish intruders and drove out Cortes’s force.

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-spring 1520, some of Cortes’s killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they celebrated religious festival.

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-Cortes admitted, the conquistador had a “disease of the heart that only gold can cure.”

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-Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was convinced, Cortes was a good wearing Armor. He agreed to share the empire’s existing gold supply with the Spanish explorer

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-Aztec reached capital of Tenochtitlan

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-when landed in Mexico, Cortes learned vast and wealthy Aztec Empire in region’s interior.

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-they greatly enriched their empire, left mark on cultures of North and South America today.

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-Spanish were the first European who settled in the America

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-Cortes and other scientists (who followed him) who were lured by rumors of vast lands, who had gold and silver, carved out colonies in regions which would become Mexico, South America, and the United States

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-Cortes and other scientists, who followed him were called conquerors

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-Cortes was looking for new lands for Spain

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-When Magellan boarded on his very important trip in 1519, Hernando Cortes landed in Mexico.

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- Spain’s Influence Expands: PINK
- Spanish Conquests in Peru: GREEN
- Spanish Conquests in Mexico: BLUE
- Opposition to Spanish Rule: PURPLE
- YELLOW: Priest or monarchy in the US
- Blue: Spanish army

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In 1680, Popé, a Pueblo ruler, led a well-organized rebellion against the Spanish.

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Opposition to the Spanish method of colonization came not only from Spanish

priests, but also from the natives themselves.

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· These became the headquarters for the Catholic religion.

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· Christian mis- sions arose among the Pueblo, the native inhabitants of the region.

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· In 1609–1610, Pedro de Peralta, called New Mexico, led settlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande.

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· Coronado had little gold, Spanish monarchy made priests explore the future United States.

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· Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led an expedition through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

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Spanish priests worked to spread Christianity in the Americas. They also pushed

for better treatment of Native Americans. Priests spoke out against the cruel treat-
ment of natives. In particular, they criticized the harsh pattern of labor that

emerged under the encomienda system.

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“The labor of one . . . [African] . . . [is] more valuable than that of four
Indians,” he said. The priest later changed his view and denounced African slavery.
However, others promoted it.

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· Before creating an empire on the mainland, the Spanish already had settled in the US.

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· However, for a year and a half the Spanish army lost a battle, meanwhile Spain worked on their American empire.

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· Not only was the navy strong and powerful but the Spanish also strengthen the other braches making a skillful army.

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· In the 16th century, the Spanish built a strong navy force to protect the treasure-filled ships.

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In 1532, another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, marched a small force into
South America. He conquered the Incan Empire,

the Incan ruler,

Atahualpa , near the city of Cajamarca. Atahualpa, who com-
manded a force of about 30,000, brought several thousand mostly unarmed men for

the meeting. The Spaniards waited in ambush, crushed the Incan force, and kid-
napped Atahualpa.

Atahualpa offered to fill a room once with gold and twice with silver in

exchange for his release. However, after receiving the ransom, the Spanish stran-
gled the Incan king. Demoralized by their leader’s death, the remaining Incan force

retreated from Cajamarca. Pizarro then marched on the Incan capital, Cuzco. He
captured it without a struggle in 1533.