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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735542&cid=41&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735547&cid=131&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735546&cid=130&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735542&cid=41&subId=9&useConcept=False

https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/05/world/05iht-saddam.html

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735547&cid=131&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735543&cid=92&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735546&cid=130&subId=9&useConcept=False

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735544&cid=93&subId=9&useConcept=False

https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/TimePeriodOverview/3

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/25/chemical-ali-execution-iraq-kurd

https://www.rferl.org/a/ten-years-since-saddam-husseins-execution/1830532.html

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735542&cid=41&subId=9&useConcept=False

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Does this match the UN's definition of a Genocide? -Maldonado 

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Does this match the UN's definition of a Genocide? -Maldonado 

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The Kurdish Genocide matches the UN’s definition of a genocide because this was an act intended to destroy all of the Kurdish group and population. Iraq forces killed thousands of Kurds, caused serious bodily and mental harm to members of a group, attempted to physically destroy the entire Kurdish group, and forced others to relocate in hinterlands or neighboring countries.

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Since males were mainly targeted, women were left with low chances of marriages, having to work, and dealing with post trauma. Now there are many organizations dedicated to help these Kurds heal psychologically. Kurds in Iran, Syria, Turkey, and Iraq are still in fighting to become independent in the future by silently preparing their own national state, military, and government in the form of SELF-DETERMINATION. On September 2017 the Kurdish people voted for full independence. To acknowledge the events today, there are memorials and commemorations in Northern Iraq Kurdistan as well as the Anfal Memorial Day which happens every year on April 14.

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First Anfal: The Siege of Sergalou and Bergalou, February 23–March 19, 1988

Second Anfal: Qara Dagh, March 22–April 1, 1988

Third Anfal: Germain, April 7–20, 1988

Fourth Anfal: The Valley of the Lesser Zab, May 3–8, 1988

Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Anfals: The Mountain Valleys of Shaqlawa and Rawanduz, May 15–August 26, 1988

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There were seven Al-Anfal campaigns in which the military striked villages with the use of chemical weapons. They targeted Kurds as well as anyone living in those areas who weren’t Arabs. 50,000 - 300,000 civilians are estimated to have died and at least 1,000 (2,000 even) villages were destroyed. Those captured were tortured, relocated, killed, or arrested. Those who survived were forced to relocate in neighboring countries.

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https://moderngenocide.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/9?sid=1735545&webSiteCode=SLN_GEN&returnToPage=%2fTopics%2fDisplay%2f9%3fsid%3d1735545&cid=129&subId=9&useConcept=False&token=D7B717CCD5EA69721D42D805B026F105&casError=False

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The exact month and day is not stated. But we know this genocide started in 1986, lasted for 3 years, and finally ended in 1989.

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What happened to the Kurdish people - Montiel

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What happened to the Kurdish people - Montiel

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The Kurdish were bombed and many people who survived the actual attacks, later died due to the chemicals in the weapons. The Kurdish would be tortured and executed. They would be taken to concentration camps to be killed (Women, children, and elderly were spared). Some Kurds would be taken to prisons, then later lead to a bus which would take them to their graves, where they would be buried alive.

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Events that Happened before the Genocide - Montiel

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Events that Happened before the Genocide - Montiel

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There were three major events that happened before the genocide, one of them was the continuous failure of Iraqi governments to solve the “Kurdish Question”. There was also the Iraqi Baath Party and the Iran-Iraq war in which the Kurdish people played a massive role.

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Bystanders during the Genocide - Maldonado 

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Bystanders during the Genocide - Maldonado 

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Iran didn't act since they didn't want to intervene again as they already had many casualties due to the Iran-Iraq war. Syria’s leader showed little concern for the Kurdish therefore did not intervene. Turkey was a bystander because they didn't want the Kurdish to become independent. The US & Britain helped Iraq as they cared about the oil supply, so didn't try to stop the genocide. Lastly, the United Nations condemned the use of chemical weapons against the Kurdish but resolution 688 is the only who claimed the Kurish as victims and Iraq as guilty. We don't know if the other countries wanted to follow APPEASEMENT but as a result, most of these countries became ISOLATIONISTS during this genocide.

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Location of the Kurdish Genocide - Montiel

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Location of the Kurdish Genocide - Montiel

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The GENOCIDE took place in Northern Iraq. A few important cities where events took place were Sergalou, Bergalou, Qara Dagh, Garmain, and the mountain valleys of Shaqlawa and Rawanduz.

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The victims of this genocide were the Kurdish people of Northern Iraq as well as anyone living near them such as Assyrian Christians, Mandean Christians, Yazidi Muslims, Jews, and Shabak peoples (all distinct from both Islam and Christianity).

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The people who committed these acts of violence against the Kurdish were the Iraqi forces, but the leaders of this act was the Iraqi DICTATOR Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid, better known as “Chemical Ali”.

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Seven defendants, being Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan al-Majid, military commanders, and senior intelligence officials were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes. Ali Hassan al-Majid or “Chemical Ali” was executed for four war crimes being genocide, intentionally killing civilians, and assassination. Saddam Hussein was given a death sentence by the Iraqi High Tribunal and was executed.

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Does this match the UN's definition of a Genocide? -Montiel

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Does this match the UN's definition of a Genocide? -Montiel

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The Kurdish Genocide does match the UN's  definition of a Genocide because the Iraqi killed members of a group, committed acts with the intent to destroy, forced others to move to neighboring countries, and caused serious mental and bodily harm to the Kurdish people. They also attempted to physically destroy the Kurdish population.

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1. Wong, Edward. “Saddam Charged with Genocide of Kurds.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 Apr. 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/04/05/world/05iht-saddam.html.