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Telegraph helped spread messages quickly over long distances

Mechanical reaper cut stalks of wheat combined advanced threshers made settlement in the Midwest easier

Sewing machine efficient in producing clothing

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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania had 23,000 people in 1840

10 years later the population doubled

Louisville and Kentucky City had 43,000 in 1850

1840s many immigrants traveled to America

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Filthy streets, bad sewage systems, lack of clean water, and the spread of disease

Citywide fires

Poorly trained firefighters argued over insurance money in fighting fire

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Producing most of the nation's manufactured goods

of the billion dollars invested in business, 90% was in the North

bank owners and ship owners profited from cotton

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Many immigrants arrived in 1840

Irish immigrants moved due to the potato famine

Germans came escaping tyrants

Nativists apposed Irish people

Discrimination and Racial prejudice separated African Americans from white people

Many African Americans made their own establishments

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Steam boats and clipper boats were ideal for rivers

Many steamboats held the record for the fastest in the world

Railroads tied together raw materials, manufacturers, and markets

Railroads could go almost anywhere

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Cotton gin used a spiked cylinder to remove seeds from cotton fibers; made cotton more profitable

A seed-planting device reduced the time a farmer spent sowing a crop

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1860, 4 million African Americans were in the U.S.

253,000 (6%) African Americans were free

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Cities like New Orleans allowed many African Americans to prosper

Most Southern cities though, did deny basic rights to freed slaves

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Cotton was a great source of wealth

Owners of large plantations dominated

Only wealthy land owners owned slaves

More than half of Southern farmers grew corn and raised hogs and chickens

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Slave Labor was used to grow cotton

Most Southern states depended on cotton and slaves, but some (like Kentucky) did not rely completely on cotton

Most white people in the South accepted slavery

Many slaves faced abuse from white owners

In 1808, no more slaves could be transported from Africa, so many African Americans had little contact with Africa

Still African customs, music, dance, and spirituals lived on

Many slaves revolted against whites

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Most freed slaves were discouraged from using transportation

South had trains and steamboats as well, though not as popular as in the North

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The Differences Between the North and South Before the Civil War