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Language Endangerment and Extinction

Morgan Gray

Flagler College

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Scroll to the bottom of each section to  listen to the audio.

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Why are languages becoming endangered and then extinct, and how can people and educators slow down or even prevent the loss of languages?

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There are several languages that are extinct and endangered, however this has been happening for years but it is happening even faster now. This project examines the loss of languages and utilizes four articles to find out why the endangerment and extinction of languages is important. The research indicates that endangerment and extinction of languages is because parents are not using their heritage language in homes, the government is not modernizing the native language, and the language of the culture is not used in the classrooms. Based on my research, if schools would use the language more in their curriculum and if parent would keep the language alive in the homes, then language loss would not be as significant.

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Assessing Language Endangerment This article spoke about how the main reason for languages disappearing is because they are not being used in the home by parents. This article also informs about how globalization, urbanization, and social and cultural dislocation play a big part in the loss of language as well. The loss of language and how fast it is disappearing is sometimes hard to recognize, therefor the article talks about how the Expanded Graded Inter generational Disruption Scale goes through a process to help with that.

The Effects of Institutional Support of Endangered Languages on Language Ideologies. This article spoke about the government having a lot to do with the loss of languages. The government will create one dominant language and leave out all of the others, which results in languages being lost. When a language is lost, not only does the dialect disappear but so does the culture, traditions, and knowledge of the history of that language too.

Storytelling: A Means to Revitalize a Disappearing Language and Culture in Northeast Thailand. This article speak about a college student who visits Thailand and learns that the native languages are quickly disappearing. She promotes the idea of story telling to bring back the life in the native languages. This article states that storytelling has power for the listeners and the tellers.

Saving Our Language. This article is about a school in Alaska that is trying to keep the native language, Yup'ik, alive. The schools is involving it in their curriculum by teaching the culture music and dances in their native language. This article shows how Alaska was once full of different languages, but they have no been over taken by the English language. It explains how important it is to teach the language to our young generation so it will live on.

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Narayanan R Karthick (2019) Assessing Language Endangerment: A Methodological Review http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.research.flagler.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=2c05fe1c-457a-4721-8ccc-3620ba875c09%40pdc-v-sessmgr05 , March 12, 2020

Box, Christy (January 30,2019) The Effects of Institutional Support of Endangered Languages on Languages Ideologies. University of Central Florida Research Journal. March 24,2020

Tossa, W. (2008). Storytelling: A Means to Revitalize a Disappearing Language and Culture in Northeast Thailand (Isan). Knowledge Quest, 36(5), 50–56.

(2018). SAVING OUR LANGUAGE: Native languages in Alaska are in danger of disappearing. Students at one school are trying to keep theirs alive. Scholastic News -- Edition 5/6, 87(9), 2–5.

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March 3, 2020: The Applied Linguistics Research Artifact Project was assigned.

March 3, 2020: Research Topic was chosen.

March 4, 2020: Selected four peer-reviewed articles.

March 10, 2020: Indiana University Plagiarism Test certification was due.

March 10, 2020: Turned in four annotated peer-reviewed articles into class for Dr. Burnley to check.

March 11, 2020: Wrote first Artifact Mini Report

March 12, 2020: Submitted Artifact Mini Report One to Canvas, replied to two classmates.

March 12, 2020: Wrote Abstract in class.

March 16-20, 2020: Spring Break, no classes.

March 21, 2020: Wrote second Artifact Mini Report.

March 24, 2020: Submitted Artifact Mini Report Two to Canvas, replied to two classmates.

April 3, 2020: Wrote third Artifact Mini Report.

April 4, 2020: Write fourth Artifact Mini Report.

April 5, 2020: Found two visuals to use for my Artifact Project,

April 5, 2020: Started putting together my padlet for my Artifact Project.

April 7, 2020: Submitted Artifact Mini Report Three into Canvas, replied to two other classmates.

April 14, 2020: Submitted Artifact Mini Report Four into Canvas, replied to two other classmates.

April 16, 2020: Applied Linguistics Research Project Due.

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The extinction and endangerment of languages is nothing new to our world. The disappearance of language has been happening for centuries and will continue to happen. There are many reasons that languages become endangered or extinct, but the reason that is most common is that parents decide to stop speaking it in the house hold. According to the Ethnologue, out of 7105 languages, there is 33.5% of them that are endangered. There are many ways to tell of a language loss, such as the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale. The loss of language is not a concern but rather how quickly it is happening in the present. Language shift has three causes that have been identified, which are urbanization, globalization, and social and cultural dislocation. Urbanization is when people from different cultures and languages come together in a work place forcing them to communicate with a language they both understand. Globalization is when people are trading and commencing, which pressures people into using a global language to communicate. Social and Cultural Dislocation is when the minority community has less power, therefore they are less educated and wealthy. This results in lack of knowledge of their heritage, which results in no knowledge of their language. The vitality of a language is measured by the number and nature of the speaker. There are external and internal factors that contribute to language shift. This all being said there isn't exactly just one reason for the loss of a language.  The Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale is a way to take the vitality of a language and put it on a measurable scale. “provides both an estimate of the level of endangerment of languages which are losing ground and an estimate of the state of development of those languages which are gaining functions in the communities where they are used.” (Narayanan,2019)

In the article The Effects of Institutional Support of Endangered Languages on Language ideologies by Christy Box she talks about the fact that the native languages are not being spoken in the schools and universities. A language is labeled as endangered when a small portion of the population is speaking it and it is viewed as being useless. This article explores the idea of schools supporting the endangered languages along with the domestic language. It also discusses if language ideologies will have a positive effect if the schools support the languages.  A big role that play in the loss of a language is the schools and universities not acknowledging the native language along with the dominant language. There are many things that get lost with the loss of a language, such as the knowledge of a culture and their traditions that have been gathered over time. The loss of a language can and will lead to loss of different areas in the culture, for example, some Native American languages have been lost along with their songs, dances, crafts and rituals.  The ideologies of languages  are the perceptions of the language and can have a major impact on the endangerment or extinction of languages. Christy Box stated in her article that ,"language ideologies as ideas about language and its place in social arrangement or its use and usability for social and political ends." (Box, 2019) Language Ideologies are the languages place in society and can affect the languages linguistic structure. The ideologies of a language are a way to understand the language and how the language is structured.Support from the schools, businesses and institutions could have a positive impact on the shifts in languages.

Languages and Dialects are often lost because fewer and fewer people speak the native languages. Families do not speak it in their homes anymore and schools do not teach it in their classrooms. This article is about a University student, Tossa,  who promoted a project that would keep the local languages alive. Her study is based out of Thailand where she learned that even her native dialect was not taught in schools anymore . In this article, Tossa talks about how storytelling can preserve a language because it has "power" for both listeners and tellers.
In Thailand there is at least fifty dialects that exist, but in today's day and age central and official Thai is becoming more dominant. Tossa's native language when she was growing up was Lao, now it is not spoken often nor is it taught in the schools.  There are many ways to preserve and save a language, and in this article story telling is one of them. Story telling not only lets the listeners hear and learn the language, but it helps the reader as well because they have to understand how to read the words.  The children in this study were encouraged to go out and ask their families about older stories in their native dialect.  This article also speaks about how this certain area in Thailand also began to have an annual story telling camp with different workshops for students and teachers. This allowed for the native language and dialect to be exposed and learned.  By having these camps held by respected people in their area, the students and teachers felt that it was okay to speak the native language and made them become more interested. This will increase the search for stories and dialects that have been lost or forgotten.  The children will learn how to read, speak, and write the language and pass it on to their children as they get older.

In the article "Saving our Language" by Tricia Culligan students are trying to keep their native language from becoming extinct. As languages disappear it is important that as educators you try and involve it in your school day as much as you can. This article continues to show how the students are taking a stand for their language. The author focuses on one student named Ikusek nicolai. She learns her school work in English but her classes music class is taught a little differently. They sing in the areas native language, Yup'ik. It is a dying language that the ancestors used to speak in Bethel, Alaska. There are about 20 languages in Alaska that are endangered and soon will become extinct. In this article, she also talks about how Alaska was once full of people who spoke one of 25 different native languages other than English.  When the last native speaker dies, that means that native language will die with it. In the 1960s the U.S. government changed their policies on English only curriculum. They created a bilingual program that allowed the Native language to be taught in school again.

These four articles will greatly help educators become more aware of languages loss and ideas on how they can help this situation. The first article helps educators by getting them to explore their student's culture more. Educators can bring the student's native language into the class and make them feel involved and not like an outcast. The second article will help educators by letting educators know that what they do in the classroom matters. Teaching the native language in the classroom can have a big impact on language extinction and endangerment. This article shows that students should be proud of their language. The third article helps educators by giving them an idea  on how to bring the native language into the classroom. Story telling will make it more interesting to students and they will become more confident in what they are reading. The fourth article helps educators by giving educators the knowledge of if a language disappear so does the culture and all of the knowledge for that culture. It shows that just one school can have a huge impact extinction of languages.

The first article that is mentioned will help with the literacy concept of comprehension. Th teacher can give the EL learner different articles to help them comprehend about language endangerment and why it is so important to keep them alive. The second article helps with all four concepts of literacy. It talks about involving the native language into the curriculum, which means print conventions, word recognition, comprehension, and writing. This will strengthen the language if it is taught in all four concepts. The third article relates to the concept of fluency. Story telling will increase the fluency of the EL speaker, because they will be listening and reading the stories. The fourth article helps with comprehension for EL learners. It explains why their native is also important and should be involved in the classroom as well. Bringing in books in their language and in English will increase their comprehension of the English words.