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Samples of Semen, Urine and Saliva are made visible with UV light.  GClark

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Affiliation

¹ Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.

Free PMC article

Abstract

Recently, body fluids have widely become an important target for proteomic research and proteomic study has produced more and more body fluid related protein data. A database is needed to collect and analyze these proteome data. Thus, we developed this web-based body fluid proteome database Sys-BodyFluid. It contains eleven kinds of body fluid proteomes, including plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, seminal fluid, human milk and amniotic fluid. Over 10,000 proteins are presented in the Sys-BodyFluid. Sys-BodyFluid provides the detailed protein annotations, including protein description, Gene Ontology, domain information, protein sequence and involved pathways. These proteome data can be retrieved by using protein name, protein accession number and sequence similarity. In addition, users can query between these different body fluids to get the different proteins identification information. Sys-BodyFluid database can facilitate the body fluid proteomics and disease proteomics research as a reference database. It is available at http://www.biosino.org/bodyfluid/.

Bioinformatics for Renal and Urinary Proteomics: Call for Aggrandization.

Paul P, Antonydhason V, Gopal J, Haga SW, Hasan N, Oh JW. Paul P, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jan 31;21(3):961. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030961. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32024005 Free PMC article. Review.

References

Aebersold R, Mann M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature. 2003;422:198-207. - PubMed

Binz PA, Hochstrasser DF, Appel RD. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: current status and potential use in clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2003;41:1540-1551. - PubMed

Hu S, Loo JA, Wong DT. Human body fluid proteome analysis. Proteomics. 2006;6:6326-6353. - PMC - PubMed

Fusaro VA, Stone JH. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and analyses of serum: a primer for the clinical investigator. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2003;21:S3-S14. - PubMed

Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Adachi J, Olsen JV, Shi R, de Souza G, Pasini E, Foster LJ, Macek B, Zougman A, et al. MAPU: Max-Planck Unified database of organellar, cellular, tissue and body fluid proteomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:D771-D779. - PMC - PubMed

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national center for biotechnology information

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Sys-BodyFluid: a systematical database for human body fluid proteome research - PubMed

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Recently, body fluids have widely become an important target for proteomic research and proteomic study has produced more and more body fluid related protein data. A database is needed to collect and analyze these proteome data. Thus, we developed this web-based body fluid proteome database Sys-Body ...

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Body fluids that do not have any registered tests based on them as they generally are considered less favorable samples such as urine.
Acacia Hammonds

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Can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope.
Acacia Hammonds

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The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper.
Acacia Hammonds

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The sequencer sends the raw data to the cloud in a format compatible with existing data-analysis software.
Acacia Hammonds

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Advanced DNA testing revealed the rapist and killer is Cox's own cousin, Donald Cox Jr.
Acacia Hammonds

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- Lashundra M.

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bodily fluids collecting kit pictures - Bing

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Find high-quality images, photos, and animated GIFS with Bing Images

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Our ageing and health-conscious societies are relying on more and more sensors to measure the human body's health functions. We see 'medical' sensors appearing in a whole range of consumer applications to measure pulse rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels to name just a few. But it is not just 'tracking' sensors that are becoming more prevalent.

One issue that is becoming increasingly important as the effects of conditions like diabetes often need to be measured before the intake of medicines. So the demand is for sensors that can measure how much medicine needs to be taken for correct treatment. Sensors that can handle more and more parameters and provide accurate measurements at the point of care (POC).

Most of these measurements will be based on blood or other body fluids. These are collected and then be analyzed immediately in increasingly complex and accurate lab-on-chip devices. But to enable this the sensor itself needs to interface with the liquid. Sencio's nCapsulate technology is capable of forming an ideal interface between liquids flowing in microfluidic channels through or above the electronic sensor. Using our nCapsulate technology we have already developed an interface for blood measurement ( MRCyte) and are working with Enzyre on another application, together with an interface for spittle measurements.

So if you are looking to develop a system with a taste for bodily fluids; we can help ensure you get the right flow from microfluidic chamber to sensor.

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Sensor packaging with a taste for bodily fluids!

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Our ageing and health-conscious societies are relying on more and more sensors to measure the human body's health functions. We see 'medical' sensors appearing in a whole range of consumer applications to measure pulse rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels to name just a few.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Blood and Body Fluid Collection

The most common methods used to collect blood and body fluid evidence include the following:

Cuttings. Remove a section of the item containing the stain using a sterile or clean cutting device.

Image courtesy of Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Removing a section of carpet containing a stain using a sterile cutting device

Wet absorption. A sterile swab, gauze pad or threads slightly moistened with distilled water. Concentrate the stain in a localized portion of the swab or pad. When a swab is used, the stain should be concentrated on the tip. The collection medium is pressed or rubbed into the stain and allowed to air-dry. Some laboratories recommend following the first moistened swabbing with a second dry swabbing to ensure thorough sample collection. Both swabs are retained and submitted for analysis.

Scraping method. The sample is scraped with a clean razor blade or scalpel, into a clean piece of paper that can be folded and packaged in a paper envelope. This is a method to be used in a controlled environment (i.e., no wind or traffic) and where the scrapings will not contaminate other evidence.

Tape-Lifting method. An optional method for collecting dried blood stains on a nonabsorbent surface is using fingerprint tape. The fingerprint-lifting tape may be placed over the stain and lifted off. The stain is transferred to the adhesive side of the tape, which may then be secured on a clear piece of acetate for submission to the laboratory. Note: When using this method, the collector must ensure the fingerprint tape is not contaminated with other biological materials.

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Home > 3. Evidence Collection > Blood and Body Fluid Collection The most common methods used to collect blood and body fluid evidence include the following: Cuttings. Remove a section of the item containing the stain using a sterile or clean cutting device.

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Solving Cold Cases with DNA: The Boston Strangler Case

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Thinkstock, royalty-free (see reuse policy). This was a ghastly crime.

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- Lashundra M.

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When evaluating forensic tests on suspected blood, semen, or saliva evidence (also known as serology evidence), it is important for defenders to understand first the difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests and why that distinction is so important:

Presumptive Tests

Also known as preliminary tests, screening tests or field tests

Establish the possibility that a specific bodily fluid is present

Do not conclusively prove the presence of a specific substance

Pros: Narrows possibilities, can be used on larger areas, can locate possible evidence not visible to naked eye, relatively inexpensive and quick to perform

Cons: Risk of false positives and may be overly sensitive

Uses: Provide initial information to determine what test to perform next, used in combination with confirmatory tests

Confirmatory Tests

Conclusively identify the identity of a biological material

May be one or a combination of procedures

Pros: Conclusively identifies a substance, smaller risk of false positives

Cons: May be more expensive, require additional equipment, and take longer

What Defenders Need to Look For:

A lab report may not reveal what type of test was done. For example, in the report below it is not clear what blood analysis tests were completed and what the meaning of "chemical indications for the presence of blood" is:

Testimony at trial may be misleading. To understand the meaning of phrases such as "chemical indications for the presence of blood," see the State Crime Lab's Body Fluid Report Format. Note that the effective date of this document is December 3, 2002 and the State Crime Lab may have an updated version. "Chemical indications for the presence" of a substance generally means that only a presumptive test gave a positive result. Counsel should be aware that a presumptive test alone establishes only the possibility that a particular substance is present. Counsel should be prepared to object to testimony or questions from the prosecutor that refer to a substance as a particular bodily fluid, such as blood, if only a presumptive test was performed.

Defenders must obtain the underlying notes, data, photographs and reports of the analyst.

Defenders must ensure that the law enforcement officer and/or analyst followed proper procedures. For example, see the State Crime Lab's Body Fluid Casework Procedures. The NC State Bureau of Investigation Evidence Guide explains evidence submission requirements and includes a section on Forensic Biology. If you have questions about how or why evidence was collected at a crime scene or the NCSCL's policies on what evidence the lab will examine, this guide may provide information.

Defenders should consider raising a challenge where:

Only a presumptive test was done

The mandated combination of tests was not done

Testing protocol was not followed

Test results were not adequately documented

Lab reports use improper reporting language or improper testimony is anticipated

Below are descriptions of the forensic biology presumptive and confirmatory tests that are typically used in North Carolina cases.
Blood

Presumptive Tests

Phenolphthalein Test

Also known as the Kastle Meyer Test

How it works: A Phenolphthalein solution is used to show the possible presence of blood based upon a peroxidase reaction of hemoglobin which produces a pink color.

Precautions: This test is presumptive because it has produced false positives from other substances, such as saliva, pus, malt extract, vegetable extracts, and the salts of certain heavy metals. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.3, page 103-105. A false positive reaction has also been observed with rust. Source: Establishment of a Fast and Accurate Proteomic Method for Body Fluid/Cell Type Identification.

Kastle-Meyer Test - NFSTC video demonstrating how the Phenolphthalein Test or Kastle Meyer Test is performed

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

Luminol Test

How it works: A chemical compound, known as Luminol, is used in solution or sprayed onto suspected surfaces. This compound gives a strong blue fluorescence when viewed with a UV light. The Luminol reacts with hematin, a substanced formed as bloodstains age, and produces a luminescence which is best observed in the dark. The luminescence lasts for several minutes and can be photographed. Aged bloodstains tend to give more intense and longer-lasting luminescence than fresh blood, and can be re-sprayed with Luminol to be viewed again. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.3, page 112-114.

Precautions: False positives have been observed with the presence of copper salts. Most brass, bronze, and similar alloys which contain copper gave a false positive reaction, which is important to consider when dealing with locks, door handles, and other fixtures made of these materials. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.7, page 112-114.

Alternative Light Sources

How it works: Alternative Light Sources such as the CrimeScope use ultraviolet, visible or infrared light to cause certain substances to fluoresce (glow) or absorb light (darken). Blood stains will darken rather than glow when certain light wavelengths are used. See the user's manual for the alternative light source for more information.

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

Confirmatory Tests

DNA
DNA is not a confirmatory test for blood. For additional information about DNA evidence, click here.

RSID Test for Human Blood

How it works: This test uses two specialized antibodies to detect the presence of human Glycophorin A which is found in red blood cell membranes. The antibodies are applied to the suspected sample by using a strip test assay. At the end of the test, certain markings will indicate whether human blood was detected or if the test failed. Source: RSID Technical Information Sheet.

NCSCL is using a handheld electronic reader to read the results of confirmatory tests for blood or semen. The reader records data about the type of card being read (whether it was a test for blood, semen, or prior to 1/1/2017, a test for human saliva), date of the reading, and the result rendered by the reader. The reader also creates an image of the card that it reads. The images are stored in the handheld reader (it has limited storage capacity) and can be downloaded using a cable that connects the reader to a computer. The lab is not downloading and storing this data and images.

Precautions: This test should be evaluated exactly 10 minutes after the addition of the sample. An appropriate sample size and dilution of the sample must be used. Kits should be stored at room temperature and buffers should be stored at 4 C.

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

ABAcard HemaTrace test strips

How it works: HemaTrace test strips are used to detect blood by indentifying the presence of human hemoglobin. The test strip contains an antihuman hemoglobin antibody. A blood sample is applied to the bottom of the test strip. If human hemoglobin is present, then a mobile antibody-antigen complex will be formed. This complex will then migrate through the test strip to a test window. This window will indicate if there is a positive result for human hemoglobin with a pink dye band. Source: NFSTC DNA Analyst Training. The State Crime Lab considers this test a back up test to examine evidence for the presence of human blood if RSID is not available. Because the test will cross react with some animal blood, it can only give a reaction consistent for the presence of blood. Source: Section 2.3 of the NC State Crime Lab Technical Procedures Manual: Body Fluid Identification.

Hematrace Test - NFSTC video demonstrating how the Hematrace Test is performed

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

Semen

Presumptive Tests

Acid Phosphatase Test

Also known as the Walker Test or Brentamine spot test

How it works: The male prostate gland produces and secrets into semen a high amount of the enzyme acid phosphatase (AP). In the presence of Alpha-Naphthyl acid phosphate and Brentamine Fast Blue, AP will produce a dark purple color in less than a minute. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.

Precautions: The shade of purple color will depend on the activity of the enzyme, which can be negatively impacted by the age of the stain and the storage conditions. This test is highly presumptive because vaginal secretions and other bodily fluids contain detectable levels of this enzyme as well. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.

Acid Phosphatase Test - NFSTC video demonstrating how the Acid Phosphatase Test is performed.

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

Prostate Specific Antigen

How it works: Test detects prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is produced in high amounts by male prostate gland. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.

Precautions: This antigen can also be found in very small amounts of fecal material and sweat. Studies also indicate that PSA can exist in female urine and breast milk. Caution is urged when interpreting positive PSA results which are not confirmed by actual presence of sperm. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.

This test is not currently performed by NC State Crime Lab.

Confirmatory Tests

RSID Test for Semen

How it works: Identifies the presence of the seminal vesicle-specific antigen, or semonogelin. This antigen is unique to human semen; therefore, there is no cross reactivity with other bodily fluids in males and females or with semen from other mammals. This test can also identify semen even if the stain was stored in less favorable conditions. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.

NCSCL is using a handheld electronic reader to read the results of confirmatory tests for blood or semen. The reader records data about the type of card being read (whether it was a test for blood, semen, or prior to 1/1/2017, a test for human saliva), date of the reading, and the result rendered by the reader. The reader also creates an image of the card that it reads. The images are stored in the handheld reader (it has limited storage capacity) and can be downloaded using a cable that connects the reader to a computer. The lab is not downloading and storing this data and images.

P30 Test - NFSTC video demonstrating how the P30 Test is performed.

Lab Procedure for completing this test - see the Forensic Biology portion of the ISO Procedures page of the NCSCL website.

Saliva

Presumptive Tests

Confirmatory Tests

Phadebas Test and RSID Test for Human Saliva

How it works: The RSID Test for Human Saliva detects the alpha-amylase molecule itself, and specifically, the alpha-amylase from human saliva (in comparison to the testing for enzymatic activity as seen in the Phadebas test). Performing both of these tests is considered a confirmatory test. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Saliva: What You Should Know.

Precautions: The RSID test has produced positive reactions in samples containing alpha-amylases from mammals such as gorillas and rats. Positive reactions were also noted in other bodily fluids, such as semen, blood, vaginal discharge, sweat, and breast milk. High reactivity of this test is observed in samples containing human feces. Reactivity was also noticed in urine samples. Improper swabbing and other factors relating to personal hygiene, personal behavior, and indirect saliva transfer from mouth to surface can result in "false" positives. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Saliva: What You Should Know.

As of Jan. 2017, the NCSCL no longer conducts confirmatory testing for saliva.

Individualization

Once biological matter is confirmed to be present, lab may perform tests to determine source.

Current Test: DNA. However, DNA is not considered a confirmatory test for blood, semen or saliva.

Past Tests:

Ouchterlony - Species of origin test

How it works: The Ouchterlony test is used to determine if a blood sample is human or animal through the comparison of its reactions to specific antibodies. A sample of the unknown bloodstain is placed in a well in an agar gel. Antibodies from human and animal sources of blood are placed in other wells in the gel. Antigens from the sample and the antibodies will spread out of their respective wells and will pair up to form an immune complex if the antigen and antibody are from the same animal source. The immunne complexes can be observed as a line in the gel, thus indicating the source of the blood.

Precautions: A control sample consisting of a sample from the unstained area near a stained area of interest must be tested. It may take several hours up to 72 hours for the reaction to occur. This test requires expertise in interpretation.

This procedure is no longer performed by the NC State Crime Lab.

ABO typing - identifies a person's blood type

How it works: ABO typing requires a multi-step procedure in which the sample is observed reacting with Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. Next, the liquid part of the blood without cells, the serum, is mixed with blood that is known to be Type A or Type B and the reaction is observed.

Precautions: Appropriate negative controls must be run as false positives are possible, especially with Type B blood. Stains on denim fabric or soiled shoes may also yield false positives. Weak results may be read differently by analysts, so it is essential to have a second analyst read the results.

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Blood & Bodily Fluids - Forensic Resources

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When evaluating forensic tests on suspected blood, semen, or saliva evidence (also known as serology evidence), it is important for defenders to understand first the difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests and why that distinction is so important: Presumptive Tests Also known as preliminary tests, screening tests or field tests Establish the possibility that a ...

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- Lashundra Miley

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New DNA technology solves 31-year-old murder case

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As technology evolved, KCPD's Missing Persons/Cold Case section re-examined the case. They determined the initial investigation had left no stone unturned, and only science would solve Cox's murder. In the first decade of the 2000's, KCPD Crime Lab scientists developed a suspect DNA profile from the bodily fluids that were collected and stored in 1989.

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- Lashundra M.

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Module 03 :: Blood and Body Fluid Collection

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Abstract

Body fluids are valuable evidence in a range of offences, with tests regularly being used to identify them. However, with the + increasing sensitivity of DNA profiling, capability gaps are becoming increasingly obvious. DNA profiles can also be obtained from body fluids which cannot be identified. Efforts to improve the capability of BFID have focused on genetic strategies. However, such techniques could not be applied to the crime scene. Thus, there is also a need for improved BFID tests to be used at crime scenes or for the examination of items, which would also include the ability to locate vaginal fluids.

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Body fluid identification: A case for more research and innovation

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Body fluids are valuable evidence in a range of offences, with tests regularly being used to identify them. However, with the + increasing sensitivity of DNA profiling, capability gaps are becoming increasingly obvious. DNA profiles can also be obtained from body fluids which cannot be identified.

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A natural bodily fluid or secretion of fluid such as blood, semen, or saliva. Total body water, contained principally in blood plasma and in intracellular and interstitial fluids.
-Lashundra M.

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Mitchell Washington

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Mitchell Washington

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Mitchell Washington

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Mitchell Washington

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The prosecution’s case against Darlie Routier included bloodstain pattern analysis by Tom Bevel. The National Academy of Sciences has stated that this approach to crime scene analysis is “more subjective than scientific.” Testimony by Bevel contradicted the physical evidence in the Routier case.

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The prosecution’s case against Darlie Routier included bloodstain pattern analysis by Tom Bevel. The National Academy of Sciences has stated that this approach to crime scene analysis is “more subjective than scientific.” Testimony by Bevel contradicted the physical evidence in the Routier case.

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Mitchell Washington

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- Xavier.Y

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- Xavier.Y

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- Xavier.Y

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- Xavier.Y

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-Vikira Johnson

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-Vikira Johnson

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Our ability to run, bicycle, ski, swim, and row hinges on the capacity of the body to extract energy from ingested food. As potential fuel sources, the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in the foods that you eat follow different metabolic paths in the body, but they all ultimately yield water, carbon dioxide, and a chemical energy called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Think of ATP molecules as high-energy compounds or batteries that store energy. Anytime you need energy-to breathe, to tie your shoes, or to cycle 100 miles (160 km)-your body uses ATP molecules. ATP, in fact, is the only molecule able to provide energy to muscle fibers to power muscle contractions. Creatine phosphate (CP), like ATP, is also stored in small amounts within cells. It's another high-energy compound that can be rapidly mobilized to help fuel short, explosive efforts. To sustain physical activity, however, cells must constantly replenish both CP and ATP.

Our daily food choices resupply the potential energy, or fuel, that the body requires to continue to function normally. This energy takes three forms: carbohydrate, fat, and protein. (See table 2.1, Estimated Energy Stores in Humans.) The body can store some of these fuels in a form that offers muscles an immediate source of energy. Carbohydrates, such as sugar and starch, for example, are readily broken down into glucose, the body's principal energy source. Glucose can be used immediately as fuel, or can be sent to the liver and muscles and stored as glycogen. During exercise, muscle glycogen is converted back into glucose, which only the muscle fibers can use as fuel. The liver converts its glycogen back into glucose, too; however, it's released directly into the bloodstream to maintain your blood sugar (blood glucose) level. During exercise, your muscles pick up some of this glucose and use it in addition to their own private glycogen stores. Blood glucose also serves as the most significant source of energy for the brain, both at rest and during exercise. The body constantly uses and replenishes its glycogen stores. The carbohydrate content of your diet and the type and amount of training that you undertake influence the size of your glycogen stores.

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The capacity of your body to store muscle and liver glycogen, however, is limited to approximately 1,800 to 2,000 calories worth of energy, or enough fuel for 90 to 120 minutes of continuous, vigorous activity. If you've ever hit the wall while exercising, you know what muscle glycogen depletion feels like. As we exercise, our muscle glycogen reserves continually decease, and blood glucose plays an increasingly greater role in meeting the body's energy demands. To keep up with this greatly elevated demand for glucose, liver glycogen stores become rapidly depleted. When the liver is out of glycogen, you'll "bonk" as your blood glucose level dips too low, and the resulting hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) will further slow you down. Foods that you eat or drink during exercise that supply carbohydrate can help delay the depletion of muscle glycogen and prevent hypoglycemia.

Fat is the body's most concentrated source of energy, providing more than twice as much potential energy as carbohydrate or protein (9 calories per gram versus 4 calories each per gram). During exercise, stored fat in the body (in the form of triglycerides in adipose or fat tissue) is broken down into fatty acids. These fatty acids are transported through the blood to muscles for fuel. This process occurs relatively slowly as compared with the mobilization of carbohydrate for fuel. Fat is also stored within muscle fibers, where it can be more easily accessed during exercise. Unlike your glycogen stores, which are limited, body fat is a virtually unlimited source of energy for athletes. Even those who are lean and mean have enough fat stored in muscle fibers and fat cells to supply up to 100,000 calories-enough for over 100 hours of marathon running!

Fat is a more efficient fuel per unit of weight than carbohydrate. Carbohydrate must be stored along with water. Our weight would double if we stored the same amount of energy as glycogen (plus the water that glycogen holds) that we store as body fat. Most of us have sufficient energy stores of fat (adipose tissue or body fat), plus the body readily converts and stores excess calories from any source (fat, carbohydrate, or protein) as body fat. In order for fat to fuel exercise, however, sufficient oxygen must be simultaneously consumed. The second part of this chapter briefly explains how pace or intensity, as well as the length of time that you exercise, affects the body's ability to use fat as fuel.

As for protein, our bodies don't maintain official reserves for use as fuel. Rather, protein is used to build, maintain, and repair body tissues, as well as to synthesize important enzymes and hormones. Under ordinary circumstances, protein meets only 5 percent of the body's energy needs. In some situations, however, such as when we eat too few calories daily or not enough carbohydrate, as well as during latter stages of endurance exercise, when glycogen reserves are depleted, skeletal muscle is broken down and used as fuel. This sacrifice is necessary to access certain amino acids (the building blocks of protein) that can be converted into glucose. Remember, your brain also needs a constant, steady supply of glucose to function optimally.

Fuel Metabolism and Endurance Exercise
Carbohydrate, protein, and fat each play distinct roles in fueling exercise.
Fat

Provides a highly efficient source of fuel-Because the body requires less oxygen to burn carbohydrate as compared to protein or fat, carbohydrate is considered the body's most efficient fuel source. Carbohydrate is increasingly vital during high-intensity exercise when the body cannot process enough oxygen to meet its needs.

Keeps the brain and nervous system functioning-When blood glucose runs low, you become irritable, disoriented, and lethargic, and you may be incapable of concentrating or performing even simple tasks.

Aids the metabolism of fat-To burn fat effectively, your body must break down a certain amount of carbohydrate. Because carbohydrate stores are limited compared to the body's fat reserves, consuming a diet inadequate in carbohydrate essentially limits fat metabolism.

Preserves lean protein (muscle) mass-Consuming adequate carbohydrate spares the body from using protein (from muscles, internal organs, or one's diet) as an energy source. Dietary protein is much better utilized to build, maintain, and repair body tissues, as well as to synthesize hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters.

Protein

Provides a concentrated source of energy-Fat provides more than twice the potential energy that protein and carbohydrate do (9 calories per gram of fat versus 4 calories per gram of carbohydrate or protein).

Helps fuel low- to moderate-intensity activity-At rest and during exercise performed at or below 65 percent of aerobic capacity, fat contributes 50 percent or more of the fuel that muscles need.

Aids endurance by sparing glycogen reserves-Generally, as the duration or time spent exercising increases, intensity decreases (and more oxygen is available to cells), and fat is the more important fuel source. Stored carbohydrate (muscle and liver glycogen) are subsequently used at a slower rate, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue and prolonging the activity.

Provides energy in late stages of prolonged exercise-When muscle glycogen stores fall, as commonly occurs in the latter stages of endurance activities, the body breaks down amino acids found in skeletal muscle protein into glucose to supply up to 15 percent of the energy needed.

Provides energy when daily diet is inadequate in total calories or carbohydrate-In this situation, the body is forced to rely on protein to meet its energy needs, leading to the breakdown of lean muscle mass.

Learn more about Endurance Sports Nutrition, Third Edition.

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Our ability to run, bicycle, ski, swim, and row hinges on the capacity of the body to extract energy from ingested food. As potential fuel sources, the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in the foods that you eat follow different metabolic paths in the body, but they all ultimately yield water, carbon dioxide, and a chemical energy called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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-Vikira Johnson

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Noninvasive bodily waste collection system and methods of use Download PDF

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US8480640B2
US8480640B2 US12/471,336 US47133609A US8480640B2 US 8480640 B2 US8480640 B2 US 8480640B2 US 47133609 A US47133609 A US 47133609A US 8480640 B2 US8480640 B2 US 8480640B2
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Adjusted expiration legal-status Critical

A61-MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE

A61F-FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS

A61F5/00-Orthopaedic methods or devices for non-surgical treatment of bones or joints; Nursing devices; Anti-rape devices

A61F5/44-Devices worn by the patient for reception of urine, faeces, catamenial or other discharge; Portable urination aids; Colostomy devices

A61F5/451-Genital or anal receptacles

A61-MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE

A61F-FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS

A61F5/00-Orthopaedic methods or devices for non-surgical treatment of bones or joints; Nursing devices; Anti-rape devices

A61F5/44-Devices worn by the patient for reception of urine, faeces, catamenial or other discharge; Portable urination aids; Colostomy devices

A61F5/4404-Details or parts

A61F5/4405-Valves or valve arrangements specially adapted therefor ; Fluid inlets or outlets

A61-MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE

A61F-FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS

A61F5/00-Orthopaedic methods or devices for non-surgical treatment of bones or joints; Nursing devices; Anti-rape devices

A61F5/44-Devices worn by the patient for reception of urine, faeces, catamenial or other discharge; Portable urination aids; Colostomy devices

A61F5/445-Colostomy, ileostomy or urethrostomy devices

A noninvasive bodily waste collection system for removing gas, solid or liquid body waste products collected from a peri-anal or stoma of the person to a suction device. The system includes a collection bag having a wafer for adhesive attachment to a person, an evacuation tube within the collection bag and having a plurality of openings for receiving waste from the collection bag, a suction tube attached to the evacuation tube for evacuating waste from the collection bag, and a suction device which provides the necessary vacuum pressure to automatically draw waste out of the collection bag. At least a portion of the evacuation tube is attached to the collection bag such that the tube cannot freely move within the bag and that the proximal end of the evacuation tube can be located in a desired position.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a bodily waste collection system that uses a noninvasive method of adhering an apparatus in the form of a bag to a person and has a self-contained collection tube for removing gas, solid or liquid body waste products collected from a peri-anal or stoma of the person to a suction device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Bedridden patients in hospitals, elderly in nursing homes, and others may have certain medical conditions in which it is necessary to collect and dispose of fecal matter and other bodily discharged waste matters. A conventionally known method for this purpose is an indwelling system wherein a tube is inserted into a patient's rectum. However, due to the invasive nature of this method, there are many drawbacks. First, a doctor's order is required to perform this procedure. Additionally, this method may not be suitable when a patient is experiencing rectum bleeding and can be uncomfortable to the patient. The method also makes it more difficult to determine whether a medical concern such as rectal bleeding is occurring.

Fecal collection bags are also known for the collection and ultimately the disposal of anally discharged waste matters. Fecal bags are advantageous in some regards over indwelling systems in that they are adhesively attached to the peri-anal area of a person without having any component thereof being inserted into the rectum. As such, a nurse can perform this task without first obtaining a doctor's order and the procedure is less costly than an indwelling system. There is also less risk to the person as the procedure is not invasive and does not interfere with determining whether the person is experiencing rectal bleeding.

Notwithstanding, fecal bags have some inherent disadvantages. First, the method of emptying the bag is to remove the bag from the patient and manually push fecal and other matter out of the bag. Needless to say, this is a mal-odorous and unpleasant task.

Another problem is that waste matter collected in the fecal bag and associated gases may irritate a person's skin. Also, as fecal bags must be frequently removed from the body for cleaning, the peri-anal region may become irritated by constant removal and reattachment of the adhesively mounted bags. Fecal bags also may occasionally leak or otherwise loose their seal to the person thereby causing an odor nuisance or mess. Capture matter and the generated gases can perpetuate possible leakage by breaking down the adhesive contact between the fecal bag and person.

An example of a fecal collector device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,397, to La Gro. The fecal collector includes a bag made of elastomeric heat-sealable film having an opening for receiving fecal discharge and a thin attachment patch having a central opening in register with the opening of the bag. Other patents illustrative of the art of fecal collectors adapted for peri-anal attachment include U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,807, to Millenbach; U.S. Pat. No. 3,804,093 to Fell; U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,733 to Sanidas; U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,898 to Jensen; U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,384 to Temple; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,827 to Temple.

A similar device to a fecal bag is an ostomy bag. An ostomy bag is another type collection bag used to capture bodily waste products, but wherein the waste products are being passed through a stoma. During a surgical procedure known as an ostomy, a portion of the colon is attached to a bodily opening formed in the abdominal wall referred to as a stoma. The most common types of ostomy include colostomy, ileostomy, and urostomy, depending on what part of the intestines or the bladder is removed. The stoma does not have a sphincter muscle for contraction and closing the bodily opening; as a result, some form of device, such as an ostomy bag, is required to be worn over the stoma to collect bodily waste products and to retain them until the bag can be removed and cleaned or replaced. An ostomy bag has many of the same disadvantages as described in regards to the aforementioned fecal bag.

Various improvement have been made to conventional ostomy bags in an attempt to overcome their various disadvantages. One such example is U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,037, to Fenton, which describes an ostomy pouch having a fluid distribution tube connected to a source of cleansing fluid for cleaning the pouch. Other examples include U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,408, to Lutz, which describes a drainage system for a urostomy bag having an external drainage tube with a connector at one end and a clamp at the opposite discharge end; U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,447, to Barth, which discloses a irrigator for colostomy patients having a drainage line connected to a bag and a pump connected to an air chamber for pressurizing the bag; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,325, to Fundock, which is directed to an ostomy bag having a hose coupled to an opening for venting purposes. Notwithstanding, ongoing advancements in the art, the problems of odor, waste removal from the bag, handling of a soiled bag and patient health and comfort persist.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for continued improvement to fecal and ostomy bags. In particular, there is a need in the art for a bodily waste collection system that is non-invasive and automatically-emptying. Additionally, there is a need in the art of a bodily waste collection system that may be applied by a nurse without requiring a doctor's order and does not interfere with observing whether a person has rectal bleeding. Further, there is a need in the art for a bodily waste collection system that reduces odors, leakages and person discomfort as compared to conventional devices. With an objective towards overcoming and avoiding problems associated with conventional fecal and ostomy devices, the following described noninvasive bodily waste collection system has been developed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes many disadvantages of conventional devices by providing a noninvasive bodily waste collection system for removing gas, solid or liquid body waste products collected from a peri-anal or stoma of the person to a suction device. Generally, the system includes a collection bag having a wafer for adhesive attachment to a person, an evacuation tube within the collection bag and having a plurality of openings for receiving waste from the collection bag, a suction tube attached to the evacuation tube for evacuating waste from the collection bag, and a suction device which provides the necessary vacuum pressure to automatically draw waste out of the collection bag. At least a portion of the evacuation tube is attached to the collection bag such that the tube cannot freely move within the bag and that the proximal end of the evacuation tube can be located in a desired position. Optionally, the tube is attached to the collection bag in a manner whereby bodily waste does not get trapped between the tube and collection whereat it would otherwise be more difficult to remove from the bag.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a noninvasive bodily waste collection apparatus is describe having a collection bag which defines an interior chamber and has first and second openings. A wafer is attached to said collection bag and has an orifice that coincides with the first opening of the bag. The wafer is releasably attachable to a person by adhesive contact at a position, such as the peri-anal region, whereby waste from the person is passed through the first opening and orifice and into the interior chamber. An evacuation tube having first and second sections is provided to evacuate waste for the collection bag. The first section of the evacuation tube is provided with at least one opening and more preferably a plurality of openings which communicate with the interior chamber of the bag so that waste may pass from the interior chamber into the evacuation tube. At least a portion of the first section is directly attached to the collection bag and, by doing so, that portion is fixed in a position relative to the collection bag. A suction device, having a suction tube attached to the evacuation tube suction, provides vacuum pressure to draw waste from the interior chamber, through the evacuation and suction tubes, to a container for storage, testing and disposal. In specific embodiments of the present invention, at least 25%, more preferably at least 50% and most preferably at least 75% of the first section is directly attached to the collection bag. In another embodiment, no more than 90%, more preferably no more than 75% and most preferably no more than 50% of the first section is exposed to the interior chamber of the collection bag. In still another alternative embodiment, the proximal end of the evacuation tube is not directly attached to said collection bag and its terminal end is positioned about one to three inches from a center of said first opening.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method of using a noninvasive bodily waste collection system is described. The method includes the steps of providing a bodily waste collection system, having a collection bag defining an interior chamber and having first and second openings, a wafer attached to the collection bag and having an orifice that coincides with the first opening, an evacuation tube having first and second sections wherein at least a portion of the first section is directly attached to the collection bag whereby that portion is fixed in position relative to the collection bag. A suction device having a suction tube is attached to the evacuation tube for drawing waste from the interior chamber and through the evacuation and suction tubes. The steps further include attaching the wafer to the person at a location that is noninvasive, such the peri-anal region of the person, passing waste from the person through the first opening and orifice and into the interior chamber, applying vacuum pressure via the suction device to the suction tube, evacuation tube and interior chamber, drawing waste under vacuum pressure from the interior chamber, through at least one opening of the evacuation tube and into the evacuation tube, and drawing waste under vacuum pressure from the evacuation tube and into the suction tube and ultimately into container where it can be tested and/or disposed of. In a specific embodiment, at least 25% of the first section of the evacuation tube is directly attached to the collection bag.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The above described and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are better understood when the following detailed description of the invention is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a bodily waste collection system, in use attached to a person in a supine position, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the bodily waste collection system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is cross-sectional view for the waste collection system, taken from sectional line 3- 3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an alternative bodily waste collection system showing the terminal end of an evacuation conduit positioned near a wafer opening, in according with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a further alternative bodily waste collection system, similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1, but wherein the system is configured to obviate fecal matter from collecting on the underside of the evacuation tube, in according with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the bodily waste collection system, taken from sectional line 6- 6 of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a further alternative bodily waste collection system, similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4, wherein the system is configured to obviate fecal matter from collecting on the underside of the evacuation tube, in according with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of the bodily waste collection system, taken from sectional line 8- 8 of FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be considered as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. These exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be both thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1-3, the present invention is a non-invasive bodily waste collection system 10 that is configured to remove and collect waste discharged from a person 12 ( FIG. 1). As used herein, the term "waste" refers to gas, solid and/or liquid bodily waste products from a person 12.

The bodily waste collection system 10 has particular utility when used to collect waste discharged through a person's anus. Additionally, the waste collection system 10 may also have application as applied to a stoma (not illustrated herein). Although the collection system 10 may be used for a variety of medical purposes, it will be described herein in accordance with its principal use as attached to a person's peri-anal region.

The waste collection system 10 includes a collection bag 14, an evacuation tube 16 disposed at least partially within the bag 14, a suction tube 18 attached to the evacuation tube 16 for evacuating waste from the collection bag 14, and a suction device 20 which provides the necessary vacuum pressure to automatically draw waste out of the collection bag 14.

The collection bag 14 defines an interior chamber 22 and has a first opening 24 at its proximal end which is adapted to receive waste from a person's anus, a second opening 26 at its distal end which allows for waste to pass from the collection bag 14 to the suction device 20, and a sample port 28 to allow access into the interior chamber 22 for testing of the waste. The waste collection bag 14 is made of a suitable elastomeric material of the type commonly used in conventional fecal bags, such as the fecal bag sold by Hollister, Inc.

A wafer 30 having an orifice 32 is attached to the collection bag 14 such that the wafer orifice 32 and the first opening 24 of the collection bag 14 preferably coincide with each other. The wafer is provided with an adhesive for releasable securement of the collection bag 14 to the peri-anal region of a person 12. The wafer orifice 32 and first opening 24 are positioned in alignment with the anus such that waste discharge from the anus passes through the orifice 32 and opening 24 and into the collection bag 14. The wafer may be of a known configuration, such as those wafers currently used with conventional fecal bags sold by Hollister, Inc.

The evacuation tube 16 has a first section 34 that is positioned within the collection bag 14 in order to withdrawal waste previously discharged therein and a second section 36 that extends outwardly from the second opening 26 of the bag 14 for connection to the suction tube 18.

The first section 34 is provided with at least one opening and, more preferably a plurality of openings 38, which communicate with the interior chamber 22 of the bag 14 for receiving waste into the evacuation tube 16. In the preferred embodiment, the openings 38 comprise an opening 38 a at the proximal end of the evacuation tube 16 and openings 38 intermittently positioned along the length of the first section 34. The openings are may be of any suitable number, size or shape that allows for successful evacuate of waste from the collection bag 14. That is, the openings are of sufficient size to allow matter to be sucked into the evacuation tube 16, maintain proper suction pressure, and achieve waste removal throughout the collection bag 14.

Measured as a percentage of length, at least a portion, more preferably at least 25%, even more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75% of the first section 34 is directly attached to the collection bag 14 in order to maintain the attached portion of the evacuation tube 16 in a fixed positioned relative to the collection bag 14. By fixing the position of the evacuation tube 16 within the collection bag 16, ideal positioning of the tube 16 may be maintained and concerns of the tube inadvertently engaging the person 12 are obviated.

Ideally, the tube 16 is fixed along the bottom of the collection bag 14, taken from the view point of when the bag 14 is properly attached to a person 12 in supine position, whereby waste is assisted towards the evacuation tube 16 by gravity. Also, by fixing the position of the tube 16, the openings 38 may be maintained at a desired orientation, such as the illustrated upward facing direction. Additionally, by fixing the evacuation tube 16, the tube 16 cannot be pushed further into the bag 14 or become orientated in a position that could jab the person 12.

The second section 36 of the evacuation tube 16 extends through the second opening 26 of the bag 14 for being releasably connected to the suction tube 18. The second section 36 has a ribbed male fitting 42 over which the suction tube 18 slides for attachment thereto. Numerous other well-known means of releasably connecting together the evacuation and suction tubes 16, 18 may also be used. Optionally, a cap 44 is provided to seal off the distal end 46 of the tube when the bag 14 is not connected to the suction tube 18.

The suction tube 18 is connectable to a suction device 20, such as a centralized wall suction system as readily available in hospitals. The suction device 20 provides the necessary vacuum pressure to move the waste from the bag to a container 48 whereat the waste is collected for testing or disposal.

Referring to FIG. 4, an alternative embodiment of a non-invasive bodily waste collection system 100 is illustrated. The collection system 100 includes a collection bag 114 having an interior chamber 122, first and second openings 124, 126 and a sampling port 128; a wafer 130 attached to the bag 114 and having an orifice 132 that coincides with the first opening 124 of the bag 114 and; a suction tube 118 and a suction device 120 for removing waste from the bag 114. These elements are as described above in reference to the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 1-3, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The collection system 100 further includes an evacuation tube 116 having first and second sections 134, 136. The second section 136 is the same as that described in reference to the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 1-3, whereas the first section 134 is similar to that of the previous embodiment but wherein the proximal end 140 of the second section 136 terminates near the collection bag first opening 124. The proximal end 150 is not directly attached to the collection bag 114 and, preferably, terminates about one to three inches, and more preferably one to two inches, from the center 150 of the first opening 124 thereby being sufficiently separated from the person's anus to avoid having the tube 116 engage against the person or having difficulties in attaching the collection bag 114 to the person.

Measured in percentages of length, at least a portion, more preferably at least 25%, even more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75% of the first section 134 is directly attached to the collection bag 114 in order to maintain the attached portion of the evacuation tube 116 in a fixed positioned relative to the collection bag 114. Although the proximal end 140 of the tube 116 is not directly attached to the bag 116, by fixing other portion(s) of the evacuation tube 116 to the collection bag 114, desired positioning of the tube 16 and its proximal end 140 may be maintained.

As with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the first section 134 of the evacuation tube 116 is provided with at least one opening 138 and, more preferably a plurality of openings 138, which communicate with the interior chamber 122 of the bag 114 for receiving waste. In the preferred embodiment, the openings 138 comprise an opening 138 a at the proximal end 140 of the evacuation tube 116 and openings 138 intermittently positioned along the length of the first section 134. The openings 138 may be of any suitable number, size or shape that allows for successful evacuate of waste from the collection bag 114.

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, still another embodiment of a non-invasive bodily waste collection system 200 is illustrated. The collection system 200 includes a collection bag 214 having an interior chamber 222, first and second openings 224, 226 and a sampling port 228; a wafer 230 attached to the bag 214 and having an orifice 232 that coincides with the first opening 224 of the bag 214; and a suction tube (see e.g. FIG. 1, suction tube 18) and a suction device (see e.g. FIG. 1, suction device 20) for removing waste from the bag 214. These elements are the same as described above in reference to the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 1-3, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The collection system 200 further includes an evacuation tube 216 having first and second sections 234, 236. The second section 234 is the same as the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 1-3, whereas the first section 234 is similar to that embodiment but wherein the evacuation tube 216 and collection bag 214 are attached together in such a manner that waste is blocked from getting under the tube 216. As such, it is less likely that waste will become trapped on otherwise remain in the bag 214 after suction by the suction device (see e.g. FIG. 1, suction device 20).

At least a portion, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 75%, and most preferably at least 90% of the first section 234 is directly attached to the collection bag 214 in order to maintain the attached portion of the evacuation tube 216 in a fixed positioned relative to the collection bag 214.

Additionally, it is preferred that attachment interfaces 252 a, 252 b between the tube 216 and bag 214 allows no more than about 90%, more preferably no more than about 75%, even more preferably no more than about 50%, and most preferably no more than about 33% of the outer surface area 254 of first section 234 of the tube 216 to be exposed to the interior chamber 222 of the bag 214. Attachment between the tube 216 and collection bag 214 may be achieved by any suitable method such as, for example, by use of an adhesive or by forming these components as one unitary integral piece.

Referring to FIG. 6, in calculating the percentage of outer surface area 254 of the first section 234 that is exposed to the interior chamber 222 of the bag, an angle (α) is averaged along the length (L) ( FIG. 5) of the first section 234 and divided by 360 degrees, as follows:
Exposed outer surface area %=α average/360 degrees
Angle (α) is measured from a first segment line (S ₁) drawn from the center point (C) of the tube's passageway 256 to first attachment interface 252 a to the second segment line (S 2) drawn from the center point (C) of the tube's passageway 256 to the second attachment interface 252 b.

It is to be understood that different configurations of evacuation tubes and/or attachment interfaces may dictate that the exposed outer surface area of the first section be calculated in a different manner. Nevertheless, the principles of considering the amount of exposure area compared to the total area had the tube not been attached to the bag remain.

Referring to FIG. 5, as with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the first section 234 of the evacuation tube 216 is provided with at least one opening 238 and, more preferably a plurality of openings 238, which communicate with the interior chamber 222 of the bag 214 for receiving waste. In the preferred embodiment, the openings 238 comprise an opening 238 a at the proximal end 240 of the evacuation tube 216 and openings 238 intermittently positioned along the length of the first section 234. The openings 238 may be of any suitable number, size or shape that allows for successful evacuate of waste from the collection bag 214.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, still another embodiment of a non-invasive bodily waste collection system 300 is illustrated. The collection system 300 includes a collection bag 314 having an interior chamber 322, first and second openings 324, 326 and a sampling port 328; a wafer 330 attached to the bag 314 and having an orifice 332 that coincides with the first opening 324 of the bag 314; and a suction tube (see e.g. FIG. 4, suction tube 18) and a suction device (see e.g. FIG. 4, suction device 20) for removing waste from the bag 314. These elements are the same as described above in reference to the embodiment illustrated by FIG. 4, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The collection system 300 further includes an evacuation tube 316 having first and second sections 334, 336. The second section 336 is the same as that described in reference to the embodiment illustrated by FIG. 4, whereas the first section 334 is similar to that of the embodiment of FIG. 4 but wherein at least a portion of the evacuation tube 316 is directly attached to the collection bag 314 in a manner that waste is blocked from getting under the tube 316.

At least a portion, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 75% of the first section 334 is directly attached to the collection bag 314 in order to maintain the attached portion of the evacuation tube 316 in a fixed positioned relative to the collection bag 314. The proximal end 340 of the tube 316 remains free, i.e. only indirectly attached to the bag 316, so that it may be positioned within one to three inches, and more preferably one to two inches, from the center 350 of the first opening 324 of the bag 314.

Additionally, it is preferred that attachment interfaces 352 a, 352 b between the tube 316 and bag 314 allows no more than about 90%, more preferably no more than about 75%, even more preferably no more than about 50%, and most preferably no more than about 33% of the outer surface area 254 of first section 234 of the tube 316 to be exposed to the interior chamber 322 of the bag 314. Attachment between the tube 316 and collection bag 314 may be achieved by any suitable method such as, for example, by use of an adhesive or by forming these components as one unitary integral piece.

Referring to FIG. 8, in calculating the percentage of outer surface area 354 of the first section 334 that is exposed to the interior chamber 322 of the bag, an angle (α) is averaged along a length (L ₂) ( FIG. 8) of the first section 334, (i.e. excluding the length L 1 of proximal end 340) and divided by 360 degrees, as follows:
Exposed outer surface area %=α average/360 degrees
Angle (α) is measured from a first segment line (S ₁) drawn from the center point (C) of the tube's passageway 356 to first attachment interface 352 a to the second segment line (S 2) drawn from the center point (C) of the tube's passageway 356 to the second attachment interface 352 b.

It is to be understood that different configurations of evacuation tubes and/or attachment interfaces may dictate that the exposed outer surface area of the first section be calculated in a different manner. Nevertheless, the principles of considering the amount of exposure area compared to the total area had the tube not been attached to the bag remain.

As with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the first section 334 of the evacuation tube 316 is provided with at least one opening 338 and, more preferably a plurality of openings 338, which communicate with the interior chamber 322 of the bag 314 for receiving waste. In the preferred embodiment, the openings 338 comprise an opening 338 a at the proximal end 340 of the evacuation tube 316 and openings 338 intermittently positioned along the length of the first section 334. The openings 338, 338 a may be of any suitable number, size or shape that allows for successful evacuate of waste from the collection bag 314.

Referring to FIG. 1, in use, the collection bag first opening 24 and wafer orifice 32 are simultaneously formed by cutting the orifice 32 and openings 24 to a proper size for the person 100 to which the device is to be applied. A protective release paper (not illustrated) is removed from the wafer 30 and the collection bag 10 is non-invasively attached to the peri-anal region of the person 100 by adhesive contact. The first opening 24 and wafer orifice 32 coincide with the person's anus to allow waste to pass into the collection bag 14.

To effectively empty collection bag 14, the suction device 20 provides vacuum pressure which causes waste to be drawn into the evacuation tube 16 through the openings 38, 38 a, to the suction tube 18, then ultimately to the container 50 where it can be tested and/or disposed of. Accordingly, the collection bag 14 may be emptied and the waste stored away from the person 100 without requiring manual methods to remove the waste.

The foregoing provides a detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Although specific embodiments of a noninvasive bodily waste collection system have been described with reference to preferred embodiments and examples thereof, other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve similar results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present invention and are intended to be covered by the following claims.

That which is claimed is:

1. A noninvasive bodily waste collection apparatus, comprising:

6. A noninvasive bodily waste collection apparatus, comprising:

8. A noninvasive bodily waste collection apparatus, comprising:

13. A noninvasive bodily waste collection system, comprising:

16. The noninvasive bodily waste collection apparatus according to 13 wherein said first section includes a proximal end that is not directly attached to said collection bag and is positioned about one to three inches from a center of said first opening.

Beniamino Palmieri, et al., Ostomy/Wound Management, ISSN: 0889-5899, vol. 51, Issue 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 44-52.

www.medicaldelivered.com/drainable-fecal-collectors-box-of-10-p-37913.html, Web-page Drainable Fecal Collectors, Hollister. Model: HOL9821-BX10, effective date unknown.

www.medicaldelivered.com/drainable-fecal-collectors-box-of-10-p-37913.html, Web-page Drainable Fecal Collectors, Hollister. Model: HOL9821-BX10, effective date unknown.

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US8480640B2 - Noninvasive bodily waste collection system and methods of use - Google Patents

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A noninvasive bodily waste collection system for removing gas, solid or liquid body waste products collected from a peri-anal or stoma of the person to a suction device.

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- Vikira Johnson

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Find maps and charts showing transportation data and trends related to alternative fuels and vehicles.

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-Vikira Johnson

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Corporations are far from perfect. The majority seek to do good and provide their customers with high-quality products that work as they are intended to do so. However, even despite their best intentions, corporations make mistakes; some large and some small.

Many of these mistakes have led companies to release faulty products into the market. Whether it be automobiles with problematic issues, healthcare companies releasing products with broken packaging, or a slew of other issues that put the customer in harm's way.

When a company releases a problematic product it is detrimental to its business. Not only does it hurt sales, which threatens the existence of the company, but it also hurts a company's brand image, which can be hard to repair and sometimes impossible. If a consumer loses trust in a company they will spend their money on a competitor.

It is for this reason that a company must manage any problems efficiently and correctly. This can result in recalling the product, reimbursing customers, or any other decision that will make the company look good in a time of crisis.

Yet, despite any corrective measures, companies can still be sued and have to deal with product liability claims that end up costing the company dearly. Here is a sampling of some of the biggest product liability suits that U.S. corporations have faced.

1. Philip Morris: Tobacco Products

In 2002, Philip Morris, now known as Altria Group Inc. ( MO), faced charges in a suit filed by a woman who had lung cancer and claimed that smoking cigarettes had caused her sickness and that her tobacco addiction was caused by the tobacco company's failure to warn her of the risks of smoking. The company was ordered to pay punitive damages of a whopping $28 billion and $850,000 in compensatory damages. Philip Morris appealed the case and nine years later the amount was reduced to $28 million.

2. General Motors Co.: Automobile Parts

In March 2008, GM faced a product liability suit that claimed a damaging chemical was used in its Dex-Cool coolant, which caused leaks and engine damage. A class-action suit was filed on behalf of about 35 million GM customers for approximately $150 million. The customers who filed the suit ended up receiving individual payments in the range of $50 to $800.

3. Dow Corning: Silicone Breast Implants

In 1998, Dow Corning, a joint venture of The Dow Chemical Co. ( DOW) and Corning Inc. ( GLW), reached a settlement in which it agreed to pay $3.2 billion as part of a class-action suit filed by customers who claimed that their silicone breast implants were rupturing, causing injury, bodily damage, and scleroderma. Each individual woman would receive between $12,000 to $60,000. The company would also pay $5,000 to women wishing to remove their implants and $25,000 to women whose implants had ruptured.

4. General Motors Co.: Automobile Parts

In August 1999, General Motors faced a personal injury and product liability lawsuit claiming a faulty gas tank on its 1979 Chevrolet Malibu that caused gas tank explosions that severely burned six individuals when their cars were hit from the rear. The plaintiffs sued for $4.9 billion in punitive damages. The victims were able to present evidence that showed GM knew of the problem but did nothing to fix it because of the associated costs.

5. Owens Corning: Asbestos Building Materials

In December 1998, Owens Corning Corp. ( OC) agreed to pay $1.2 billion to settle asbestos-related product liability lawsuits claiming that its asbestos building materials caused mesothelioma cancer and death. There were 176,000 individuals involved in this product liability case. This lawsuit eventually grew to include 237,000 claims and Owens stated it could not afford the debt and filed for bankruptcy.

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The 5 Largest U.S. Product Liability Cases

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Corporations are far from perfect. The majority seek to do good and provide their customers with high-quality products that work as they are intended to do so. However, even despite their best intentions, corporations make mistakes; some large and some small. Many of these mistakes have led companies to release faulty products into the market.