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Out of all biomes, the tundra is the coldest one. The temperature is always super low and there are very short growing seasons. The only plants that are able to grow in the tundra are shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens. No trees or any other plants can survive the harsh climate. No trees are able to grow because the soil is frozen 25-90cm under the surface. The subsoil in a tundra is called permafrost which is permanently frozen soil. There are two main seasons in the tundra biome, winter and summer. In the winter, it is very cold and dark and the average temperature is around -18 degrees. In the summer, the temperatures rise to 54 degrees in the daytime on average and at nighttime it drops to below freezing.

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The tundra regions make up some of the coldest regions on Earth. The temperature range is from 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit and winter temperatures can reach -30 to -50 degrees Fahrenheit. The tundra receives very little rainfall, the average amount of rainfall a year is 6-10 inches. Precipitation falls as snow in the winter and in the summer it is there as rain or fog. The climate is constantly changing in the tundra biome, the fast melting of permafrost threatens to accelerate climate change in the tundra because, permafrost stores a large percentage of carbon.

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In the tundra biome, the layer of soil above the permafrost is considered the active layer becomes saturated like a wet sponge. The tundra contains ponds, lakes, bogs, marshes, and river and stream corridor wetlands. The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. The latitude affects the climate because the tundra biome is far away from the equator which means lower temperatures.
Insolation
temperature changes tend to be small because of the high insolation in the summer and low insolation in the winter. The tundra is farther away from the equator so it receives less insolation.

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Even though the tundra has a harsh climates, plants still adapt and thrive there. Some plants found there are, arctic moss, bearberry, caribou moss, Labrador tea, and arctic willow. Arctic moss has tiny rootlets instead of roots due to permafrost. Also grows is lake and bogs bottoms where it gets most of its nutrients, it stores a lot of the unused nutrients in the leaves for the next spring in order to grow again. Bearberry is a low growing plant and uses that adaptation to stay out of the way of the harsh winds. They have leathery leaves that keep moisture and heat inside of them. Caribou moss is actually a lichen, it grows on rocks and grows to be about 4 inches high. This plant can go a long time without water, it just grows dry and becomes dormant when there is not water and/or light. Labrador tea has fuzz on the underside of its leaves and it is an adaptation to retain moisture. Last, there is arctic willow and it grows close to the ground to be out of the way of the wind and it also has fuzz on the underside of it to retain heat.

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The mammals that are present in the tundra biome are, arctic fox, arctic hare, caribou, musk ox, and polar bear. The arctic fox is adapted to survive these extremely cold climates by, having fur on their paws, having a thick, dense coat of fur around their bodies, short ears, a small body, and a bushy tail that they use to wrap around their body. The arctic hare has an all white coat in the winter and may change to a blue-grey / grey-brown color coat in the summer. They also have large hind feet in order to move quickly across the snow. They have large claws so they can dig into the snow to find moss or lichens to eat. For the caribou, both male and female have antlers that they shed at different times of the year. The male sheds his after mating season and the female sheds hers in the summer. The musk ox has an outer coat made of long brown hairs and an inner coat made of wool to keep warm. Males and females both grow horns for protection. Lastly, the polar bear appears to have a white coat however, the hairs are actually clear. Their skin under the fur is black. The coat and skin are adapted to absorb sunlight and retain heat.

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Arctic moss is a plant in the tundra biome that has tiny rootlets instead of roots due to extreme permafrost. It grows in lake bottoms and bogs and gets most of its nutrients from there. It stores a lot of unused nutrients in its leaves for the next spring so it can grow again.
Labrador tea has fuzz on the underside of the leaves and this is an adaptation to retain moisture. The brown hairs comb moisture from ground fog, and it acts like a sponge to retain water.

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Polar bear- A polar bear has long stiff hair in between their feet for traction to walk on the ground and keep their feet from being cold in the tundra. They have hollow fur to trap air inside to keep them warm. They have small rounded ears to prevent water from getting inside their ear and freezing in their eardrum. They also have a thick layer of fat to keep them warm in the winter. The color of their fur helps them blend in with the snow.
Caribou- In the winter, the pads of their hooves shrink and the hair in between their toes covers the pads to keep them warm. They are also adapted to feed on lichens, they have a large stomach to digest them. Their hair on the outside is hollow to keep them warm and helps them swim. Also, their coat fades into a light beige color to help them camouflage and hide from predators.

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The threats to the tundra biome are, the oil, gas, and mining industries. Drilling wells can thaw permafrost. Also, heavy vehicles and pipeline construction can damage the soil and prevent vegetation from returning. This also increases the risk of toxic spills. All of these threats could harm many things, it can harm the climate by air pollution, and harm the animals that are living in the tundra biome.

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The producer has the most amount of energy. Producers get their energy from the sun. They have 100% of the energy.

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90% of the energy is lost from the producers so they only receive 10%. The biomass starts to decrease and the energy.

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The secondary consumer only receives 10% of the energy from the primary consumer. The biomass, energy, and abundance continues to decrease.

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The tertiary consumer receives the least amount of energy, they get 0.1%. They only get 10% of the energy from the secondary consumer. The biomass still decreases.