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PTSD

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-Directly experienced a traumatic event
- Intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
- Hypervigilance
-Sleep Disturbance
(Barlow & Durand, 2015, American Psychiatric Association, 2013)

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Individuals with acute stress disorder commonly engage in catastrophic or extremely negative thoughts about their role in the traumatic event, their response to the traumatic experience, or the likelihood of future harm.

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Distress: His emotions cause him and others around him significant distress
Dysfunction: Courage is not able to function as a normal dog due to his reactions to events
Danger: Often putting himself in harm's way to protect his owners

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Duration, Intensity, and Frequency of symptoms

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Duration, Intensity, and Frequency of symptoms

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Duration: Around 20 minutes per episode (52 episodes)
Intensity: Interferes with daily life and has a constant effect on him
Frequency: Very frequent, with small bursts of calmness. Sometimes has several nervous outbreaks per episode

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In the United States, projected lifetime risk for PTSD using DSM-IV criteria at age 75 years is 8.7%. Twelve-month prevalence among U.S. adults is about 3.5%. Lower estimates are seen in Europe and most Asian, African, and Latin American countries, clustering around 0.5%-L0%. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)

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Courage is often very paranoid something will happen to his owners similar to what to happened to his parents.

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As an infant his parents were abducted and sent into space by an evil Veterinarian. Since that event, Courage has been terrified of everything around him.

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American Psychiatric Association. (2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (5th ed.). Author: Arlington, VA.

Barlow, D. H., &amp; Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th ed). Boston: Cengage.

Mittal D, Drummond KL, Blevins D, Curran G, Corrigan P, Sullivan G. Stigma associated with PTSD: perceptions of treatment seeking combat veterans. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2013 Jun;36(2):86-92. doi: 10.1037/h0094976. PMID: 23750758.

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Exposure Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Medications can be helpful to treat symptoms
(Barlow & Durand, 2015)

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-Military Veterans are most common for having PTSD
-Individuals are prone to violence
(Mittal et al.,  2013)