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Goossens, B., Salgado-Lynn, M., Rovie-Ryan, J. J., Ahmad, A. H., Payne, J., Zainuddin, Z. Z., ... & Ambu, L. N. (2013). Genetics and the last stand of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. Oryx, 47(3), 340-344.

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Rabinowitz, A. (1995). Helping a species go extinct: the Sumatran rhino in Borneo. Conservation Biology, 9(3), 482-488.

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Havmøller, R. G., Payne, J., Ramono, W., Ellis, S., Yoganand, K., Long, B., ... & Talukdar, B. K. (2016). Will current conservation responses save the Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis?. Oryx, 50(2), 355-359.

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Nardelli, F. (2014). The last chance for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Pachyderm, 55, 43-53.

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Kretzschmar, P., Kramer-Schadt, S., Ambu, L., Bender, J., Bohm, T., Ernsing, M., ... & Thayaparan, S. T. (2016). The catastrophic decline of the Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni) in Sabah: Historic exploitation, reduced female reproductive performance and population viability. Global ecology and conservation, 6, 257-275.

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Get the community involved! Hold community meetings about the conservation issues and educate them about the negative effects of poaching and habitat loss as well as the significance of protecting Sumatran rhinos.

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There are laws protecting rhinos, but law enforcement is weak and lenient. Conservation officers can better enforce park boundaries and hunting laws to limit wildlife poaching.

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Captive breeding programs allow Sumatran Rhinos to live and breed while protected by humans. This would allow Sumatran rhinos to increase their genetic diversity in a safe environment. There is already a program in Sumatra, which has the potential to grow. Once rhinos mature, they can be released into the wild.

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More areas set aside for wildlife conservation means more protected habitat for Sumatran rhinos to thrive in without human disturbance.

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The large size of Sumatran rhinos makes it easier for poachers to spot them in the forest. Furthermore, habitat loss leads rhinos closer to human settlements in search of food resources, which increases potential rhino-human interactions.

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Fragmented habitat can look like patches. This disconnect between home ranges can limit which rhinos can mate with each other, which subsequently limits gene flow. If adult rhinos cannot leave their patch, for instance, they cannot breed with individuals outside their gene pool and inbreeding can occur. Inbreeding limits genetic diversity.

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Poaching adult rhinos removes them from the wild population. This limits the amount of individuals who can reproduce, reduces their population growth rate, and decreases genetic diversity/variation in the wild population.

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Much of Sumatra's tropical rainforests are being transformed into palm oil plantations or stripped of its timber forests for the (legal and illegal) logging industry, thereby limiting the resources available to rhinos to forage upon.

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Humans fragment Indonesia rainforests to make way for roads and new villages, leaving only small patches of old growth rainforests for rhinos to live.

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Humans illegally harvest Sumatran rhinos for their horns to use in traditional medicines.

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Extrinsic Factors Affecting Extinction Risks

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Extrinsic Factors Affecting Extinction Risks

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Rhinos are big! Big creatures require lots of land and resources to survive.

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Sumatran rhinos do not breed easily in captivity or the wild. Their gestation, calf rearing, and birth interval lengths are also long
(4+ years), which makes reproduction a limiting factoring in population recovery.

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a small population has low genetic diversity, which can lead to reduced gene variation and inbreeding

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Sumatran rhinos, although once present across Southeast Asia, can now only be found in Indonesia such as on the island of Sumatra

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Intrinsic Factors Affecting Extinction Risks

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Intrinsic Factors Affecting Extinction Risks

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~30 individuals are left in the wild.

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The Sumatran rhino has been listed as critically endangered since its addition to the IUCN Red List.

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Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

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Critically Endangered