# data[].attributes.body
Claude Debussy was a twenty-century composer who lived between 1862-1918. He was famous for the way he used instruments in his music, with a famous example being "Clair De Lune".

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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French General and Emperor. He ruled during the late 1700´s and early 1800´s. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769. He has won the most battles in French history and in world history. Napoleon won 56 out of his 60 battles. He is widely known as the best general ever and a french icon.

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Jules was a french author who was often referred as the "Father of Science Fiction". He wrote his first novel at the age of 35. He was the second most translated author on earth, writing books about a variety of innovations and technological advancements years before they were practical realities.
-Nadiah Flores

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Louis Pasteur was a scientist born in 1822 who studied Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology, along with many other things. He discovered that tiny germs are what caused diseases to spread. He also discovered pasteurization, which was a way to kill the harmful organisms in beverages. He even created a vaccine for Rabies and Anthrax. He made life a lot safer for people today.

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Jeanne D'arc was born in Domrémy-la-Pucelle, France around 1412. Joan Of Arc was 19, when she asked King Charles to lend him an army as they were under siege. He did as she asked and in doing so, Jeanne managed to make the Anglo Burgundians retreat back to the Loire river. She helped defeat the English and saved France. As she grew more powerful, the leaders weer worried and then Charles betrayed her. Jeanne was captured. She was held accountable of 70 charges and was burned at stake. She was 19 when she died.

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Marie Tussaud was born on December 1st, 1761. She was a French artist known for her wax sculptures. She also founded the Madame Tussaud in London.

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Paul Pogba was born in Lagny-sur-Marne, France. He's a professional soccer player that has had earned a lot of achievements throughout his career. Paul Pogba plays for Manchester United and the French national team. Hes a midfielder and one of the best, most known, skillful play makers there is in the world.

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Charles Perrault is a French Author who wrote children's books including "Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Puss and Boots" etc. He was born in Paris, France and lived between the ages of 1628-1703. He died at the age of 75 due to natural causes.

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Kylian Mbappe was born in Paris, France on December 20th, 1998. He is a really famous soccer player that plays for the International team of France and PSG. He wears number 10 for France and wears the number 7 for the team of PSG.

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Zinedine Zidane was born in 1972 on the 23rd of june in Marseille, France. He was a professional soccer player and played for France's National Team. He is one of the greatest soccer players. After his retirement he went on to coach Real Madrid and left in 2018 saying that he had no hope in the team anymore. He was the first French coach for real madrid in its 110 years of existence

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1WIN официальный сайт ᐉ Лучшие коэффициенты и широкая линия событий

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⏩Интернет-ресурс 1win обладает большими возможностями по части азартных развлечений. ⚡ Несмотря на свою молодость, компания имеет положительные рекомендации от опытных игроков и авторитетных ресурсов. ➤

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Coco Chanel is known for innovating women's fashion. She was a fashion designer who made not only clothes, but invented the shoulder bag, along with perfumes and other accessories.  She designed her own tombstone (crazy!) and her favorite color was black (which is why she's known for the little black dresses!) She grew up in a poor family but that didn't stop her from becoming the world's most famous fashion designers! Like she says, "Success is most often achieved by those who don't know that failure is inevitable"!!!

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Christian Dior was born in Granville, France on January 21,1905. He was a famous French designer and was also part of the french army. He passed away due to a heart attack on October 24,1957 in Montecatini, Italy. But his legacy continued even after he passed as his brand is still in work.

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Rene lacoste is a fashion designer and former tennis player which was france's best tennis player,he created/co founded lacoste.He was also the inventor of the polo and was the first designer to put the logo on the outside to showcase the brand,and the brands name "lacoste" and inspiration came from rene's nick name "le crocodile".
Rene lacoste's son anniversaire est le deux juillet and died on october 12th.

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Louis Braille was born here in the year of 1809. He is famous for inventing a touchable system for the blind to learn how to read and write. He passed away in the year of 1852 at the age of 43 years old. He passed away due to his illness, which was tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a bacteria that damages the lungs.

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Christian Louboutin was born in Paris France in 1963. He is a French footwear designer and is recognized for the red soles of the heels. Louboutin stores are all over the world.

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Louis Vuitton was born on August 8, 1821. He was famous for his designer products. He died at the age of 70. And died in Asnieres-Sur Seine, France. He was very well known, even if you don't know him, you will still recognize his name from his luxury brand.

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Oscar Claude Monet was an artist who was born in Paris, France on November, 14 1840 and was the founder of impressionism art and lived to 89 Years old.

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The birthplace of Ambroise Pare, the father of modern surgery

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"There are five duties of surgery: to remove what is superfluous, to restore what has been dislocated, to separate what has grown together, to reunite what has been divided, and to redress the defects of nature." - Ambroise Paré [1]

During the 1537 siege of Turin, a young French barber-surgeon abandoned the conventional wisdom about the treatment of bullet wounds, giving rise to a revolution in surgical techniques and pedagogy. Ambroise Paré was not a physician - it was not until more recent centuries that it became usual for a surgeon to be a holder of a MD degree - but his dedication to empirical observation and reasoning elevated the position of the barber-surgeon. He set the stage for the modern melding of scientific medicine and the invasive procedures that define surgery at the turn of the 21st century.

Paré brought to the field of surgery a revelation: that a surgeon might treat patients while simultaneously limiting the pain resulting from treatment. Although his initial discoveries came when he was young surgeon and well ingrained in the old Galenic tradition of medical practices and beliefs, Paré's revelation on the battlefields of Italy prepared him to take on the surgical establishment. He replaced an ancient system with one based primarily upon the ability of a surgeon to promote healing in the very tissues that his art tore apart.

The Galenic system - a method of medicine that, before the 16th century, meant a dedication to theory over empirical knowledge - had dominated medicine since the second century. Galen, a Greek physician in the Roman Empire, produced voluminous works on the treatment of diseases and the anatomy of the human body [ 2]. While Galen averred that personal observation was a necessary part of medical education, his advice was not often followed by later physicians. His fierce character and the strength of his writings meant that his teachings were taken as dogma by physicians in the Roman, Muslim, and, later, European empires. Instead of observing the actual forms of the body, Galen's theories and frequently fantastical anatomies were accepted as truth, unchallenged by what one might personally observe [ 3].

The dogmatic quality of Galenism meant that physicians until the Renaissance - and in many ways until the 19th century - did not practice a medicine based on practical observation, experience, and empirical analysis. The treatments proscribed by Galen and the earlier Hippocratic writings were first comprehensively challenged by Paré and the anatomical writings of Paré's contemporary, Andreas Vesalius.

By the 16th century, the Hôtel Dieu - the Parisian hospital where Paré trained - had become a renowned place of medical learning. Its association with the Faculté de Médecine of the University of Paris made the Hôtel Dieu an extension of the traditional (Galenic) school of medicine. This extended to the types of surgical procedures performed by those associated with the venerable institution. While the physicians, who constituted the faculté, were those most educated in diagnostic and academic medical practice, the practical tasks were left to barber-surgeons. Barber-surgeons were trained in extended apprenticeships and, sometimes, continued studies at public hospitals. Unlike modern hospitals, these were often repositories for the destitute and indigent that offered primarily palliative treatments [ 4].

It was Ambroise Paré's experience at the Hôtel Dieu that permitted him to serve as a surgeon to the French army and, thus, to make many innovations during his long career. By the time Paré entered the Hôtel Dieu, barber-surgeons were incorporated into the education system of the University of Paris. They could attend lectures on anatomy and surgery delivered by the faculté and could take the master-barber's examination to receive professional recognition from the faculté [ 5].

Paré was too poor at the time of his departure for the Italian front to pay for this examination, but would pass it following his return [ 6]. In general, however, the physicians would diagnose and order the administration of certain procedures, which were carried out by the barber-surgeons who also cut hair and pulled teeth to maintain their livelihood [ 7]. The crude physicality of their professions aside, the barber-surgeons were thus much more intimately aware of the means of performing surgical procedures in Renaissance France than their more highly esteemed physician counterparts.

The barber-surgeons before Paré expected that any sort of surgical technique would require that the patient experience pain, sometimes pain so extreme that the subject would lose consciousness during the procedure. His realization that one might act gently in the capacity of a surgeon and that such gentleness actually might improve the lot of his patients was transformative. Pain relief was extremely limited in the 16th century - opium, henbane, mandrake, and strong spirits being the only offerings - and a quick, painful procedure often meant survival in a pre-antibiotic era. Tremendous pain was an accepted part of surgery. For Paré, the benefits of a gentle hand during surgery would soon become a clear means of reducing the suffering of his patients.

Paré made his break from the traditional practices in 1537 when he ran out of the boiling oil solution conventionally used to "detoxify" and cauterize wounds caused by gunpowder-driven projectiles. He replaced this harsh treatment with a soothing balm made from egg yolks, rose oil, and turpentine. The next morning, he was astonished to find the recipients of his new treatment were resting easily while those who suffered the cauterizing oil were "feverish" and afflicted with "great pain and swelling about the edges of their wounds" [ 8].

Seeing the dramatic difference between the "proper" and improvised treatments, Paré resolved to only treat cases with procedures he had personally observed to be useful. This resulted in such innovations as the use of ligatures in amputations, treatments for sucking chest wounds, and a cure for chronic ulcers of the skin [ 7, 9]. Although this experimentally driven medicine did not come to define the physician's practice until the rise of the Paris Clinic in the 19th century, these first writings established an important foundation of empiricism in European medicine.

Ambroise Paré's career was distinguished by his reliance on personal experience, but he was able to exert a powerful influence by abandoning the academic tradition of writing in Latin in favor of the vernacular French. By writing in his native language, Paré was able to produce a series of volumes renowned for their clarity of form and easily accessible to his fellow barber-surgeons [ 10]. His reliance upon the experiences of a long and notable career (he was often away at wars, attending high officials and, later, kings) gave his arguments heft and allowed him to share his new techniques with a wide audience. Previous barber-surgeons did not record their experiences and did not have ready access to the Latin texts available to the faculté.

Ambroise Paré's publications went beyond the descriptions of procedures and his books included illustrations of the instruments he employed, another groundbreaking innovation for surgical texts. These features strengthened Paré's arguments and gave his teachings great strength among barber-surgeons, physicians, and their clients. Paré's clear writing and use of the vernacular, backed by decades of practical experience, ensured that his texts and techniques would become the foundation of a new surgery.

Ambroise Paré's numerous technical innovations and literary contributions to the art of surgery were deeply felt in the continued development of surgery following the 16th century. His use of the vernacular encouraged later surgeons to do the same and his focus on novel surgical principles established a strong foundation upon which the modern institution of surgery is built. His emphasis on techniques that minimized the damage done to the tissues of the patient has guided the development of the gentle art of surgery in the many centuries since his writings first appeared. Although his writings and techniques appeared during a time in which surgery was a separate realm from medicine proper, physicians and surgeons can now look to Paré as the founder of modern surgery, a restorative process that heals the body with minimal suffering.

Further reading

For more resources on the history of medicine, I recommend the works primarily referenced in the preparation of this article: Dr. Sherwin Nuland's Doctors: The Biography of Medicine, Roy Porter's The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity, and Great Ideas in the History of Surgery by Leo Zimmerman and Ilza Veith.

For those seeking more information specifically on Ambroise Paré, a number of good older texts are available: Stephen Paget's Ambroise Paré and His Times, 1510-1590 (1897) (Available for free and in total from Google books), Francis Packard's Life and Times of Ambroise Paré, 1510-1590 (1921) (also available from Google books), Wallace Hamby's Ambroise Paré: Surgeon of the Renaissance (1967), Surgery and Ambroise Paré by J. F. Malgaigne, edited by Wallace B. Hamby (1965), and a bibliography by Janet Doe, A Bibliography of the Works of Ambroise Paré (1937).

The works of Paré can be found in The Apologie and Treatise of Ambroise Paré, edited by Geoffrey Keynes (1952), Ambroise Paré's Ten Books of Surgery with the Magazine of the Instruments Necessary for It, R.W. Linker, N. Womack, translators (1969), and The Collected Works of Ambroise Paré, Thomas Johnson, translator (1968).

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Surgery issue: Ambroise Paré and the Birth of the Gentle Art of Surgery

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"There are five duties of surgery: to remove what is superfluous, to restore what has been dislocated, to separate what has grown together, to reunite what has been divided, and to redress the defects of nature."

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Zeynab

Marie De Medici was born in Florence Italy and was the queen of france and also built the Luxembourg Palace.

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Arthur Rimbaud born in Charleville, France. He was a french poet, and lived between 1854-1891. He had a crazy lover who attempted to kill him twice, seriously injuring him on the second attempt. He died of a tumor on his knee. He started doing poetry at the ages of 10 and continued his career till he was 20. He out of the blue decided to stop doing poetry, and according to what I heard he wanted to be a politician also he joined the war that went on during his time period. But he quit that too after three months. He had a supportive mother but his father was hardly ever there for him.
-Jessenia Diaz

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Pierre L'Enfant was a french military engineer who was born in august 2nd, 1754. He designed the basic plan for Washington DC.

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Louis Vuitton was born in Jura, France in August 4, 1821. Louis worked as a craftsman in luggage and designed bags until he made his own store and expanded his designs. His brand can be found all across the world and is the most luxurious.

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Napoleon Bonaparte was a Military leader during the 19th century. He had conquered many parts of Europe and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He's been known to impact the ways of Military training and wrote a civil code for the French.

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Marion Cotillard is a french actress and musician. She has received many recognition and has won many awards, including, an academy award, British academy film award, and many more...

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Nostradamus was french astrologer born on December 14th, 1503. He is most famous for his creepily accurate prediction of the future. He even has prediction for this year. His book is still being read by many people today.

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Saint Joan of Arc is the national heroine of France. She was born in Domremy-la-Puccele, 1412. Joan, at age of 19, led the French army to victory against the English at Orleans. She was later then captured by the French, given to the English and burned at a stake as a witch. Her ashes were gathered and scattered in the Seine river.

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Joan of Arc - Death, Facts & Accomplishments

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Martyr, saint and military leader Joan of Arc, acting under divine guidance, led the French army to victory over the English during the Hundred Years’ War.

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Edith Piaf was a french singer and became popular in the late 1930s. Edith Piaf's most popular song is La vie en rose, which she wrote in 1945 and realized in 1947. She inspired many people one of which was Elton John. She was the inspiration for his song the caged songbird. Edith Piaf's name used to be Edith Giovanni Gassion before she changed it, to Edith Piaf. She changed her name after a manger started calling her La môme piaf, which is partisan slang for the little sparrow.

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Coco Chanel (Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel) was born in 1883 and is widely known across the world as a French fashion designer. She is known for her famous little black dress and Chanel No. 5 (Eau de parfum). She's known for making "sporty, casual chic" the new feminine style standard post World War I.

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Marie Curie was a Polish-French chemist and physicist. She was born on November 7, 1867. She is famous for her contributions in radioactivity, discovering the 2 elements radium and polonium, and for being the first woman to win 2 Nobel Prizes. She died on July 4, 1934, of anemia caused by exposure to large amounts of radiation.

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Marquis de Lafayette | French General | Politician |

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Lafayette was a French General. He was born in Chavaniac in 1757. He was known as a fearless hero. He had gone to America when he was 19 years old and was the French General for the American Revolutionary War and fought alongside George Washington. He impacted America by donating money and volunteering to help Americans during the Revolutionary War.

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Christan dior was born on January 21st 1905 in Granville on the coast of Normandy france. He was a french fashion designer that stated his own company. Before though he droped out of school to do his favorite thing which scetches and would sell them for 10 cents each. He was also highly superstitious because his parents also owned a company and had a ton and loads of money.

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Marie Antoinette was originally from Vienna, Austria but after an arranged marriage, at the age of 14, with King Louis XVI she moved to France. In France, Marie became a queen. The French people didn’t necessarily like her. Marie took part in the French revolution and is the last queen of France.

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Kylian Mbappe is a french soccer player born on December 20, 1998 and was the 2nd teenager next to Pele to score a goal in the World Cup Final. He now plays with Paris Saint-German with Lionel Messi and Neymar.

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The band Daft Punk originated from Paris and from there became on of the biggest bands in the world using "electronic dance music"

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Jean Paul Gaultier is a world-famous designer. He is born in Paris in 1952. He has been iconic since the 80s and is known as a rebel. He worked with international stars such as Madonna, Marion Cotillard, Naomi Watts and Kylie Minogue

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A French prêt-a-porter and haute couture designer, Jean Paul Gaultier was born in Arcueil on 24 th April 1952. He never formally got educated or trained as a designer; instead Gaultier sent his sketches to popular couture designers from an early age. In 1970, after being impressed by his drawings, Pierre Cardin hired Gaultier as an assistant. A year later, he took a break in order to work with Jacques Esterel before returning to administer Pierre Cardin fashion house for a year in Manila.

In 1976, he released his first collection and since then he has been recognized as the enfant terrible of the fashion industry in France. His designs have been developed using diverse approaches based on popular culture, street war or have reflected playfulness and bizarreness. Most people at the time found his creativity as decadent, but individuals like Melka Tréanton from Elle, Catherine Lardeur and Claude Brouet from Marie Claire were impressed and seduced by his designs and helped Gaultier launch his career.

By the end of 1980s, he suffered from personal losses. His business partner and lover Francis Menugue died of some causes related to AIDS. Although this was heart wrenching for Gaultier, he made himself busy with his business. In the 1990s, he created some extraordinary sculptured outfits for Madonna for her Confessions Tour and Blond Ambition Tour. Other musical artists for whom he has designed outfits, include Mylène Farmer, Marilyn Manson, Kylie Minogue, and Leslie Cheung

In addition to this, he designed wardrobes of many films, including The Fifth Element by Luc Bresson; Kika by Pedro Almodóvar; The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover by Peter Greenaway; and The City of Lost Children by Jean Pierre Jeunet.

His choice of models is shockingly eccentric for the fashion industry, since he uses old men, fat women, tattooed and pierced models in his shows. Because of this, he faced criticism and popularity simultaneously.

Apart from fashion designing, Jean Paul Gaultier associated himself with the music industry as well by releasing dance singles and a music album that included mixes by George Shilling, Norman Cook, Mark Saunders, Tim Atkins, David Dorrell, Latin Rascals and so on.

Moreover, he is known for sponsoring an exhibition entitled Brave heart: Men in Skirts, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It was a retrospective of works by Rudi Gernreich, Vivienne Westwood and Dries van Noten. Gaultier designed a collection of skirts for men in 1985. He also collaborated with Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 2011 to organize a show called The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk.

In 2012, Gaultier was included in the jury panel at the Cannes Film Festival. This was the first time that a person belonging to the fashion industry was made a part of the jury. The same year he participated in Cali in the Expo-Show, flaunting his collection of fragrances and classic outfits. In the same year , he was appointed as the creative director of Diet Coke and his job involved tasks like pitching in creative ideas for the commercial campaigns of the company, as well as for the online projects and retail events. Following the footsteps of Roberto Cavalli, Gianfranco Ferre, Matthew Williamson and Karl Lagerfeld, he designed limited edition bottles as well.

Jean Paul Gaultier collaborated with Puig to create a perfume line. They created fragrances like Le Mâle, Classique, Fragile, Ma Dame, Kokorico and some more.

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Jean Paul Gaultier | Fashion Designer Biography

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A French prêt-a-porter and haute couture designer, Jean Paul Gaultier was born in Arcueil on 24 th April 1952. He never formally got educated or trained as a designer; instead Gaultier sent his sketches to popular couture designers from an early age. In 1970, after being impressed by his drawings, Pierre Cardin hired Gaultier as an assistant.