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1. Each group is assigned one green, one blue, and one purple timeline post. Click on the word bubble on the bottom right of the post to comment. Use comments to answer the questions on the posts.
2. Click on the word bubble on the bottom right to view comments.

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Burial mounds predate structures like cities and monuments.

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Prehistoric to Earliest Civilizations (15 MYA to 10,000 YBP).

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Prehistoric to Earliest Civilizations (15 MYA to 10,000 YBP).

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Humans transition from foraging to agriculture. 10 MYA to 3,000 BCE.

Distribution of humans across all continents except Antarctica. Hunting, gathering, nomadic lifestyles transitioning to sedentary ones, earliest crop cultivation and fermentation products. Advanced sedentary lifestyles, Neolithic ~10, 000 YBP to flourishing civilizations ~ 5000 YBP.

Origins of written languages, the simplest cities, metalworking, agriculture.

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Who pioneered this technology? When?
How does this method work?

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When did this technology appear?
How does this method work?

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When did this technology appear?
How does this method work?

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When did this technology appear?
How does this method work?

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What is maize? Does wild maize exist? Is maize a product of breeding, GM, or both? What do we use maize for? Are there heirloom varieties? Attach a photo.

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Massive construction projects paralleled advances in agriculture. Knowledge was compiled, written, and shared. 

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Flourishing civilizations on every continent except Antarctica. Early empires. Ancient wonders of the world. ~5000 YBP to 0 CE. Stonehenge, the Pyramids, the Vikings, Mesoamerican Pyramids. Institutions of philosophy, politics, science, and learning. Compiled, written knowledge of botany. Trade of plants, goods, and information.

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Ages of middle empires. Continued work in philosophy. Exponential growth of STEM knowledge. Accelerated trade. 0 CE to ~ 1400. Glory and fall of Mesoamerican cultures.

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Principles and factor of inheritance are still unclear, but plant breeding explodes in Europe. Tulipomania and imperialism reach their height. 

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Colonialism, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment fuel growth of naturalism in Europe 1400 CE - 1850 CE. Colonization of the New World and southern hemisphere. European study of New World plants, study landscape and plant ecology, carefully breed their plants to succeed in the New World and New World plants to succeed in Europe. Loss of indigenous knowledge. Theories of evolution and inheritance. Gregor Mendel studies inheritance and is forgotten. Industrial revolution. Innovations in animal husbandry and studies of plant and animal anatomy.

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With the principles of inheritance clear, plant breeding is more carefully applied to agriculture. Early modern varieties of today's major crops appear.

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Rapidly growing knowledge of chemistry and physics. Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's notes solidifies theories of inheritance. Discovery of mutagenic radiation. DDT is first synthesized. Intensive use of toxic herbicides and pesticides begins.

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Who pioneered this technology? When?
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Who pioneered this technology?
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The famous x-ray crystallography visualization of the structure of DNA. This identified DNA as the factor of inheritance. 

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Continued development in STEM. DNA visualized by Rosalind Franklin and Watson & Crick, understood as the factor of inheritance. A better understanding of non-Mendellian inheritance (traits that aren't inherited according to simple Mendellian patterns).

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What is ploidy number? What are genome duplications? How can these be used to improve crops? What is an example of a triploid crop? What is an example of a hexaploid crop? When did these examples appear?

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Norman Borlaug is credited with lifesaving plant breeding projects. 

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Green Revolution. Significant funding of breeding and extension services leads to significant increase in yields of major crops. Dr. Norm Borlaug credited with saving the lives of over 1B people by creating high-yield varieties of food crops. Push for improved food crops across Mexico and Asia. Early work with molecular techniques to expand plant breeding possibilities.

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What is a patent? What protections does a GM Patent provide to a seed company? What does this mean for farmers?

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Who pioneered this technology? How does this method work?

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What are Bt traits? Are they products of breeding, GM, or both?

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Who pioneered this technology?
How does this method work?

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Continued study of molecular techniques with applications in plant breeding. Rural Advancement Foundation International publishes a study that the US has lost 93% of its agricultural diversity since 1900.

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Gene Editing (Crispr-Cas# Applications) G5

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Gene Editing (Crispr-Cas# Applications) G5

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What is CRISPR? What is Cas9? Are there other Cas# proteins? Briefly, what can Crispr-Cas do? Are there applications in plant breeding/GM for Crispr-Cas?

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What was the FlavrSavr tomato? Who developed it? When? Was this a product of breeding or GM?

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What is Canola? Does wild Canola exist? Is Canola a product of breeding, GM, or both? Attach a photo. Are there heirloom varieties?

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 Architectural Draft of the Bayer Plant Science Building  at Texas Tech University, completed in 2018.

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Study of epigenetics, genomics, and other -omics ives biologists powerful tools to screen plant traits, understand phenotypic plasticity, and quickly examine genetic diversity of germplasm. Most GMOs appear. Increasingly, seed companies are purchased and owned by larger corporations. DowDuPont, BASF, Limagrain, ChemChina Syngenta, Land o'Lakes, KWS AG, Sakata, and DLF remain the world's largest seed corporations control. They control nearly 70 of seed market share.

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What are RoundUp Ready Traits? What are examples of similar traits? Why would RoundUp Ready Traits be desirable?

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Monsanto led many of the breeding and GM projects mentioned in class. Monsanto acquired a terrible reputation because 1) of their hostile business practices, especially towards producers in defense of their intellectual property rights, 2) because products like RoundUp weren't regulated carefully enough, and 3) because of fears about stewardship and safety of GMOs.

Bayer CropScience, the agricultural division of the German pharmaceutical giant, purchased Monsanto in 2018. Does that mean Bayer is the new bad-faith player? Bayer has a far better reputation, but you should know that it includes Monsanto.

BASF, another ag sciences giant, also purchased many of Bayer's breeding and GM projects in 2018.