# data[].attributes.body
it was a mans jobs to provide for his family, defend honor, masculine and powerful. a poor man would work to support family before he was out of school.

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Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet there are quite a few examples of gender roles. When Paris had asked Lord Capulet if he could marry Juliet and he said no, you must woo her and see if she likes you, it was completely out of the norm. In Act III scene v when

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women of the nobility or upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.body
women of the lower class kept the city's working industry alive through artisan and trade- craft practices

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.body
women were denied freedom of mind and body

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.headline
gender roles of women in 16th century venice 

# data[].attributes.subject
gender roles of women in 16th century venice 

# data[].attributes.body
6 most significant traits of women prescribed by men
Chastity
modesty
silence
reticence
sobriety
obedience

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.headline
male gender roles in the 16th century venice

# data[].attributes.subject
male gender roles in the 16th century venice

# data[].attributes.body
men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

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there was a masculine stereotype of how men were supposed to act. men would only call on women for sexual pleasures

# data[].attributes.body
women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.body
both men and women were to remain strong to their "masculinity" and "feminine" sides going along with the "civic" body of the century

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Exceptional Body of Veronica Franco: Gender, Art, and Power in 16th-Century Venice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The sixteenth-century witnessed the replacement of medieval systems of social organization such as feudalism, with the princely court. This political and social restructuring destabilized traditional expectations for men and women. To address this instability, masculinity and femininity became zones for policing boundaries and grounding political order.

# data[].attributes.body
literate women could be suspected of witchcraft because people believed the written word endowed "magical powers"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

# data[].attributes.body
women wore heavy veil and very high and fashionable clothes such as chopines, which was a overshoe with a thick cork sole.

# data[].attributes.body
expected to be devoted mothers and raise their children to become proper Christians

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

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Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

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The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

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women served primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household

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The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians. Religious and social changes gradually turned women's education into a Christian training in obedient wifehood and devout motherhood. These major objectives are emphasized in much of Counter-Reformatory literature, particularly women's acquisition of strong religious morals aimed at preserving chastity until matrimony as well as the pursuit of the practical skills of "preserving" and managing their husbands' property and wealth. Little to no value was placed upon the pursuit of knowledge for aesthetic and intellectual purposes. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with "magic powers." Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum.

It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. The protection of a woman's chastity was vitally important, especially for younger women. In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, "to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom" (Price, 43). Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses.

Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. These works depicted the lives of female saints and virtuous women in an effort to inspire women to imitate them. A total of 2,626 books or pamphlets written between 1471 and 1700 in the vernacular addressed female concerns, with over one thousand printed by 1600.

Venice's unique social and political environment enabled women to find alternate ways of coping with the strict tenets outlined by the Counter-Reformation; however, many of these strict ideals still strongly impacted the lives of Venetian women during the sixteenth century. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. Furthermore, Venice's widely diverse population cultivated a broader-minded and more tolerant society that granted women alternate means of establishing themselves. As a whole, however, women still played a relatively ambiguous role in Venetian society of this time: although present everywhere, they were not publicly acknowledged or appreciated.

The patriarchal oligarchy governing Venice denied any political rights to women, and instead relegated them to the private confines of their homes and neighborhoods. Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the family's wealth and income. A good deal of the difference between men's and women's legal status derived from the patrilineal system of descent and succession. For example, a young woman's only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. A woman's dowry was her entire inheritance.

Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. Women of the lower class kept the city's working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venice's development as contributing members of society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Women of 16th Century Venice > Veronica Franco > USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. They were instructed and expected to become devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their children as proper Christians.

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male gender roles in shakespeare's renaissances

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male gender roles in shakespeare's renaissances

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Males were dominant and seen as being in charge.

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they did not leave their homes of their male relatives, be it father, brother, or husband.