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Louis XVI approved French military support for the American colonies in their successful struggle against the British, but the expense nearly bankrupted the country. Louis convened the Estates-General in an effort to solve his budget crisis, but by doing so he unwittingly sparked the French Revolution

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Popular hatred of Marie-Antoinette contributed to the monarchy's overthrow in 1792. Her rejection of reform provoked unrest, and her policy of court resistance to the progress of the French Revolution finally led to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792.

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Back in France, Lafayette helped launch the French Revolution in 1789. He served in the National Assembly and drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

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Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror. During the Terror, the committee exercised virtual dictatorial control over the French government. It targeted and systematically executed perceived enemies of the Revolution.

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The French financier and statesman Jacques Necker (1732-1804) served King Louis XVI as director general of finances. His efforts to reform French institutions prior to 1789 and to compromise with the Estates General after the start of the Revolution failed. In 1765 Necker founded his own bank.

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The Jacobins were left-wing revolutionaries who aimed to end the reign of King Louis XVI and establish a French republic in which political authority came from the people. The Jacobins were the most famous and radical political faction involved in the French Revolution.

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The sans-culottes, most of them urban labourers, served as the driving popular force behind the revolution. They were judged by the other revolutionaries as "radicals" because they advocated a direct democracy, that is to say, without intermediaries such as members of parliament.

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Napoleon created the lycée system of schools for universal education, built many colleges, and introduced new civic codes that gave vastly more freedom to the French than during the Monarchy, thus supporting the Revolution.