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Woman’s shoe found in the roof of Murrays’ Mills.

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- Back then many people believed that shoes hidden in buildings protected the occupiers and brought good luck.
- Ancoat’s textile mills got the attention of many engineers that had the knowledge needed for Ancoats’ cotton factories.
-  Board of Health discovered more than half of Ancoats’ houses did not have any plumbing, and this wasn’t fixed until the end of the 19th century.
- In 1895 Domenico Antonelli brought business to Ancoats.
- Over 2,000 Italians lived in Ancoats in 1906, known as “Ancoats Little Italy”.
- An Avro 504K, a World War One biplane, has Ancoats roots.
- Beehive Mill was originally a cotton mill in 1824 and eventually became a place from music and Dan ace fanatics.

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Practical and hardwearing, clogs were the work-a-day shoe of industrial Manchester’s women, children and men. What is unusual about this pair is that the children who wore them never owned them.

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-Manchester in the 19th century made world changing things but it also polluted its city and caused massive health problems for its people.

- Visitors to Manchester were appalled by the smoke, dirt, and stench made by many of the factories chimneys

- Residents of Manchester suffered the consequences of living in the industrial air pollution

- The heart of Manchester’s  air pollution problem was the practice of burning coal.

-As technology advanced the engines got bigger and the number of coal burnt increased.

-By the end of the 19th century there about 2000 industrial chimneys polluting the air in Manchester.

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*In 1798-99 chemist John Dalton wrote “Blue, not vivid”. Blue not vivid is about a knotted pice of thread glued into the top of his note book.
* This pice of thread shows up brown in daytime and shown in low light is a blue , forest green.
* John’s note book is now 200 years old
*Note book is on display in the museum of science and industry, on October 25 2021 for the Manchester science festival.
*John was born in a village called Eaglesfield in Cumbria on sep 6th 1766.
*When John was 25 he began to realize that he had seen color differently.
*Since he couldn’t differentiate clolOrs he had put points on the object he was refusing too.

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not having clean water is what caused lots of death

Manchester became one of the most filthy, overcrowded and unhealthy places in Britain.

diseases such as typhoid and dysentery spread throughout the city fast due to lack of basic resources

gallons of contaminated water and tons of solid waste was dumped into rivers

pollution also increased chances of floods

up to almost 30 people used the same toilet and was rarely cleaned which was also a source of getting a disease

lots of illnesses also came from all the garbage because it was just dumped out into the streets

Manchester's manufactures argued that there was nothing they could do about the clean water and hygiene.

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This 18th-century woman’s shoe was discovered hidden in the roof space of Murrays’ Mills by archaeologists surveying the old Ancoats cotton factory.
Their factory, along with neighbours McConnel and Kennedy, became part of a huge cotton-spinning complex that transformed Ancoats.
Cotton spinning wasn’t Ancoats’ only industry. Its textile mills attracted engineers, whose expertise was needed to provide the power and machinery for Ancoats’ cotton factories.
This delicate dish from the museum’s collection was made at Percival Vickers glassworks on Jersey Street in Ancoats in 1896.
Victoria Square tenements, still standing today, were built in Ancoats in 1896 after slum clearances, becoming Manchester’s ever first municipal housing.
This First World War biplane, an Avro 504K, on display at the Science Museum, has Ancoats roots.
The soap was made for the nightclub as a nod to the building’s former use. Beehive Mill was originally built as a cotton mill in 1824 before it became a soapworks.

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MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - John Herban 

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MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - John Herban 

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The primary source of air pollution emissions was from burning fossil fuels. In Manchester coal was the main source of energy for industry. No one new the long term effects burning fossil fuels would have but quickly they noticed the effect of poor air quality on human health.

Coughs, stinging eyes and perpetual gloom became attached with Manchester. The city was called the shock city and visitors were appalled by the smoke, dirt, stench.

Manchester has had a long history of urban air pollution. At the peak of Manchester’s cotton industry coal powered steam engines filled the air with coal smoke. The smoke made the skies darken, dirtied houses and clothes, and respiratory disease and mortality increase. The air pollution at the time was called the smoke nuisance.

After the first steam powered mill was built in Manchester in 1782 other mill owners tried to make their mills engined powered.

In 1840’s there were about 500 chimneys in Manchester’s skyline and the number was increasing. Even thou it created bad living conditions the smoke was associated with thriving industry. Victorian industrialist saw smoke as a sign of economic success and technological progress and people like factory workers, engineers, and such saw it as jobs.

The main source of air pollution in Manchester comes from burning coal in mills to power steam engines. The coal was readily available and it was a good idea to use coal to power steam engines leading it to be the fuel used for industrial machinery.

In 1820 observers in Ancoats where steam engine powered mills were first introduced, were trying to get mill owners to reduce the quantity of smoke by ensuring full combustion of the coal, a practice they called smoke consuming.

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Cotton shortages or low demand for cloth often shut down the mills

Many people struggled to afford food, clothes or even a home

Manchester's slums provided food and clothing for the poorest people

When the factories would shut down the workers had no money and had no way to provide for themselves or their families

The air pollution was really bad to the point where if you breathed in the air you would get sick and possibly.

There were 500 factory chimneys covered the skyline

The water was heavily polluted and had diseases that cause you to throw up until you die from a lack of water

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Sewing machine used during the Industrial Revolution.

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Manchester was once the international center of the world’s cotton industry, which was why it was called “Cottonopolis”

The rooms of the factories are filled with fibrous dust that causes chest affections when inhaled. Some effects of the dust are blood-spitting, hard breathing, chest pains, coughs, and sleeplessness.

The rooms were so hot that cold tea and cold water was delicious extremely wonderful

The weaving sheds were extremely noisy that you could barely hear the person right next to you. If both of the people were good lip-readers, then they could have a conversation without anyone hearing them.

A machine that stopped meant a loss of production and money. This is why machines were not stopped even while cleaning the moving parts. A kid lost almost all of his fingers when he was cleaning the headstock. His cleaning rag got stuck and he was pulled into the machine.

Union Street is a very dirty and ugly street with one side being filled with mills. The windows are foul and black. The masonry is the filthiest and sootiest in all Manchester. It is also very noisy with many steam engines and pins and bobbins

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-William Henry Perkin worked on a task set by the head of the Royal College of Chemistry, August Wilhelm von Hofmann and only 18 years old. He was Hofmann’s research assistant.
-Helped Hofmann try and develop a treatment for malaria called quinine.
-Perkin’s task was to carry out experiments using a colorless oil derived from coal tar. He worked in a Lab at home. His experiments involved him oxidizing aniline using potassium dichromate.
-This produced a black precipitate and when the color was removed, it caused the solution to turn a silk purple.
-Perkin named the color Mauve and named the dye Mauvevine.
-Changed the dye industry and helped establish the modern chemical industry. Coal was used in more ways than it used to during this time.

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-did not have access to clean water or basic services (cases a lot of death and sicknesses)

-Manchester’s cotton mills and there where houses created and new urban environment

-Manchester experienced a population growth starting off with 60,000 and going to 142,000

-lots of deaths happened like typhoid, dysentery, and cholera spread quickly to many people

-The sewer network was inadequate it was designed to deal with the towns surface water they were egg shaped and clay

-Manchester kept the public spending to a minimum many people in the local government had discriminatory views about Manchester’s situation the y found themselves in

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An entrepreneur named Richard Arkwright created a spinning machine, that was able to spin cotton at a great speed and in great quantities.

Cotten has been wanted for thousands of years for its light  color and it could be washed and dried much better then wool, which was originally the main fabric used in Britain.

The demand for cotton was so large that people began experimenting with spinning machines which dramatically increased the production of cotton.

Arkwright was born in 1732 into a poor family and was already thriving in the wig making business way before we was interested in Cotten spinning.

In 1767 Arkwright meet John Kay an experienced clockmaker and together they built the first prototype.

Many other were working on the spinning machine at the time but Arkwright had made come crucial discoveries that set him ahead from others.

In 1769 Arkwright was granted a patent for his spinning machine. With that they built a huge factory in Cromford, Derbyshire.

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Shippers Tickets
-attacked to pieces cloth/yarn to be recognized
-brightly colored to stand out
-sub industry of researchers/ artists/ printers
-displays the energy and vitality to the industry

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1: Arkwright was born in 1732. He was. Born in Preston and his family was poor. By the time he had become interested in cotton spinning, he had already developed a wig-making and hair-cutting business that was successful.

2: In 1767 John Kay and Arkwright made a their first prototype spinning machine.

3: After months of experimentation Arkwright found the perfect spacing for the rollers that drew out the cotton fiber, he hung weights from the top of the rollers so that they could grab the bottom rollers.

4: He then realized that water power is way more efficient than horsepower. He began to sell his cotton spinning machines.

5: He mande connections to Scotland, expanding his spinning projects north of the boarder.

6: By 1800, almost 1,000 men, women and children were employed in Arkwright's mills.

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- Cards that could be switched in and out.  They had holes punched in them which told the weaver machine what to do.  It eliminated the need for the draw boy job.
- It picks up the card specified by the punched holes then the weft moves underneath them.
- Joseph-Marie Jacquard was a French merchant and weaver.
- Caused what would be called high class patterned cloths to become affordable and they started to be massed produced because of how easy the loom made it.
- How it works:
1.  A painting done by the clothing designer is put on the punch cards.
2.  The cards get laced together and fed through the machine at the top.
3.  Pins get pushed through the holes.  Where there are no holes, the pins just get pressed against the cards and don’t change anything on the material.
4.  The weft thread gets pulled under all of the thread cards and threads.
5. This continues until the entire project is done and completed.

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-Manchester had big effects to the world but when doing these changes it caused big health problems for the people that lived there.

-Manchester used fossil fuels to be able to have the main source of energy but they didn’t know that using this had a big long term climate consequences to burning fossil fuels they noticed quickly that the air quality was poor on human health

-Residents and workers from there suffered consequences of living with industrial air pollution some included were dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes. This time was know as “the smoke nuisance”

-THe first steam powered Cotten mill was built at shade hill in Manchester by Richard Arkwright in 1782, after that mill owners rushed to be able to make engine powered mill among Manchester

-By mid 1840 there were 500 smoking industrial chimneys on machesters skyline, the number of this was constantly increasing this caused more smoke but with thriving industries

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Manchester is built on cotton. It was known to be one the most produced cotton factories. Manchester was once the biggest centre of the worlds cotton.

Manchester imported a billion tonnes of raw cotton a year. Towns including Bolton and Preston became manufacturing centres.

Cotton transformed Manchester into an urban metropolis.

Oldham’s Platt Brothers & Co. Ltd. built textile machines for mills across the world.

Machines kick started the industrial revolution.

Everyday objects like a pair of child-sized clogs from Charter Street Ragged School were found.

Local charity helped some of Manchester’s poorest inhabitants.

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The world’s cotton industry was major during the industrial revolution in Manchester.

Manchester had a supply importation of raw cotton in a billion tons

Manufacturing centers in Manchester were in towns like Bolton and Preston, as the most known centers were Oldham’s Platt Brothers & Co. Ltd.

These manufacturing centers were a good thing for people as it provided a variety of jobs for the people, and it was a source of income

Textile machines were built for the mills all around the world

Manchester’s expansion was caused by the cotton industry growth and or expansion and wide supply

This was a global network of trade, opportunity, and expansion for Manchester

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-Children often bore the hard work and struggles of the industrial revolution
- A pair of clogs of a child were found, but the clogs didn’t belong to the child themself.
- These pair of clogs were lent by charter street ragged school  to children who didn’t live in wealthy conditions and couldn’t afford to buy shoes
- the clogs are stamped with ‘CSRS loaned, not to be pawned’ so that families of poor children wouldn’t pawn them for money
- people could earn good wages working in Manchester’s textile mills, but work wasn’t always guaranteed. Because of this, many struggled to afford basic items and necessities like food, clothes, and even a place to live.
- ‘ragged’ schools would provide food, clothing, and basic education to Manchester’s poorest people. An example of this is Charter Street in Angel Meadow.
- The gallery that holds these clogs is also home to many other items that depict that harsh and unfavorable conditions that children and families had to go through and how cotton transformed Manchester into something people had never seen before. Populated by profit seekers and ingenious makers who spun and woke cloth to sell around the globe.

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These clogs were marked so that the poor families couldn’t pawn them

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Tiny Clogs and child poverty in the Industrial Revolution

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Tiny Clogs and child poverty in the Industrial Revolution

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Charlotte Taylor

Clogs were the shoes that women, men, and children wore while working.

If you were a child, you most likely got clogs lent to to you by Charter Street Ragged School in Angel Meadow.

The families who couldn’t afford them would go there.

The marked every clog so that the poor people could not pawn them. You could clearly tell the mark on clogs.

The precarious lives of the industrial Manchester work force was shown by the clogs that have been shown in the gallery.

Worker COULD earn good wages but it was not guaranteed. They struggled to live when they didn’t get money.

The poorest people in Manchester would go onto Charter Street in Angel Meadow to a ‘ragged’ school. They would provide food, clothing, and a basic education.

Before the clogs were added to the gallery, Curator Katie Belshaw inspects them.

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Conditions in Industrial Manchester:
- Manchester’s industrialization brought notoriety
- Manchester’s population was up to 142,000 people by 1842
- Environmental conditions were bad due to an unexpected population growth
- Manchester became known as a filthy city
- conditions were so awful that the life expectancy of the people who lived there was only 17
- diseases spread such as typhoid and dysentery
- there was a huge outbreak of cholera in 1832 and 1849

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-Sophia Melnick
-joined a scientific discussion group called, literary and philosophical society
-enthusiastic investigator and was working on experiments all the time
-found a new theory for color vision deficiency and chemical reactions
-created the law of partial pressures
-first table of atomic weights
-even though Daltons work has been refined over time his main idea still remains
-he also had colorblindness and donated his eyes to research after he died
-documented weather frequently

-he became interested in the northern lights which led him to study how the weather effects Earth

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-women, men, and children wore clogs as their work shoes

-‘ragged’ schools in the 19th century provided clothing, food, and education to people in Manchester that were poor

-without wages, people struggled to afford food, clothes, and shelter

-some shoes, like the clogs in the museum, came from a ‘ragged school’ and these shoes were labeled to not be pawned by poor children or families for money

-the cotton industry reshaped people in Manchester’s lives

-the clogs were from around 1870

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Textile Industry- The Spinning Mule

The first spinning mule that could work on it’s own was made by Platt Brothers & Co. LTD in Oldham, Manchester in 1927

Spinning Mule companies died out in 1974

The spinning mule is used to spin fibers, specifically cotton

The original spinning mule was created by Samuel Compton in 1779

The spinning mule became the most popular textile machine in all of Lancashire

The spinning mule had to be controlled by workers, the workers would need to find and fix problems fast so the machine didn’t break

Nobody was allowed to work in the spinning mule unless they were 14 or older because it was very dangerous

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Factories in Manchester polluting the skies.

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-Men, women, and children wore shoes called "clogs" everyday to their factory jobs.

-The clogs were supplied by schools and factories, and were not allowed to be resold.

-Mills would shut down when there is a cotton shortage or a low demand for cotton, leaving lots of people hungry and poor.

-Cotton was the biggest manufacturing item, completely changing the way the city functioned.

-Poor children were given schooling and food, however, these would be under very bad conditions.

-Extreme pollution made cities like Manchester dark, and gave people horrible health conditions.

-There were about 500 factories producing items at once during the 1840s, completely polluting the air.

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John Hetherington & Sons’ textile machinery works on Pollard Street, Ancoats, 1896

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-People claim that Manchester was built on cotton. Some people even called it Cotonopolis.
- Ancoat was a big part of the cotton industry. Ancoat was a part of manchester.
-As time went on Ancoat pulled in engineers that realized they needed coal for the cotton machines.
-They also made many bother coal operating machines.
-They made things like glass bowls.
-Ancoat was overcrowded with poorly built houses.
- A lot of Italians lived in Ancoats and they brought things from Italy like ice cream and barrel pianos

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Water and Sanitation in the first industrial city - Sanya Shah 

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Water and Sanitation in the first industrial city - Sanya Shah 

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19th century Manchester was known as the first shock city, which was a term that means a change occurring in a city that is very rapid and radical. This is because of the change In population, urbanization, as well as the demand for water rising

As Manchester’s industry in textiles started booming, more people starting coming to Manchester causing housing availability decreasing. This causes many people to live in very dirty homes, decreasing the level of cleanliness in the streets.,

This caused Manchester to earn the reputation of one of the most filthy places to live in all of Britain.

Due to the filth and garbage that crowded the streets, the different germs and illnesses that generated caused the death rates to increase as well as life expectancies decreasing.

Some of the most deadly diseases that were going through Manchester were cholera, an infection that was spread through food and water as well as thyroid.

The main method of getting water to drink was from a water infrastructure that was a pipe that went through about 11,000 houses. This was usually given to those who were of a higher wealth level.

The rest of the people got water from a shared standpipe as well as a tap, that was contaminated with many germs. This is how diseases were contracted most of the time.