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Use the figure below to describe how human insulin is produced by genetic engineering.

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Use the figure below to describe how human insulin is produced by genetic engineering.

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Watch the video about gene therapy using the link below to explain how gene therapy repairs diseased human cells.

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Watch the video about gene therapy using the link below to explain how gene therapy repairs diseased human cells.

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Research some examples of GM crops and describe how modifying crops could be done.

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Research some examples of GM crops and describe how modifying crops could be done.

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Lojaina, jawaher, ali ahmed, ali abdulrahim, shahad,kevin, adham

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Lojaina, jawaher, ali ahmed, ali abdulrahim, shahad,kevin, adham

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The human gene is taken from the human cell is inserted into the bacteria cell that is extracted in the plasmid (the plasmid is extracted from the bacteria). The plasmid is cut by an enzyme called restriction enzyme, the plasmid becomes sticky (having sticky ends for the gene to be inserted)for the gene to be inserted by an enzyme called ligaze(join two DNA molecules together). The plasmid becomes recombinant then it returns back to the bacteria so the bacteria grow and reproduce in the fermenter more insulin so it'd be transferred to the patient who has diabetes.

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DNA or RNA goes into the cells of the patient to repair or change a specific disease, the genetic material then changes a group of protein how it is produced by the cell, it can reduce the level of certain disease-causing protein to increase production of disease-fighting proteins or produce newly modified proteins within the cell.

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Masaoud, Ahmad, Mohammed Emad, Amna, Ramaj, Yazan.

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Masaoud, Ahmad, Mohammed Emad, Amna, Ramaj, Yazan.

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- Corn modified with bacterial insecticide gene so that it produces insect toxins within its cells, protecting it from pest species.
- Rice modified with daffodil genes to have more beta-carotene, which the body coverts with vitamin A
- Tomatoes are modified by the removal of genes responsible for the softening of the fruit, meaning the tomatoes spoil more slowly
The first stage in making a GM plant requires transfer of DNA into a plant cell. One of the methods used to transfer DNA is to coat the surface of small metal particles with the relevant DNA fragment, and bombard the particles into the plant cells.

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Gene therapy alternates the genes inside the body's cells in an effort to treat or stop disease. There are two types of gene therapy, in vivo and ex vivo. In vivo gene therapy, the genes are inserted directly into the patient’s cells while the cells are still in the patient’s body. In Ex vivo gene therapy, cells are removed from the patient’s body then the genes are added to those cells in the lab and the cells are then returned to the patient. The approach depends on the disease the patient has and the tissue that’s affected.

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Sama ihab, omar salah, mahmoud athamneh, ibraheem wael, yazan, abdulla, khaled, khaled and raheeq

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Sama ihab, omar salah, mahmoud athamneh, ibraheem wael, yazan, abdulla, khaled, khaled and raheeq

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The pros of GMO crops are that they may contain more nutrients, are grown with fewer pesticides, and are usually cheaper than their non-GMO counterparts. Insect resistance | Corn | Resistance to insect pests, specifically the European corn borer, through expression of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis. Herbicide tolerance Soybean Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4. Altered fatty acid composition | Canola | High laurate levels achieved by inserting the gene for ACP thioesterase from the California bay tree Umbellularia californica. Virus resistance | Plum | Resistance to plum pox virus conferred by insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the virus

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Mahmoud zayan, mohammed hassabalah, peter, reem, mahmoud khaled, mohammed essam, yara, zade, mohannad

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Mahmoud zayan, mohammed hassabalah, peter, reem, mahmoud khaled, mohammed essam, yara, zade, mohannad

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A human insulin producing gene is obtained from a human cell and the plasmid is cu with a restriction enzyme and they stick together forming a recombinant DNA which is inserted back into the bacteria. The engineered bacteria reproduce producing insulin which is then separated and purified to produce insulin.
To create large amounts of the cells, the genetically modified bacteria or yeast are grown in large fermentation vessels that contain all the nutrients they need. The more the cells divide, the more insulin is produced.
However, it can cause allergic reactions and unexpected changes in plants or animals.it can also create new pests and pathogens, it can also harm nontarget such as soil organisms.

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Sally Younis, Nour Badawi, Momen Roshdy, Nour Kandil, Hazem, Abdulghani, Mariam, Faisal 

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Sally Younis, Nour Badawi, Momen Roshdy, Nour Kandil, Hazem, Abdulghani, Mariam, Faisal 

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Gene therapy is the transfer of healthy human genes into a person's cell that contains mutant alleles which cause disease.
There are two types of gene therapy
They use vectors (most used is virus) for in vivo and ex vivo:
1) In-Vivo:
Happens inside of the body
2) Ex-vivo:
In the lab and is inserted into the body