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The first phase of the Chinese Revolution began with the republic revolution in 1911, which resulted from social unrest and the disruptive presence of Western and Japanese troops in China. The Qing dynasty was overthrown by a rebellion led by a Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, establishing the Republic of China in its place. Citizens of China were granted more privileges and rights, now that their country could no longer be imperialized. After World War I, the Paris Peace Conference caused a commotion when the Chinese felt betrayed that there was no end to the unequal foreign treaties. This frustrated the Chinese’ hopes for national determination, causing them to participate in nationwide marches and boycotts known as the “May Fourth Movement”. By 1927, a new civil war broke out when General Chiang Kai-shek overran some of China’s provinces in an attempt to reunify China. He turned on his Communist allies, starting the Shanghai Massacre of 1927, in which many Communist Party members were executed by Nationalists in what came to be the “White Terror”. Most of China by 1928 was brought under Nationalist control, ending the warlordism. Chiang Kai-shek’s plan to finish the Communists backfired when Manchurian officers, encouraged by Communists, arrested Chiang and demanded an end to the civil war and a united front against Japan. When fighting broke out between China and Japan in 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. Japanese soldiers invaded most of China and engaged in a fire in Beijing, causing China to revolt, starting the second Asian war. The second phase of the war was fought between the Communist and the Nationalist parties in China. There was such a strong Communist stranglehold on the country that despite how hard the Nationalists tried to overthrow them, none of their efforts worked. Beijing eventually fell to total defeat by these advancing Communist forces. With the war having been over, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. The events that unrolled throughout the Chinese Revolution had many attempts in expanding human rights, but was unsuccessful in doing so. For the prevention of human rights was much greater than the expansion. Each war that China takes place in causes a suspension on the supplies and resources that the people of China need for their economy.

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The image above shows Hukwang Railroad Loan of 1911. The events leading to the revolution started when an agreement was signed on April 5, 1911, with a group of foreign bankers for the construction of railroad
lines on the Hukwang Railway in China. The Beijing government however decided to apply part of the loan to a different line that they took over. The offered total did not meet demands of stockholders and eventually the uncovering of this plot broke out a revolt among troops in Wuchang. The revolters captured the Wuchang arsenal and declared against the Qing government, city after city. This is regarded as the formal beginning of the revolution.

Information:
"Chinese Revolution." Britannica. Last modified October 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/event/Chinese-Revolution-1911-1912.

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The Nationalist Party, and their leader Sun Yat-sen, successfully overthrew the Qing Dynasty in 1911. The final emperor, a six-year-old boy named Puyi, was forced to resign from the throne, resulting the disappearance of imperialism and monarchy. Sun Yat-sen became China's new leader and announced his three main ideals were nationalism, economic livelihood, and democracy. The end of the Qing dynasty helped expand the growth of  human rights by giving Chinese society the opportunity to run their own government. They had the privilege to contribute towards the growth of their societies, politics, economics, and militaries. The dynasty era ending also meant the country would no longer be vulnerable to imperialism, which gave its citizens stability and more privileges.

Information : Moll-Murata, Christine. "Conclusion." In State and Crafts in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), 349-58. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv6hp2q9.17.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6hp2q9.17

Image : Szczepanski, Kallie. "Puyi, China's Last Emperor." ThoughtCo. Accessed January 15, 2021. https://www.thoughtco.com/puyi-chinas-last-emperor-195612.

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After Sun Yat-sen failed to create unity throughout China, his rule was turned over to Yuan Shikai. His beliefs differed from Sun's which was displayed when he betrayed the democratic ideals When he died in 1918, a civil war erupted which put the power into the hands of Chinese Warlords and Military leaders. This created a negative effect on the growth of human rights in China because without a set leader to dominate their society, China was very disorganised and faced many conflicts. With all of these smaller disputes, it made it harder for the Chinese government to successfully build a stable society.

Information :
Ghoble, T.R. "Sectional President's Address: THE DYNAMICS OF CHINA'S TRANSITION:A PERSPECTIVE." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 70 (2009): 752-73. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147723.

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The cartoon above shows the idea of Nationalism in China. The Nationalists took control of China with three principles, Nationalism, Democracy, and People's Livelihood. Rather then delivering any of these promises to the citizens, the government failed to defend national interests, created a dictatorial regime, and had not improved the livelihood of the people. The Nationalists regime was so corrupt and inefficient that it did not have an effective outcome, hence the cartoon in which people holding a nationalism flag are walking off of a cliff, leading to nothing.

Image:
https://chinese-revolution-rchk.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/7/8/26789821/9185335.jpg?514

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Mao Ze Dong, one of China's most impactful revolutionary leaders, along with other's founded the Chinese Communist Party.  Once created, the party grew rapidly and took over majority of Northern China, while the nationalist Party moved down south. The Chinese Communist Party helped thwart the cause of human rights being established because due to Russians bringing the idea, it almost showed imperialism. By influencing the Chinese to do the same the imperialism China had just escaped had quickly reappeared. This also created a large division within China by giving the citizens two different party options.

Information :
Ghoble, T.R. "Sectional President's Address: THE DYNAMICS OF CHINA'S TRANSITION:A PERSPECTIVE." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 70 (2009): 752-73. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147723.

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The CCP was founded in 1921 as a political party and a revolutionary movement by revolutionaries, including Mao Zedong, who had come out of the May Fourth Movement. Members of this party organized labor unions in cities and joined with the Nationalist Party in 1924, at first proving a very successful alliance. The CCP was soon driven underground when Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek's rule turned against the communists. In 1936, Chiang Kai-Shek was forced to call off his campaigns against the CCP. By the end of the war the party had an experienced army and a workable political program of alliance.

Information:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Chinese Communist Party." Britannica. Last modified July 18, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party.

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Zhang Zuolin, Grand Marshal of the Chinese Republic in 1927, was responsible for controlling all political power within Manchuria. However, the warlord instead negatively impacted this economy due to placing higher taxation than his society could support. His militia ambition also was detrimental to Manchuria's agriculture and output levels, furthering the cities. This event helped thwart the growth of human rights in Manchuria China because the economy took a large hit that put many people's lives in ruins.

Information : Wright, Tim. "The Manchurian Economy and the 1930s World Depression." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 5 (2007): 1073-112. Accessed January 13, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4499811.

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Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Chinese Republic, was taken and held captive by some of his ally warlords. They detained him and argued for his policies relating to Japan and the Chinese Communist Party to change. After being held for around two weeks, Chiang Kai-Shek agreed to align with the Communist party of China in order to successfully win the war against Japan. This event helped further the growth of human rights in China because the two parties setting an alliance caused the conflicts throughout China, relating to the opinion differences, to quickly decline in quantity.

Information :
Youwei, Xu, and Philip Billingsley. "Behind the Scenes of the Xi'an Incident: The Case of the Lixingshe." The China Quarterly, no. 154 (1998): 283-307. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/655892.

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After a fight on Marco Polo-bridge and following rumours Chinese had fired first, the Japanese began their attack on Chinese soil. In 1937, Japanese troops invaded Beijing. The troops continued to spread southwards through China, resulting in the capture of Shanghai and territories along the Yang River. This thwarted the growth of human rights in China because every new war that China took place in expended people, supplies, food, weapons, and all of their resources which was detrimental to the Chinese economy.

Information :
Leong, Stephen. "The Malayan Overseas Chinese and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1941." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (1979): 293-320. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20070306.

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The quantity of Japanese troops in China reached one million by the start of 1938. They controlled all of the communication lines, along with occupying the main ports along the Yang River. However, after successfully occupying the majority of China, Japan recognised they were too small of a country and did not have a large enough population to overthrow the all of China. This delayed the progress the Japenesese made on invading China, and for the next five years no progression was made. This thwarted the growth of Human rights in Chinese society, because with Japan having such a large hold on the government China was incapable of privileging people with new rights and laws.

Information : Leong, Stephen. "The Malayan Overseas Chinese and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1941." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (1979): 293-320. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20070306.

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When China came out of revolution, it put itself on a path of economic development and social change. Mao Zedong played a very important role in the country's revival by serving as the first chairman of the People's Republic of China from 1949-1959. He was one of the most influential and controversial political figures during the revolution. On one hand Mao is known to have achieved China's supreme power, but on the other, he ran a government that caused years of suffering and famine for its people.

Information: Schram, Stuart Reynolds. "Mao Zedong." Britannica. Last modified December 22, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mao_Zedong_portrait.jpg

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United States Declared War on Japan (1941)

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United States Declared War on Japan (1941)

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After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Chiang Kai-Shek grew relieved when America declared war on Japan. America began helping China with gathering supplies, and resources and became the backing China needed. After America bombed Hiroshima in 1945 and Nagasaki a few days later, Japan  surrendered. Their troops in China retreated and the long lasting war came to an end.
However, the Japanese chose to retaliate on America by destroying American airfields in China, causing the destruction of useful Chinese soil. The Americans getting involved in the Chinese Japanese War helped further the growth of human rights in China because America forced the Japanese to retreat. China was able to reclaim their territory and continue building their government and its fundamentals.

Information :  Lum, Kalfred Dip. "Chinese Civil War and Foreign Relations." News Bulletin (Institute of Pacific Relations), 1927, 19-22. Accessed January 15, 2021. doi:10.2307/2485490.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485490

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After the war against Japan had ended, the united front between the Communist and Nationalist Parties resumed their dispute. Upset America feared the Communist Party would obtain sole power so, they sent planes and flew Guomindang troops to Nanjing in hopes they would conquer costal ports and the important Manchurian cities. This caused thwart to the growth of human rights in China because the division between these two parties wishes caused conflicts resurfaced in China society.

Information :
Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn. "A River Runs through It: The Yellow River and The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1947." Social Science History 41, no. 2 (2017): 141-73. Accessed January 15, 2021. doi:10.2307/90017906.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017906

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Like women in most cultures, women have suffered in China as a result of their low status. However, there was a movement for women named May Fourth Feminism, when people protested against the corruption of warlord government and against foreign invasion. The activists argued that women's lack of education prevented them from raising a healthy and strong future Chinese population. Women's liberation was eventually achieved after the revolution in 1949, when the new government of the People's Republic made a strong commitment to guarantee equality between men and women.

Infortmation:
Li, Yuhui (2000). Women’s Movement and Change of Women’s Status in China. Journal of International Women's Studies, 1(1), 30-40. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol1/iss1/3

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 People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949)

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 People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949)

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After a communist victory in 1948, due to the capture of Central China, Beijing, and Shanghai, a new Chinese government was created. Mao Zedong, the Communist Leader, exclaimed that China would now be the People’s Republic of China. This caused further growth to Chinese rights and society because they once again had a unified country and leader.

Information :
Bangarth, Stephanie. "Bringing China In: The New Democratic Party, China, and Multilateralism, 1949-68." The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 2/3 (2013): 203-15. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23613207.

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Although some of the events that took place during the Chinese Revolution expanded the rights of it's people, the negative effects of human rights were much more important and impactful to the Chinese population. The Chinese Revolution ultimately thwarted the growth of human rights in China due to all of the conflicts within Chinese society. The division between the Communist and Kuomintang parties caused nationwide eruptions of power-hungry feuds. The Chinese were even still placed in different broad classes that would determine the resources that they would receive. In China's war against Japan,  the growth of human rights were also thwarted due to their society being occupied with intruders throughout the country. China was incapable of giving its people new rights and laws with Japan controlling the majority of China. In order to have more successfully gone about the parties differences, we propose they introduce an electoral president. This would be similar to America's system and should work successfully due to China also having two main parties.

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Wesley:
- End of Qing Dynasty (1911)
- Civil War Begins (1916)
- Communist Party Founded (1921)
- Economy Crash  (1927)
- The Xian Incident (1936)
- The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937)
- Japanese held China (1938)
- United States Declared War on Japan (1941)
- Chinese Civil War Phase Two (1946)
- People's Republic of China (1949)
- Conclusion and Proposal

Mirabelle:
- Artifact: Railways
- Artifact: The Chinese Communist Party
- Artifact: Nationalism in China
- Artifact: Mao Zedong
- Artifact: Women during the Revolution
- Summary / background info
- Conclusion and Proposal