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1.Not necessary
-Europe and the US states like California and New York have created official digital credentials that let you verify your COVID-19 immunisation record and convert it into a scannable QR code you can pull up on your cellphone.
-Most places that require vaccination proof also accept simpler options, such as the paper card noting the dates of your shots from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/explained-what-is-covid-19-vaccine-passport-is-it-mandatory-and-other-things-to-know-7433501.html

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With countries learning lessons from multiple COVID-19 waves, the idea of a vaccine passport is getting more acceptance. Many countries may make it mandatory to carry a COVID-19 vaccine card or a digital copy.

With a universal COVID-19 vaccine passport in place, countries may be less reluctant to open up international travel and may even allow fully vaccinated people to skip quarantine.
Here's an explainer on COVID-19 vaccine passport: What is a COVID-19 vaccine passport?
A vaccine passport is a document that shows whether a person is vaccinated against COVID-19. The pass can be stored in digital formats, like a phone app, or physical, such as a small paper card.

There is no universal format yet so the vaccine passports of different countries will look different.
Read | Vaccination certificate unlocks more EU destinations for travellers from India Is vaccine passport mandatory?
No, the passport is currently not mandatory in all countries. However, proof of COVID-19 vaccination may be mandatory in parts of the world for travel and other purposes.

Europe and the US states like California and New York have created official digital credentials that let you verify your COVID-19 immunisation record and convert it into a scannable QR code you can pull up on your cellphone.

Most places that require vaccination proof also accept simpler options, such as the paper card noting the dates of your shots from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Also read | Vaccine Passport: How to apply, the different types, countries you can travel and more
In the US, showing a photo of that card on your phone will usually suffice.

Denmark, Greece, France, Italy, some Canadian provinces and the US cities of New Orleans, New York and San Francisco are among the places that have vaccination requirements to get into places like indoor restaurants or theatres.

Enforcement varies and many places also accept a recent negative test for the virus, a partial vaccination or proof that you previously recovered from the disease.
Countries using vaccine passport
Last month, France made the vaccine passport mandatory to enter restaurants, bars, gyms, museums and other places. The system requires everyone to prove that they have been either vaccinated or recently tested negative for Covid-19, or have recovered from the illness in the last six months.

The vaccine pass has, however, been criticised as invasive and restricting freedom of movement. Protestors in some quarters hold street demonstrations every Saturday where opponents denounce the president for turning France into a "dictatorship".

Italy
In August this year, Italy also introduced a health pass. As of August 6, 2021, the government required individuals to present the "Green Pass" - Italy's extension of the European Union Digital COVID Certificate - to attend large events, dine indoors, access gyms and more.

The Green Pass is essentially a "vaccine passport": a document, either digital or printed, that confirms its holder has tested negative for the virus in the last 48 hours, been fully vaccinated or recovered from a case of COVID-19.

UK
The UK Vaccine Minister Nadhim Zahawi recently said coronavirus vaccine passports will be introduced at major venues later this month to ensure the British economy "remains open".

Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon also recently mooted the proposal of introducing COVID-19 vaccine passports for nightclubs and high-risk venues like music festivals, amid a sharp rise in cases of the virus.

"We do consider that a limited use of vaccine certification could help to contain the spread of the virus as we head into autumn and winter," Sturgeon said.

Denmark
Denmark, the first country to introduce a COVID-19 pass six months ago, abolished the requirement in most public places on September 1. The pass is no longer required in cafes, bars, restaurants, gyms and hair salons in Denmark.

It is, however, still needed at major indoor public events and in nightclubs. Travellers entering Denmark must still present either a vaccine passport or a negative PCR test.

Nigeria
Two southern Nigerian states are planning to introduce COVID-19 vaccine passes for access to public places and gatherings.

Southern Nigeria Edo State Governor Godwin Obaseki gave residents up to the second week of September to get a vaccine or risk being barred from some places, including banks, receptions, churches and mosques.

Another state in southern Nigeria, Ondo, has also given residents two weeks to take the shots. "Evidence of vaccination will be the condition to access public places, churches, mosques," information commissioner Donald Ojogo told local media.

Brazil Rio de Janeiro announced in August that it will require proof of vaccination against COVID-19 to enter public spaces, including movie theatres, stadiums and iconic tourist spots like the Christ the Redeemer statue and Sugarloaf Mountain.

Starting September 1, Brazil's tourist capital will require a "health pass" for a range of places also including museums, gyms, theatres and conference centres, Mayor Eduardo Paes told a news conference.

Restaurants, bars and shopping centres however will not impose the requirement.

Foreign visitors will be allowed to present an international health pass, he said.

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Explained | What Is COVID-19 Vaccine Passport, Is It Mandatory And Other Things To Know

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With countries learning lessons from multiple COVID-19 waves, the idea of a vaccine passport is getting more acceptance. Many countries may make it mandatory to carry a COVID-19 vaccine card or a digital copy. With a universal COVID-19 vaccine passport in place, countries may be less reluctant to open up international travel and may even allow fully vaccinated people to skip quarantine.

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Mandatory retirement also known as forced retirement, enforced retirement or compulsory retirement, is the set age at which people who hold certain jobs or offices are required by industry custom or by law to leave their employment, or retire.

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The pandemic has shown us all how much we depend on one another. We all want, and hope, that some form of normality is round the corner, that we can make plans and see our families without worrying about lockdowns, alerts or infections. And it is vital that the most clinically vulnerable are given the support they need as restrictions ease. But in this rush, and with the relentlessly confused communications on what we now do to keep ourselves safe in this next stage of the pandemic, the Government has continually raised the possibility of vaccine passports and mandatory vaccinations as an innocuous route to freedoms – while blocking the scrutiny and debate they need.

While vaccine passports seem like a solution, they’re actually a by-product of the failings of this Government’s entire pandemic response. They look like a panacea, and they’re being presented as such. But they are a serious reinvention of our relationship to the state and potentially to our employers and as such they need serious debate. At the same time, vital support that would enable everyone to be protected – whether that’s an eviction ban or the extension of the uplift to Universal Credit – has been cut.

Many of us have been eager to get vaccinated, to protect ourselves, our families and communities, to take part in a programme that may be taking us a step towards post-pandemic life. But taking a coercive approach, would likely entrench the structural barriers to accessing the vaccine with the impact being felt most keenly by some of the very communities who have borne the brunt of the pandemic.

There are many reasons people may be wary when told they must prove they have participated in Government programmes to live their lives. Vaccine passports ignore the concerns of some of the most marginalised and threatens to lock them out of public life. Communications have been chaotic throughout the pandemic with mixed messaging about what people should be doing to keep safe. A key way of maximising take up of the vaccines would be better education to support and empower people. Giving everyone a full understanding of the risks and benefits to themselves and others is what informed consent truly means. Transparency and trust also go hand in hand. Unfortunately, another hallmark of this Government’s conduct is its habitual avoidance of accountability. By constantly backtracking on the prospect of vaccine passports, and now introducing them in certain settings or otherwise leaving it up to venues and employers when deciding whether to implement them, it is laying the groundwork for them to become a normalised part of everyday life without meaningful debate. The Cabinet Office’s review of vaccine passports lasted 16 pages – only six of which contained anything approaching meaningful or relevant content.

From the start of this pandemic the Government had two options for how it dealt with it: a) responding to it as a public health crisis with support and clear communication or b), the option it has chosen, framing it as a crowd-control crisis where only coercion and a criminal justice response will work. Seen in this context it becomes clear that vaccine passports are the result of a wider failure to provide adequate support and to communicate effectively.

And it is the most marginalised who bear the brunt. When England unlocked the Government failed to provide support and guidance to the clinically vulnerable, so that as cases rose, “Freedom Day” became the opposite for many who have already been through the hardest and most restrictive lockdowns. It has already rolled back many of the schemes that it put in place to protect people – and intends to continue cutting vital avenues of support, right when people need it most.

What’s even more appalling is that not only do those most in need suffer the worst of this ineffective response, they are also pitted against each other. This is most apparent with vaccine passports and vaccine mandates.

Vaccine mandates for social care staff have caused unnecessary fear and hostility, with staff who raised concerns – many of whom risked their health and well-being on the frontline throughout this pandemic – unfairly positioned as obstinate anti-vaxxers. Many social care staff live in neighbourhoods and communities often on the sharp end of oppressive state practices. Major bodies including the British Medical Association and GMB Union have raised concerns about the rights of employees if such a step is taken, not to mention the practical impact of suddenly imposing new punitive restrictions on workplaces for staffing in critical sectors.

If you face routine police discrimination, if you or members of your community have suffered from the hostile environment’s web of surveillance that spreads through health care and other services, if you have been subjected to continuous failures in the welfare system, it might cause concern when asked to participate in Government programmes that affect your health choices, bodily autonomy and personal privacy.

People in precarious work, such as the service industry, will not have the same choice when it comes to vaccine passports as those who can work from home. The Government initially said vaccine passports would “only” apply to nightclubs, and then would be trialled at football stadiums. Ministers claimed to hand back responsibility to us, the public, if we choose to attend those events. But the people whose livelihoods rely on working at those events have no such choice.

The ill-effects of this Government’s prioritisation of coercion and punishment rather than care and support when responding to this pandemic can be seen when we look at the detail of the Coronavirus Act. It introduced sweeping police powers and lowered care safeguards in one of the most dangerous pieces of legislation in a generation. While the Act remains law, the Government that rushed to pass it has still refused to provide adequate sick pay so that people in precarious work can afford to isolate, or to implement any of the policies called for by charities and experts that would ensure everyone is protected.

Introducing vaccine passports is not a solution – it is a failure to learn from these mistakes. Coercion will undermine relationships, seeding distrust and division. Letting employers set rules and restrictions around vaccination status will lead to discrimination.

The way Ministers rushed through mandatory vaccinations for care home workers was an even more stark example of their refusal to allow scrutiny. There was no impact assessment or meaningful parliamentary debate, but a law mandating vaccination for a group of workers, many on low incomes who have been at the forefront of fighting the pandemic, was ushered onto the statute books through secondary legislation. There was no explanation as to why such emergency protocols were necessary nearly 18 months after the pandemic became headline news.

The more our rights are eroded and these conditions become the norm, we move further and further away from a free and fair society – yet the Government is making sweeping changes under the cover of the pandemic, without proper announcements or public debate.

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Compulsory retirement ages have been progressively prohibited in Australia since the 1990s. There are good reasons for this: reliance on irrational stereotypes about older workers can prevent businesses from finding the best person for the job. Allowing workers to choose when they retire can improve staff retention, increase workforce morale, and help employers retain vital skills and experience.
At a national level, prohibiting mandatory retirement can help relieve the burden of an ageing workforce on pension systems. It also promotes labour market supply and removes barriers to older people participating in society.