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Examples of Reciprocal Teaching Activities

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Examples of Reciprocal Teaching Activities

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Reciprocal Teaching HASTI Presentation 2022

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Reciprocal Teaching HASTI Presentation 2022

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Reciprocal Teaching in the Inquiry-Based Science Classroom.mp4

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GMO Commercial Planning Links: Britannica GMO Article

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GMO Commercial Planning Links: Britannica GMO Article

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What is a genetically modified organism?

Why are genetically modified organisms important?

Are genetically modified organisms safe for the environment?

Should genetically modified crops be grown?

genetically modified organism (GMO), organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products. In conventional livestock production, crop farming, and even pet breeding, it has long been the practice to breed select individuals of a species in order to produce offspring that have desirable traits. In genetic modification, however, recombinant genetic technologies are employed to produce organisms whose genomes have been precisely altered at the molecular level, usually by the inclusion of genes from unrelated species of organisms that code for traits that would not be obtained easily through conventional selective breeding.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are produced using scientific methods that include recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning. In reproductive cloning, a nucleus is extracted from a cell of the individual to be cloned and is inserted into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host egg (an enucleated egg is an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed). The process results in the generation of an offspring that is genetically identical to the donor individual. The first animal produced by means of this cloning technique with a nucleus from an adult donor cell (as opposed to a donor embryo) was a sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. Since then a number of other animals, including pigs, horses, and dogs, have been generated by reproductive cloning technology. Recombinant DNA technology, on the other hand, involves the insertion of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another. Whole-genome replacement, involving the transplantation of one bacterial genome into the "cell body," or cytoplasm, of another microorganism, has been reported, although this technology is still limited to basic scientific applications.

GMOs produced through genetic technologies have become a part of everyday life, entering into society through agriculture, medicine, research, and environmental management. However, while GMOs have benefited human society in many ways, some disadvantages exist; therefore, the production of GMOs remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world.

Genetically modified (GM) foods were first approved for human consumption in the United States in 1994, and by 2014-15 about 90 percent of the corn, cotton, and soybeans planted in the United States were GM. By the end of 2014, GM crops covered nearly 1.8 million square kilometres (695,000 square miles) of land in more than two dozen countries worldwide. The majority of GM crops were grown in the Americas.

Engineered crops can dramatically increase per area crop yields and, in some cases, reduce the use of chemical insecticides. For example, the application of wide-spectrum insecticides declined in many areas growing plants, such as potatoes, cotton, and corn, that were endowed with a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a natural insecticide called Bt toxin. Field studies conducted in India in which Bt cotton was compared with non-Bt cotton demonstrated a 30-80 percent increase in yield from the GM crop. This increase was attributed to marked improvement in the GM plants' ability to overcome bollworm infestation, which was otherwise common. Studies of Bt cotton production in Arizona, U.S., demonstrated only small gains in yield-about 5 percent-with an estimated cost reduction of $25-$65 (USD) per acre owing to decreased pesticide applications. In China, where farmers first gained access to Bt cotton in 1997, the GM crop was initially successful. Farmers who had planted Bt cotton reduced their pesticide use by 50-80 percent and increased their earnings by as much as 36 percent. By 2004, however, farmers who had been growing Bt cotton for several years found that the benefits of the crop eroded as populations of secondary insect pests, such as mirids, increased. Farmers once again were forced to spray broad-spectrum pesticides throughout the growing season, such that the average revenue for Bt growers was 8 percent lower than that of farmers who grew conventional cotton. Meanwhile, Bt resistance had also evolved in field populations of major cotton pests, including both the cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera) and the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella).

Other GM plants were engineered for resistance to a specific chemical herbicide, rather than resistance to a natural predator or pest. Herbicide-resistant crops (HRC) have been available since the mid-1980s; these crops enable effective chemical control of weeds, since only the HRC plants can survive in fields treated with the corresponding herbicide. Many HRCs are resistant to glyphosate (Roundup), enabling liberal application of the chemical, which is highly effective against weeds. Such crops have been especially valuable for no-till farming, which helps prevent soil erosion. However, because HRCs encourage increased application of chemicals to the soil, rather than decreased application, they remain controversial with regard to their environmental impact. In addition, in order to reduce the risk of selecting for herbicide-resistant weeds, farmers must use multiple diverse weed-management strategies.

Another example of a GM crop is "golden" rice, which originally was intended for Asia and was genetically modified to produce almost 20 times the beta- carotene of previous varieties. Golden rice was created by modifying the rice genome to include a gene from the daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus that produces an enzyme known as phyotene synthase and a gene from the bacterium Erwinia uredovora that produces an enzyme called phyotene desaturase. The introduction of these genes enabled beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the human liver, to accumulate in the rice endosperm-the edible part of the rice plant-thereby increasing the amount of beta-carotene available for vitamin A synthesis in the body. In 2004 the same researchers who developed the original golden rice plant improved upon the model, generating golden rice 2, which showed a 23-fold increase in carotenoid production.

Another form of modified rice was generated to help combat iron deficiency, which impacts close to 30 percent of the world population. This GM crop was engineered by introducing into the rice genome a ferritin gene from the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, that produces a protein capable of binding iron, as well as a gene from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that produces an enzyme capable of digesting compounds that increase iron bioavailability via digestion of phytate (an inhibitor of iron absorption). The iron-fortified GM rice was engineered to overexpress an existing rice gene that produces a cysteine-rich metallothioneinlike (metal-binding) protein that enhances iron absorption.

A variety of other crops modified to endure the weather extremes common in other parts of the globe are also in production.

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Genetically modified organism (GMO) | Definition, Examples, & Facts

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Genetically modified organism, organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products. Learn more about the development and uses of genetically modified organisms in this article.

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Rubric 2

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Rubric 2

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Rubric 

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Rubric 

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Assignment 

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Weeks 3-4 - GMO Advertisement Final Assignment 

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Weeks 2-3: GMO Commercial Planning Links: More Biotech Explanation - UNL

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Weeks 2-3: GMO Commercial Planning Links: More Biotech Explanation - UNL

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What is genetic engineering and how does it work?

What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic) organisms currently on the market include plants with resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and crops with modified oil content.

Understanding Genetic Engineering: Basic Biology
To understand how genetic engineering works, there are a few key biology concepts that must be understood.

CONCEPT #1: What is DNA?
DNA is the recipe for life. DNA is a molecule found in the nucleus of every cell and is made up of 4 subunits represented by the letters A, T, G, and C. The order of these subunits in the DNA strand holds a code of information for the cell. Just like the English alphabet makes up words using 26 letters, the genetic language uses 4 letters to spell out the instructions for how to make the proteins an organism will need to grow and live.

Small segments of DNA are called genes. Each gene holds the instructions for how to produce a single protein. This can be compared to a recipe for making a food dish. A recipe is a set of instructions for making a single dish.

An organism may have thousands of genes. The set of all genes in an organism is called a genome. A genome can be compared to a cookbook of recipes that makes that organism what it is. Every cell of every living organism has a cookbook.

CONCEPT #2: Why are proteins important?
Proteins do the work in cells. They can be part of structures (such as cell walls, organelles, etc). They can regulate reactions that take place in the cell. Or they can serve as enzymes, which speed-up reactions. Everything you see in an organism is either made of proteins or the result of a protein action.

CONCEPT #3: How is DNA important in genetic engineering?
DNA is a universal language, meaning the genetic code means the same thing in all organisms. It would be like if all cookbooks around the world were written in a single language that everyone knew. This characteristic is critical to the success of genetic engineering. When a gene for a desirable trait is taken from one organism and inserted into another, it gives the recipient organism the ability to express that same trait.

How is genetic engineering done?
Genetic engineering, also called transformation, works by physically removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another, giving it the ability to express the trait encoded by that gene. It is like taking a single recipe out of a cookbook and placing it into another cookbook.

The process: Once a goal is in mind

1) First, find an organism that naturally contains the desired trait.

2) The DNA is extracted from that organism. This is like taking out the entire cookbook.

3) The one desired gene (recipe) must be located and copied from thousands of genes that were extracted. This is called gene cloning.

4) The gene may be modified slightly to work in a more desirable way once inside the recipient organism.

5) The new gene(s), called a transgene is delivered into cells of the recipient organism. This is called transformation. The most common transformation technique uses a bacteria that naturally genetically engineer plants with its own DNA. The transgene is inserted into the bacteria, which then delivers it into cells of the organism being engineered. Another technique, called the gene gun method, shoots microscopic gold particles coated with copies of the transgene into cells of the recipient organism. With either technique, genetic engineers have no control over where or if the transgene inserts into the genome. As a result, it takes hundreds of attempts to achieve just a few transgenic organisms.

6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is used to improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply a way to add new traits to the pool.

How does genetic engineering compare to traditional breeding?
Although the goal of both genetic engineering and traditional plant breeding is to improve an organisms traits, there are some key differences between them.

While genetic engineering manually moves genes from one organism to another, traditional breeding moves genes through mating, or crossing, the organisms in hopes of obtaining offspring with the desired combination of traits.

Using the recipe analogy, traditional breeding is like taking two cookbooks and combining every other recipe from each into one cookbook. The product is a new cookbook with half of the recipes from each original book. Therefore, half of the genes in the offspring of a cross come from each parent.

Traditional breeding is effective in improving traits, however, when compared with genetic engineering, it does have disadvantages. Since breeding relies on the ability to mate two organisms to move genes, trait improvement is basically limited to those traits that already exist within that species. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, physically removes the genes from one organism and places them into the other. This eliminates the need for mating and allows the movement of genes between organisms of any species. Therefore, the potential traits that can be used are virtually unlimited.

Breeding is also less precise than genetic engineering. In breeding, half of the genes from each parent are passed on to the offspring. This may include many undesirable genes for traits that are not wanted in the new organism. Genetic engineering, however, allows for the movement of a single, or a few, genes.

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What is genetic engineering and how does it work? What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism.

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Weeks 2-3 - GMO Commercial Planning Links:  Time Magazine

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Weeks 2-3 - GMO Commercial Planning Links:  Time Magazine

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See all the GMOs you may already be eating.

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Weeks 2-3 - GMO Commercial Planning Form

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Weeks 2-3 - GMO Commercial Planning Form

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Purdue University - College of Agriculture

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The Story on GMOs

GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. Let's break it down word by word. Genetically refers to genes. Genes are made up of DNA, which is a set of instructions for how cells grow and develop. Second is Modified. This implies that some change or tweak has been made. Lastly, we have the word Organism. When it comes to GMOs, many people only think of crops. Yet an 'organism' isn't just a plant; it refers to all living things, including bacteria and fungi.

With that in mind, GMOs are living beings that have had their genetic code changed in some way. While conventional breeding, which has been going on for centuries, involves mixing all of the genes from two different sources, producing a GMO is much more targeted. Rather than crossing two plants out in the field, they insert a gene or two into individual cells in a lab. Yet, as mentioned earlier, GM technology can also be used on microorganisms. For example, bacteria have been genetically modified to produce medicines that can cure diseases or vaccines that prevent them. A commonly used medicine that comes from a genetically modified source is insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, but there are many others.

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Feed Your Mind is our new education initiative to help consumers better understand genetically engineered foods, commonly called GMOs or genetically modified organisms. en Español (Spanish)
GMO foods have been available to consumers since the early 1990s. Since then, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have worked to ensure that GMOs are safe for people, animals, and the environment.

Despite there being a wide range of foods-GMO and non-GMO-available to consumers, there is some confusion around what GMOs are and how they are used in our food supply.
GMOs 101: Your Basic Questions Answered
To help increase consumer understanding of GMOs, in 2017, Congress provided funding for an Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative, which calls upon FDA to work with EPA and USDA to share science-based educational information about GMOs, beginning with answers to some basic GMO questions.

What makes it a GMO?

A GMO (genetically modified organism) is a plant, animal, or microorganism that has had its genetic material (DNA) changed using technology that generally involves the specific modification of DNA, including the transfer of specific DNA from one organism to another. Scientists often refer to this process as genetic engineering.

Learn more about Types of Genetic Modification Methods for Crops.

Is it called GMO or something else?

"GMO" has become the common term consumers and popular media use to describe foods that have been created through genetic engineering. This term is not generally used to refer to plants or animals developed with selective breeding, like the common garden strawberries available today that were created from a cross between a species native to North America and a species native to South America. While "genetic engineering" is the term typically used by scientists, you will start seeing the "bioengineered" label on some of the foods we eat in the United States because of the new National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard.

Did you know?

Bioengineered food is the term that Congress used to describe certain types of GMOs when they passed the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard. The Standard defines bioengineered foods as those that contain detectable genetic material that has been modified through certain lab techniques and cannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature.

What GMO crops are out there?

Only a few types of GMO crops are grown in the United States, but some of these GMOs make up a large percentage of the crop grown (e.g., soybeans, corn, sugar beets, canola, and cotton).

In 2020, GMO soybeans made up 94% of all soybeans planted, GMO cotton made up 96% of all cotton planted, and 92% of corn planted was GMO corn.

Most GMO crops are used in food for animals like cows, chickens, and fish. They are also used to make ingredients that are then used in food products like cereal, snack chips, and vegetable oils. Even though you won't find many GMO fruits or vegetables in the produce section of your grocery store, GMOs are a common part of today's food supply.

Did you know?

As of 2017, GMO crops are grown in 24 countries around the world, such as Canada, Brazil, the Philippines, and Bangladesh. The approval process for GMO crops varies from country to country, but all regulations are based on the same objective that GMOs should be safe for human and animal health and the environment.

Why do we have GMOs?

Humans have used traditional ways to modify crops and animals to suit their needs and tastes for more than 10,000 years. Cross-breeding, selective breeding, and mutation breeding are examples of traditional ways to make these changes. These breeding methods often involve mixing all of the genes from two different sources. They are used to create common crops like modern corn varieties and seedless watermelon.

Modern technology now allows scientists to use genetic engineering to take just a beneficial gene, like insect resistance or drought tolerance, and transfer it into a plant. The reasons for genetic modification today are similar to what they were thousands of years ago: higher crop yields, less crop loss, longer storage life, better appearance, better nutrition, or some combination of these traits.

Do GMOs affect your health?

GMO foods are as healthful and safe to eat as their non-GMO counterparts. Some GMO plants have actually been modified to improve their nutritional value.

An example is GMO soybeans with healthier oils that can be used to replace oils that contain trans fats. Since GMO foods were introduced in the 1990s, research has shown that they are just as safe as non-GMO foods.

Additionally, research shows that GMO plants fed to farm animals are as safe as non-GMO animal food.

Do GMO plants reduce pesticide use?

Some GMO plants contain plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) to make them resistant to insects, reducing the need for and use of many spray pesticides. As another safety measure, EPA works with developers and scientists to help develop GMOs that will resist insects for as long as possible through their Insect Resistance Management program. Other GMO plants are developed to tolerate certain weed killers, which allows farmers a wide variety of options for weed control. Some people are concerned that farmers who grow these GMOs will use more weed killer. While this is sometimes the case, EPA regulates the safety of all weed killers that farmers use on GMO crops and non-GMO crops alike. EPA also shares information to help farmers who are concerned about weeds developing resistance to weed killers.
How GMOs Are Regulated in the United States Science and History of GMOs and Other Food Modification Processes GMO Crops, Animal Food, and Beyond How GMO Crops Impact Our World

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GMO foods have been available to consumers since the early 1990s. Since then, the FDA, EPA, and USDA have worked together to ensure that crops produced through genetic engineering for sale to consumers are safe for people, animals, and the environment.

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Weeks 2-3 - Zoo Habitat Questions and Rubric

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Weeks 2-3 - Zoo Habitat Questions and Rubric

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Atmosphere Compositions

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Atmosphere Compositions

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I am compiling resources from my career as a science and STEM teacher for 4th through 12th grades. I am continuously adding more resources so please check back later!

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I am compiling resources from my career as a science and STEM teacher for 4th through 12th grades. I am continuously adding more resources so please check back later! Check out our recommendations for this collection, hand-picked by our editors!

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Week 1 - Physical Science Inquiry Video Script

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Week 1 - Physical Science Inquiry Video Script

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Physical Science Inquiry Video Assessment Rubric Full

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Week 1 - Implementation FlipGrid OR Spreadsheet OR Sticky Notes

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Week 1 - Implementation FlipGrid OR Spreadsheet OR Sticky Notes

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We express ourselves in different ways. On Flip, you can use our simple and fun built-in camera to record your thoughts, add effects and share within your Flip group as video, audio only or text in your web browser or mobile app.

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Flip is a video discussion and sharing app, free from Microsoft.

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Flip (formerly Flipgrid) is a video discussion and video sharing app, free from Microsoft, built for classrooms and beyond. Learn more.

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Weeks 3-4 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Final Project Rubric

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Weeks 3-4 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Final Project Rubric

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Weeks 3-4 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Final Projects 

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Weeks 3-4 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Final Projects 

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Weeks 2-3 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Planning Form

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Weeks 2-3 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Planning Form

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Weeks 2-3 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Planning and Approval

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Weeks 2-3 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Planning and Approval

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Week 1 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Intro

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Week 1 - Mechanical Energy Inquiry Intro

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Rubric 2

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Rubric 2

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Rubric 1

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Rubric 1

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Final 

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Week 3 - Natural Hazards Comparison Final 

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Week 2 - Natural Hazards Comparison Next Steps and Follow-Up

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Week 2 - Natural Hazards Comparison Next Steps and Follow-Up

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Week 2 - Natural Hazards Comparison Google Form and Meetings

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Week 2 - Natural Hazards Comparison Google Form and Meetings

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Week 1 - Natural Hazards Comparison Introduction

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Week 1 - Natural Hazards Comparison Introduction

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Learn more about the causes and effects of natural disasters.

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Britannica

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Britannica

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Britannica Money

Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica's exacting standards.

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Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.

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Our solar system has one star, eight planets, five officially recognized dwarf planets, at least 290 moons, more than 1.3 million asteroids, and about 3,900 comets.

It is located in an outer spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur. Our solar system orbits the center of the galaxy at about 515,000 mph (828,000 kph). It takes about 230 million years to complete one orbit around the galactic center.

We call it the solar system because it is made up of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity - the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Makemake, Haumea, and Eris - along with hundreds of moons; and millions of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.

Our solar system is the only one we know of that has a planet that supports life. So far, we only know of life on Earth, but we're looking for life on other worlds.

NASA's Europa Clipper

Send Your Name to Jupiter

You're invited to #SendYourName to Jupiter's moon Europa by signing a poem by U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón that will travel aboard NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft.

Saying Farewell: Which Spacecraft are Leaving Our Solar System?

Only two spacecraft have reached interstellar space, the space between stars. Three other spacecraft have achieved enough velocity to eventually travel beyond the boundaries of our solar system.

Voyager 1 went interstellar in 2012 and Voyager 2 joined it in 2018. Both spacecraft, launched in 1977, are still in communication with Earth.

NASA's New Horizons spacecraft is currently exploring an icy region beyond Neptune called the Kuiper Belt. It eventually will leave our solar system.

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 also will ultimately travel silently among the stars toward the galactic core. The spacecraft used up their power supplies decades ago.

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Solar System Overview Our solar system has one star, eight planets, five officially recognized dwarf planets, at least 290 moons, more than 1.3 million asteroids, and about 3,900 comets. It is located in an outer spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur.

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Space.com

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Week 1 - Sources for Research: Space.com

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Get the latest space exploration, innovation and astronomy news. Space.com celebrates humanity's ongoing expansion across the final frontier.

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Weeks 3-4 - Colonization Group Requests and Customized Solutions

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Weeks 3-4 - Colonization Group Requests and Customized Solutions

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Planet Presentation Group Requests Final

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Weeks 1-2 - Colonization Set-Up, Requirements, and Rubrics

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Weeks 1-2 - Colonization Set-Up, Requirements, and Rubrics