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D of E Silver Assessed Expedition ~ Group

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This video was made as part of our Gold Expedition Aim, to advertise the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme and encourage others to join it! Hope you enjoy :-)

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Duke Of Edinburgh Award - Tips And Tricks

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Share your videos with friends, family, and the world

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Anatomy lesson · Passive activity · Wall slides · Massage tools · Massage stick

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How to Light a Campfire with Natural Materials and a Ferro Rod

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A beginners guide to understanding map contour lines | OS GetOutside

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Learn the use and meaning of contour lines on maps and understand how to use them on your map when you’re planning routes or out and about.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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Have you ever got confused about what a map scale is, or wondered what is the difference between our Landranger and Explorer maps? Our quick guide to understanding map scales will help!

Choosing the right map scale can be really important when you are planning you adventures. Use a map with too little detail and it can be hard to use, while too detailed a map may mean you are continually going off the page or map sheet.

The critical item that tells you how much detail is shown is called the 'scale'. Check out our Pathfinder guide titled Navigation Skills for Walkers including map reading, compass and GPS.

What is a map scale?

The scale of a map shows how much you would have to enlarge your map to get the actual size of the piece of land you are looking at. For example, your map has a scale of 1:25 000, which means that every 1cm on the map represents 25 000 of those same units of measurement on the ground (for example, 25 000cm = 250 metres). That might sound a bit complicated, but OS maps have been designed to make understanding scale easy. Look at the front of a 1:25 000 scale map and you will see that the scale has been also written out for you like this:
4cm to 1km
This means that every 4cm on a map = 1km in real life. To make it even easier, the grid lines are exactly 4cm apart, so every square is 1km by 1km.

Maps are made at different scales for different purposes. The 1:25 000 scale map is very useful for walking, but if you use it in a car you will quickly drive off the edge! On the other hand, maps at 1:250 000 scale (note the extra zero) show lots more area, but in far less detail.

A map scale is the size ratio of a feature on the map to the one in the real world

Popular OS map scales

Road maps: 1: 250 000 scale, shows roads and towns, but few individual features over a large area

Landranger maps: 1 : 50 000 scale, shows roads, large paths and some individual features

Explorer Map: 1 : 25 000 scale, shows many features including paths and buildings over a small area

Mastermap: 1: 1 250 scale, shows accurate position for individual buildings or small areas

Steve Backshall on map scales

Large Scale vs Small Scale

The terms 'large scale' and 'small scale' are used to describe different scales. However, they can be confusing :

Large scale maps have low number is the scale, such as 1: 1250. The features are shown are Small scale maps have a high number in the scale, such as 1: 250 000. Individual features shown are small

High number = small scale

There is no fixed definition of what scale ratios fall into large scale or small scale.

More reading: Advanced guide to map scales

This is part of National Map Reading Week, which encourages everyone to improve their map reading skills and discover new adventures.

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A beginners guide to understanding map scales | OS GetOutside

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Have you ever got confused about what a map scale is, or wondered what is the difference between our Landranger and Explorer maps? Our quick guide to understanding map scales will help! Choosing the right map scale can be really important when you are planning you adventures.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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Find grid references online

The quickest way to find a grid reference of a location is to go to the OS Maps desktop version and right click on the location - it's that simple! You should see two letters followed by two sets of five numbers like this SZ 65750 98047. If you're using the OS Maps app then you'll need to press and hold to find the grid reference for that location. It will follow the same format as the above.

Another great grid reference finder is the OS Locate app which you can use to pinpoint your exact location.

Of course, we all know there's nothing more reliable than a paper map and compass when venturing out into the hills. So, it's important to know how to find your location (grid reference) on a paper map to let others know (like Mountain Rescue) know where you are. To do this, you need to understand the National Grid.

Find grid references with a paper map

Understanding the National Grid

Eastings and Northings

You might have noticed by now that OS Maps are covered in a series of blue grid lines. These grid lines help you to pinpoint an exact location anywhere on the map. The vertical lines are called 'eastings', as they increase in value as you travel east on the map. The horizontal lines are called 'northings' as they increase in value as you travel north on the map.

These are linked to the National Grid which provides a unique reference system, and can be applied to all OS Maps of Great Britain, at all scales. Great Britain is covered by grid squares measuring 100 kilometres across and each grid square is identified by two letters, as shown in diagram A.

On OS Maps, these squares are further divided into smaller squares by grid lines representing 10 kilometre spacing, each numbered from 0 to 9 from the south west corner, in an easterly (left to right) and northerly (upwards) direction. You can see this in diagram B.

Using this eastings and northings system you can identify a 10 kilometre grid square. For example, the above image shows TL63. After the letters you can quote the eastings (6) first, then the northings (3).

​Top Tip

If you have trouble remembering the order, say... along the corridor, THEN up the stairs.

On an OS Landranger map you can find the two main grid letters (in this case TL) on the legend or the corner squares of the map. The grid is further divided into 1 kilometre intervals, as shown in diagram C.

How do grid references help me find places?

If you haven't got OS Maps or OS Locate or you're using a paper map, it is easy to find a particular place using a grid reference. To start, a four-figure grid reference is a handy way of identifying any square on a map. Grid references are easy if you can remember that you always have to go along the corridor before you go up the stairs. To find the number of a square first use the eastings to go along the corridor until you come to the bottom left-hand corner of the square you want.

Write this two-figure number down. Then use the northing to go up the stairs until you find the same corner. Put this two‑figure number after your first one and you now have the four-figure grid reference, which looks like the example in diagram D: 6233.

4-figure grid references

What this short 'how to' video with Steve Backshall

Six-figure grid references

If you want to pinpoint an more exact place on a map, such as your own house, you will need to use a six-figure grid reference. First find the four-figure grid reference for the square and write it down with a space after each set of numbers, like this: 62_ 33_

Now imagine this square is divided up into 100 tiny squares with 10 squares along each side. Still remembering to go along the corridor and up the stairs, work out the extra numbers you need and put them into your four-figure grid reference like this in diagram E: 625 333.

Top tip

When giving directions you can provide even more accuracy to your grid reference by stating a nearby landmark or feature. For example, on the Bembridge OS Explorer map I am at grid reference SZ 644 874, at the crossroads.

What this short 'how to' video with Steve Backshall

Put your new skills into practice and get out your OS Map to have a go at finding a few grid references. Check out our Pathfinder guide titled Navigation Skills for Walkers including map reading, compass and GPS.

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Beginner's guide to grid references | OS GetOutside

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The quickest way to find a grid reference of a location is to go to the OS Maps desktop version and right click on the location - it's that simple! You should see two letters followed by two sets of five numbers like this SZ 65750 98047.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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Get to know your compass and it will become an indispensable tool.

Whether you are out walking or cycling or simply driving somewhere new, being able to use a compass is an great skill that will always come in handy. Rather than just showing north, modern compasses have many features to assist in planning and navigation.

Without a compass, you can still use your map by relying on visible features, but a compass allows you to be more accurate and navigate where there are few obvious landscape features.

Shop OS compasses Navigation Skills for Walkers

Types of compass

There are loads of magnetic compasses available, from ones attached to penknives to huge, expensive ships compasses. Here's some of the most common:

Basic compass

This will tell you which way is north, but without a rotating bezel or an easy way of alignment, it will never be very accurate. They are inexpensive, but very cheap ones can be poor.

Best for: driving and road cycling where you only need the approximate direction, or as an emergency spare

Sighting compass

This compass is designed to make it easy to take a bearing from a distant object, and are still often used by the military. They don't have all the features you may want, but can be very accurate.

Best for: people who know how to use them

Baseplate or orienteering compass

This is probably the most flexible type, as it can be used for taking bearings, setting a heading and measuring distances. The clear base allows it to be laid on top of the map.

Best for: accurate navigation with a map

Know your compass

1. Baseplate - The mounting of the compass. Clear, so when placed on top of the map you can still see the map features

2. Compass housing - Contains the magnetic needle and has the points of the compass printed on a circular, rotating bezel.

3. Compass needle - Floats in liquid so it can rotate freely but without being too sensitive to movement, the red end points to magnetic north.

4. Orienting lines - Fixed within the compass housing and designed to be aligned with the eastings on a map.

5. Orienting arrow - Fixed within the compass housing, aligned to north on the housing. Enables conversion between grid and magnetic north.

6. Magnetic variation - allows accurateadjustment for magnetic variation or declination

7. Index line - Fixed beneath the rotating bezel of the compass, it marks the bearing you wish to travel along.

8. Direction of travel arrow - Shows the direction that you want to travel along once you have taken your bearing. It is an extension of the index line.

9. Compass scale - Displayed along the edge of the base plate so you can measure distances on maps.

Using your compass

Where do you want to go?

From your starting point on the map, place the index line on an imaginary line between where you are now and where you want to be - with the direction of travel arrow on the base plate pointing the way. Start by drawing a line from A to B now.

Holding the baseplate in place, rotate the compass housing so the orienting arrow lines up with grid north on the map. The orienting lines should be parallel with the vertical blue grid lines (eastings).

Your compass does not point to grid north. Magnetic north throughout Great Britain can range from 0º to 5º. The amount of variation changes every year, so check your OS map to work out the most current value. You'll find this in the map legend. Add magnetic variation to your bearing by rotating the compass housing.

Take your compass off the map. Hold your compass flat at waist height and turn yourself until the red needle meets up with the letter N and is positioned over the orienting arrow. You're ready to go. The red direction of travel arrow will point the way.

Compass readings are also affected by the presence of iron and steel objects, so be sure to look out for - and stay away from - pocket knives, belt buckles, mobiles and GPS devices when using your compass.

Top tip: The red end of the compass points to north, the black end points to south

Beginners guide to using a compass

Using land features instead

As an alternative to using a compass to orientate your map, you can use your eyesight. This method will only work if you are in an area with visible prominent features or landmarks. First, locate yourself next to a feature or landmark and place your finger on the map at the point where you are standing. Then begin to rotate the map so that other features and landmarks on the map begin to line up with the actual ones you can see. The map is now orientated with the land, although not as accurately as it would be using a compass.

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A beginners guide to the compass | OS GetOutside

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Get to know your compass and it will become an indispensable tool. Whether you are out walking or cycling or simply driving somewhere new, being able to use a compass is an great skill that will always come in handy. Rather than just showing north, modern compasses have many features to assist in planning and navigation.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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To start with you need to know where you are on the map (point A) and where you want to go to (point B).

Get the map flat - a stiff map case, flat rock or your knee works.

Line up point A and B with either the side of your compass or one of the black lines running down the base plate, making sure that the direction of travel arrow is point in the direction you want to go in (so towards point B).

A compass with a larger base is useful here for covering longer distances, but you can use a straight edge with a smaller compass.

For the moment, don't worry about the north arrow.

Now, hold the compass still and turn the compass housing bezel so that the "N" on the bezel and the orienteering arrow are point to grid north (the top of the map). To help do this - make sure that the orienteering lines are lined up with the easting lines on the map.

Try to get this as accurate as possible - and if you have folded your map check which way is north!

Again, ignore what the compass needle is doing at this stage.

Now you need to allow for the difference between magnetic north and grid north.

We're lucky in the UK that this variation is small, but where accuracy is important, you need to adjust for it.

The adjustment varies across the country and you can generally find it printed on your map in the key. Look for 'magnetic north'. Ignore any references to 'true north' as we don't need them. At the moment GB magnetic variations are between -1° and 4°.

Pick up your compass and turn your compass bezel anticlockwise to ADD the positive magnetic variations, or clockwise to SUBTRACT negative variations.

Many compasses have a smaller scale inside the compass housing to make this easier, or use the outer scale. Most compasses only show a marker for every 2 degrees.

With such a small variation for GB you can often ignore it, but it can become critical in some parts of the world or in featureless areas.

Now put the map away. Be careful you don't move the compass bezel.

Hold the compass flat and near your body, with the big 'direction of travel' arrow pointing straight ahead. Turn yourself and the compass around slowly until the red end of the needle lines up with the orienting arrow, as in the picture.

The direction of travel arrow should still point straight ahead - that's the way you are going, towards B.

Look up, and pick an object in the distance that's in exactly the right direction. It could be a distinctive tree, rock, hill peak or similar. Don't use sheep, as they tend to move.

Try to avoid looking at the compass all the time as you walk, as this is less accurate than using a more distant target. If you reach the target you are aiming for check the compass again, pick a new target object and carry on until you reach your next waypoint.

The biggest errors by beginners here are firstly moving the bezel - it's set and should not be changed at this point. Secondly, not holding the compass pointing directly away from the body. Also, be aware of any magnets or metal near the compass: mobile phones, magnetic buttons, metal belts and similar can 'deflect' the compass needle, making it inaccurate.

A to B

SU 236 042 to SU 244 048
Initial measurement: 52° from north
Add 1° for variation

Heading: 53°, distance: 1.01 km

B to C

SU 244 048 to SU 250 048
Initial measurement: 91° from north
Add 1° for variation

Heading: 92°, distance: 0.59 km

I've ignored the slight kink in this path, but in poor conditions add an intermediate waypoint.

C to D

SU 250 048 to SU 249 058
Initial measurement: 352° (just off true north)
Add 1° for variation

Heading: 353°, distance: 0.96 km

Put your new skills into practice!

Edited: 16/11/2020

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Beginners guide to using a compass | OS GetOutside

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To start with you need to know where you are on the map (point A) and where you want to go to (point B). Get the map flat - a stiff map case, flat rock or your knee works.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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Step 1: Find your scale

First of all, you have to know your scale. If you understand the map scale number that's great, but if you find that tricky you can still measure distances accurately.

At the bottom of each map there's a scale that indicates the distance on the map. When you measure a distance on the map, just compare it to the scale, and it will instantly tell you the real world distance.

Step 2: Measuring the distance

You can measure straight line distances on a map with a ruler - there's often one included on the side of your compass. However, if you use the technique above, you can use almost anything - your pencil, fingers or a twig - to get a distance and compare it to the map scale. No maths required!

This does have one big drawback - you can only measure straight lines, which are not that common outside cities. While you could take lots of small measurements and add them up, there's an easier way using just a bit of plain old string. Try using the lanyard from your compass or a spare shoelace if you don't have a handy bit of string in your pocket.

Lay the string out along the route. You may need to use some extra fingers to pin it in place. Once you have covered the route, carefully mark the string (or just hold it in the right place) and compare it to your map scale.

Step 3: Calculating distance from the scale

Sometimes you can't just compare to a printed map scale. You might be using a map with no printed scale, or you've folded your map up into the map case and can't get to it easily. If you have your handy ruler you can still calculate distance.

Measure your distance using a ruler or string as above. If you used a bit of string, measure the string to get a distance in cm.

Now, you need to multiply that distance by the map scale, and convert that to meters or kilometres.

Examples:

1: 8.5cm measured on a 1: 25 000 OS Explorer map

2: 12.8cm measured on a 1: 50 000 OS Landranger map

Since you multiply and then divide to convert to km, you can simplify your maths into a single smaller calculation:
1: 25 000 - quarter the cm to calculate km
1: 50 000 - half the cm to give km
As doing these without a calculator can occasionally be tricky, it's a good idea to be able to do an approximation.

For the 1: 25 000 map, the scale also reads '4cm to 1km'. So my 8.5cm is 2km, plus 1/8km, or 0.125, but even if I'd rounded that to 2km and 'a little bit', that would probably be close enough for most purposes.

For the 1: 50 000 map, the scale is '2cm to 1 km'. My 12.8 cm is 6km plus just under half.

IMPORTANT: If you are navigating in poor visibility or in in open country with few landmarks, you may want to be more accurate and calculate distances exactly.

Top tip!

Remember that the grid lines on a 1:25 000 scale map are 1km apart. A quick way of estimating distance is to count each square you cross in a straight line. If going diagonally the distance across the grid square is about 1½km.

Other ways to measure distance on a map

You can also work out distances on a map using a romer or map measurer.

A romer is a ruler that's scaled with a specific map scale. Instead of reading in cm and converting, you can read the distance directly. Just ensure that you use a romer with the same scale as the map you are using - our range of compasses have the correct scales for our most popular 1: 25 000 OS Explorer and 1: 50 000 OS Landranger maps.

A map measurer is a mechanical or electronic tool with a small wheel that you run over the map. You can then read off the converted distance. Again, check the manual to make sure you are using the correct scale conversions.

Now you know the basics, check out our advanced guide to measuring distances. You can also find out more in our Pathfinder guide titled Navigation Skills for Walkers which includes information on map reading, compasses and GPS.

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A beginners guide to measuring distance on a map | OS GetOutside

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Measuring distance is a key tool in map reading and is especially useful for hikers and cyclists who want to measure how far they have travelled or how far they wish to go. Learn how to easily measure distance on a map with our quick and simple guide.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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Learn how to correctly pack your rucksack efficiently and safely with our handy packing guide. Make sure your adventure is hassle free and that you are comfortable whilst trekking out and about with your bag.

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Discover how to pack your rucksack for an adventure | OS GetOutside

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Learn how to correctly pack your rucksack efficiently and safely with our handy packing guide. Make sure your adventure is hassle free and that you are comfortable whilst trekking out and about with your bag.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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It's a skill humans have had for millennia - but do you know how to get a decent, safe fire going on your next camping trip?

When you envisage your next camping trip, there's one element that impacts all the others. We use it to cook food; we use it for warmth; we use it for light when we've arrived late and the torch is playing up. It's what we sit around when we're swapping stories and looking over a map to plan the next day's activities. It is, of course, a campfire - and most people don't know how to light one properly.

Oh sure, when the weather is hot and dry it can be as easy as collecting some leaves and twigs and tossing a match on them, but how long will that last? And what if it's raining?

Whilst we're not going to go full-on Bear Grylls-survival on you, lighting a fire is a critical skill for anyone who heads out into the great outdoors. Should you find yourself in trouble, it could even act as a signal of your distress. So for anyone who's a little unsure of their pyro-ability, here's a beginner's guide to lighting a fire.

Essential camping items

Let's take things like a tent and water as a given. In terms of lighting a fire, there are a few essential items you should always pack when setting off on a camping trip:

Waterproof matches
Several lighters (different types)
Candles
Folding saw

The first two things on that list might seem obvious; when it comes to lighters, we recommend taking a classic Zippo lighter due to the 'chimney' around the flame making it wind-proof, as well as a butane torch lighter, which gives you a flame by pushing down a button and will stay lit in both rain and high winds.

Keeping some candles handy is something you might not think to do, but they're great for when you need to keep a steady flame going. And speaking of keeping the fire going, we definitely DO NOT recommend using lighter fluid, petrol or any other flammable liquid on your fire. You might want to get your fire going immediately, but if you use flammable liquid the fire is going to be far more difficult to keep under control.

The folding saw comes in handy during the preparation of the fire, so let's get to that.

Campfire preparation

What are you going to burn? Forget things like newspaper - this will give you a smoky fire which can be uncomfortable to sit around. Dry branches, twigs, and dry grass are the best things to build your fire out of, and are widely available in most places people choose to set up camp.

Do check local rules about collecting fuel - you may have to bring it with you in some places. Also, don't chop down any trees or snap off branches from live trees. This is not allowed almost everywhere and fresh green wood burns very poorly and generates a lot of smoke.

Soft woods like pine tend to burn fast with large flames, whereas hard woods like oak burn slower and less flamboyantly; both are effective. A recommended size for dead branches to collect would be around three inches wide, and around wrist thick. Using your folding saw you can cut the branches into smaller five - ten inch pieces. Splitting the wood to expose more dry areas helps larger logs catch more quickly and burn more evenly - you can do this with a hatches or a heavy knife using the batoning technique.

When you know you can find the necessary materials, now you should look for the best spot by your campsite to set up the fire. For daytime fires that you'll use to cook food, look for a sheltered location on solid ground away from overhanging branches. Dry rocks will come in handy as you can rest your cooking utensils on them, and they'll contain the flames. For overnight fires, you want a location near enough to where you'll be sleeping for warmth, but not so close it starts to present a danger.

Arranging the fire

For a safe and successful fire, it takes more than just throwing stuff on the ground and taking a lighter to it. Doing it right might take more effort, but it can also be fun - like building a house of cards.

Begin by taking some of split wood and laying it down to create a platform on which you can build your fire. Criss-cross some smaller twigs, scatter some dry grass over the foundation and make a pile of light wood shavings you've cut with your folding saw in the centre. Over this, begin to construct a pyramid or teepee shape with smaller branches, and stuff bunches of dry grass between the pyramid structure. Remember not to completely surround the area you're about to light as the flames will need oxygen. Around the structure, lay some dry stones if possible to prevent spreading, or lay the fire in a fire pit.

Make sure you are well away from tents, overhanging trees or any other flammable materials.

Setting it alight

Begin by lighting the dry grass between the twigs using either a lighter or match. As it begins to burn, you could try blowing on the flame gently to help it spread to the tinder in the centre and eventually to the wood in your pyramid structure. This might not happen on your first attempt, but keep going and eventually it will light up. Keep an eye on it, as once lit it's likely it could go out before it is substantial enough. Feed dry wood shavings to the flame as it grows.

Once it's going, you could poke in some dry twigs and when lit place them on other areas of your structure that are yet to begin burning. As the flames grow and begin to consume the wood, push the large pieces of your structure into the fire towards the centre. At this point the fire should be in full swing and you'll be able to place your larger pieces of wood on to the blaze. By adding new wood as and when, it should be all you need to keep the fire going.

Because you've split the wood to reveal dry areas, this method will work even when it's raining (as long as you keep the materials dry before adding them to the fire). It might not be instantaneous, but it's reliable.

Gear up for outdoor adventures with our camping and outdoors range including tents and sleeping equipment from Vango. Shop the full range.

Kindling alternatives

Sometimes there just isn't enough decent material available to you, so you might need to use alternatives for kindling to help get your fire alight. Some items you might have with you that will set on fire easily and can be used for kindling include:

Crisps - due to the fat content, they set alight and burn relatively easily (although it means going hungry until you start cooking your dinner on the flames!)

Cotton balls and Vaseline - catches fire very easily and will burn for a long time like a candle due to the Vaseline acting as fuel. The Two Blondes recommend tampons + hand gel as emergency firelighters.

Pine cones - if you can gather up a bunch, pine cones are very effective as they're quick to catch fire and they actually smell rather nice when burning.

Read more:

Fire safety when camping
Cooking over a camp fire

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Beginner's guide to lighting a fire | OS GetOutside

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It's a skill humans have had for millennia - but do you know how to get a decent, safe fire going on your next camping trip? When you envisage your next camping trip, there's one element that impacts all the others.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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@SBHSDofE Using a Trangia stove with gas converter

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) Shopping

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All DofE recommended expedition food is easy to prepare and the packaging won't split in your rucksack. You don't need to keep them refrigerated - your bag will be just fine.

There are two types of DofE recommended expedition food: ready to eat and dehydrated.

Wayfayrer expedition food is nutritious and ready to eat hot or cold. They're small to carry, have durable packaging, and match meals you might have at home. You can pick from savoury or sweet options.
Wayfayrer expedition food packs - savoury
Flavours include:

All Day Breakfast

Beans and Burgers

Chicken Tikka and Rice

Chilli Con Carne

Pasta and Meatballs

Plus many more

VIEW WAYFAYRER EXPEDITION FOOD Wayfayrer expedition food - sweet
Flavours include:

Chocolate Pudding

Sticky Toffee Pudding

VIEW WAYFAYRER EXPEDITION FOOD
Dehydrated: Firepot expedition food is designed for expeditions. They are lightweight and high calorie - just add boiling water to get your food ready to eat.
Firepot dehydrated expedition food packs
Flavours include:

Posh pork and beans

Beef stew with pearl barley

Spicy pork noodles

Porcini mushroom risotto

Plus many more

VIEW FIREPOT EXPEDITION FOOD

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Expedition food - The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) Shopping

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All DofE recommended expedition food is easy to prepare and the packaging won't split in your rucksack. You don't need to keep them refrigerated - your bag will be just fine. There are two types of DofE recommended expedition food: ready to eat and dehydrated.

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc

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For young people / I pobl ifanc