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Overview

Structure of the Digestive System

What is the digestive system?

Your digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and your liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs that are connected to each other from your mouth to your anus. The organs that make up your GI tract, in the order that they are connected, include your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

What does the digestive system do?

Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to survive. And when it's done with that, it handily packages your solid waste, or stool, for disposal when you have a bowel movement.

Why is digestion important?

Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from the food you eat and the liquids you drink in order to stay healthy and function properly. Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Your digestive system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from the food and liquids you consume to use for important things like energy, growth and repairing cells.

Anatomy

What organs make up the digestive system?

The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver.

Here's how these organs work together in your digestive system.

Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite. Your salivary glands get active as you see and smell that pasta dish or warm bread. After you start eating, you chew your food into pieces that are more easily digested. Your saliva mixes with the food to begin to break it down into a form your body can absorb and use. When you swallow, your tongue passes the food into your throat and into your esophagus.

Esophagus

Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking (when food goes into your windpipe). A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.

But first a ring-like muscle at the bottom of your esophagus called the lower esophageal sphincter has to relax to let the food in. The sphincter then contracts and prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus. (When it doesn't and these contents flow back into the esophagus, you may experience acid reflux or heartburn.)

Stomach

The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of your stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they're released into the small intestine.

Small intestine

Made up of three segments - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also works in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.

The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It's largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process. The jejunum and ileum lower in the intestine are mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucus contribute to the change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine (colon).

Pancreas

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.

Liver

The liver has many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat and some vitamins.

The liver is your body's chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals your body needs to function.

The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs that can be toxic to your body.

Gallbladder

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.

Colon

The colon is responsible for processing waste so that emptying your bowels is easy and convenient. It's a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum.

The colon is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day.

It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These "good" bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination (a bowel movement).

Rectum

The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum's job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not.

If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is able to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas or solid.

The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it's not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. This keeps us continent (prevents us from pooping involuntarily) when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool.

When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.

Conditions and Disorders

What are some common conditions that affect the digestive system?

There are temporary conditions and long-term, or chronic, diseases and disorders that affect the digestive system. It's common to have conditions such as constipation, diarrhea or heartburn from time to time. If you are experiencing digestive issues like these frequently, be sure to contact your healthcare professional. It could be a sign of a more serious disorder that needs medical attention and treatment.

Short-term or temporary conditions that affect the digestive system include:

Constipation: Constipation generally happens when you go poop (have a bowel movement) less frequently than you normally do. When you're constipated, your poop is often dry and hard and it's difficult and painful for your poop to pass.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea is when you have loose or watery poop. Diarrhea can be caused by many things, including bacteria, but sometimes the cause is unknown.

Heartburn: Although it has "heart" in its name, heartburn is actually a digestive issue. Heartburn is an uncomfortable burning feeling in your chest that can move up your neck and throat. It happens when acidic digestive juices from your stomach go back up your esophagus.

Hemorrhoids: Hemorrhoids are swollen, enlarged veins that form inside and outside of your anus and rectum. They can be painful, uncomfortable and cause rectal bleeding.

Stomach flu (gastroenteritis): The stomach flu is an infection of the stomach and upper part of the small intestine usually caused by a virus. It usually lasts less than a week. Millions of people get the stomach flu every year.

Ulcers: An ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. The most common causes of ulcers are infection with a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen.

Gallstones: Gallstones are small pieces of solid material formed from digestive fluid that form in your gallbladder, a small organ under your liver.

Common digestive system diseases ( gastrointestinal diseases) and disorders include:

GERD (chronic acid reflux): GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic acid reflux) is a condition in which acid-containing contents in your stomach frequently leak back up into your esophagus.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): IBS is a condition in which your colon muscle contracts more or less often than normal. People with IBS experience excessive gas, abdominal pain and cramps.

Lactose intolerance: People with lactose intolerance are unable to digest lactose, the sugar primarily found in milk and dairy products.

Diverticulosis and diverticulitis: Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are two conditions that occur in your large intestine (also called your colon). Both share the common feature of diverticula, which are pockets or bulges that form in the wall of your colon.

Cancer: Cancers that affect tissues and organs in the digestive system are called gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. There are multiple kinds of GI cancers. The most common digestive system cancers include esophageal cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, colon and rectal (colorectal) cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer.

Crohn's disease: Crohn's disease is a lifelong form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The condition irritates the digestive tract.

Celiac disease: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that can damage your small intestine. The damage happens when a person with celiac disease consumes gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye.

Care

How can I keep my digestive system healthy?

If you have a medical condition, always ask your healthcare provider what you should do and eat to stay healthy and manage your condition. In general, the following are ways to keep your digestive system healthy:

Drink water often: Water helps the food you eat flow more easily through your digestive system. Low amounts of water in your body (dehydration) is a common cause of constipation.

Include fiber in your diet: Fiber is beneficial to digestion and helps your body have regular bowel movements. Be sure to incorporate both soluble and insoluble fiber into your diet.

Eat a balanced diet: Be sure to eat several servings of fruit and vegetables every day. Choose whole grains over processed grains and try to avoid processed foods in general. Choose poultry and fish more often than red meat and limit all deli (processed) meats. Limit the amount of sugar you consume.

Eat foods with probiotics or take probiotic supplements: Probiotics are good bacteria that help fight off the bad bacteria in your gut. They also make healthy substances that nourish your gut. It can be especially helpful to consume probiotics after you have taken an antibiotic because antibiotics often kill both bad and good bacteria in your gut.

Eat mindfully and chew your food: Eating slowly gives your body time to digest your food properly. It also allows your body to send you cues that it is full. It is important to chew your food thoroughly because it helps to ensure your body has enough saliva (spit) for digestion. Chewing your food fully also makes it easier for your digestive system to absorb the nutrients in the food.

Exercise: Physical activity and gravity help move food through your digestive system. Taking a walk, for example, after you eat a meal can help your body digest the food more easily.

Avoid alcohol and smoking: Alcohol can increase the amount of acid in your stomach and can cause heartburn, acid reflux and stomach ulcers. Smoking almost doubles your risk of having acid reflux. Research has shown that people who have digestive issues that quit smoking have improved symptoms.

Manage your stress: Stress is associated with digestive issues such as constipation, diarrhea and IBS.

Contact your healthcare provider if you are experiencing frequent symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain or cramps, excessive gas (farting), or heartburn. While most people experience these conditions every once in a while, if you experience them often, it could be a sign of a more serious digestive system issue.

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Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy

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Your digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and your liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs that are connected to each other from your mouth to your anus.

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BASIC KNOWLEDGE - RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES What is renewable energy? Definition, types, and challenges

Wind and solar power are bringing about a clean energy revolution. Here is everything that you need to know about renewable energy, the different types, and the advantages and challenges of it, plus a look to the future.

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Renewable energy, sometimes referred to as "clean" or "green" energy, is a booming innovation that is bringing down energy costs and delivering on its promise of a cleaner, greener future. Across the world, from Europe to America, solar and wind generation are breaking record after record as they slowly start to penetrate national electricity grids without compromising on electricity.

This means that renewable energy sources are slowly but surely displacing "dirty" energy sources, such as fossil fuels (e.g., coal and oil) in the power sector and offering the benefit of lower emissions and pollution levels.

What is the definition of 'renewable energy'?

When we say, "renewable energy", "renewable energy sources", or "green energy" we mean any energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as the wind or sun; we can use an unlimited amount of the sun or wind's energy because its supply is infinite.

While renewable energy is sometimes thought of as a new technology, harnessing the power of nature has long since been used for heating, lighting, transportation, and more. Wind, for example, has been used for hundreds of years by sailors to move boats across the ocean. Meanwhile, farmers have long since relied on the wind to make their windmills turn and grind down grain. The sun has also been used for a very long time to help kindle fires and in some cases for cooking.

However, over the course of the last few hundred years and especially during the industrial revolution, humans have turned to cheaper and dirtier energy sources. While these are not more abundant than renewable sources like the sun and wind, they are much more convenient and efficient to use... or, at least, they have been up until now.

Now that we have innovative and cheaper ways to capture and retain renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, renewables are becoming a much more important power source. In Europe, for example, energy from renewable sources made up 34 percent of gross electricity consumption, up from 32 percent in 2018. The renewables expansion is happening on both a large and small scale, from rooftop solar panels on homes to giant offshore wind farms and battery plants. Renewables have become so reliable, in fact, that some rural communities rely on it entirely for lighting and heating.

What is 'dirty energy'?

When we say, "dirty energy", we are referring to fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. These are non-renewable (i.e., finite: once they are gone, they are gone for good) and only available in limited amounts. While it is true that these sources do replenish, it takes a very, very, very long time-in some cases, millions of years-to replenish.

Non-renewable energy sources are also only able to be found in certain parts of the world. This means they are more plentiful in some nations than others, such as the "oil-rich" Arab states. In contrast, every country on Earth has access to renewable sources such as the sun and wind. Prioritizing renewable energy therefore levels the playing field and makes countries less reliant on others, something which has a knock-on effect on things like national security.

Finally, non-renewable energy sources are a risk to the environment and human health. Oil drilling, for example, might require strip mining or fracking, which can cause earthquakes and water pollution. It can also damage habitats. Some non-renewables, such as coal, can lead to air pollution which is not only bad for our health but contributes to global warming.

Why does renewable energy matter?

Renewable energy sources account for a growing chunk of energy consumption in Europe, the U.S., and the wider world.

They are a fast-growing source of clean, low- or zero-carbon electricity. While cost can sometimes be a barrier to the adoption of renewable sources-as we will explore in more detail later-rapid advances in technology, supply chains, and government policy have contributed to their growth in recent years.

These renewable energy sources are important because they provide reliable power supplies and fuel diversification. These help to improve energy security, the environment, and conserve natural resources and habitats. They also reduce the need for costly fuel imports and accidents such as oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 which claimed the lives of 11 rig workers and millions of marine animals, including mammals, birds, and fish.

Different types of renewable energy sources

While solar and wind are the two most referred to types of renewable energy, there are several. These include:

Solar renewable energy

Solar energy is energy that comes from the sun. This is harnessed by solar (or photovoltaic (PV)) cells made from silicon that is found in solar panels. These cells transform sunlight into electricity. The most common types of solar systems are those found on top of rooftops that generate electricity locally for homes and businesses. However, solar panel systems on a large enough scale can be powerful enough to power entire neighborhoods and provide electricity for thousands of homes.

Solar is now seen as such a viable energy source, in fact, that most developed nations have government-backed schemes and incentives that "reward" home and business owners for installing solar panels on their property. These include everything from cashback and tax breaks to paying homeowners to "sell" their surplus power to national power grids. Solar is an example of zero-carbon energy; it doesn't produce any pollutants or harmful by-products beyond those generated during the solar PV cell manufacturing process.

Wind renewable energy

Today, wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines that in some cases can be as tall as skyscrapers. While wind turbines are usually found on-shore, but they can also be found off-shore where wind speeds tend to be higher. A turbine system works by the wind energy turning its blades. This feeds an electric generator and produces electricity which can then be used by the grid.

The wind has quickly become the cheapest energy source available in many parts of the world. In Europe, the latest estimates say that there is now 142 GW of installed wind energy capacity and in 2015 it accounted for 44.2 percent of total power capacity installations.

Hydroelectric renewable energy

Hydroelectric renewable energy is currently the largest renewable energy source in the United States, but wind energy is expected to catch up soon. While it is a viable renewable energy source, there is limited potential for it to be captured because it relies on fast-flowing water, such as that found in a river or waterfall, descending from a high point to create a force that spins a generator's turbine blades.

That being said, there are many who argue that hydroelectric is not in fact a renewable source. This is because large-scale hydroelectric plants can sometimes reduce natural water flows and restrict access to animal habitats and human populations that rely on rivers and waterways for survival. On a smaller scale, however, carefully managed hydroelectric plants are not thought to be damaging to the environment.

Geothermal renewable energy

Geothermal energy is the heat that comes from the sub-surface of the Earth. It is contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth's crust and can be found as far down to the earth's hot molten rock, magma. To create power from geothermal energy, wells must be dug deep into underground reservoirs to access the steam and hot water they contain. This can then be used to drive turbines connected to electricity generators.

Geothermal energy is used in over 20 countries. The most famous countries with geothermal activity are the United States (California's geysers) and Iceland, which has been used as far back as 1907 to produce over 25 percent of its energy. Today, Iceland has five geothermal power plants that leverage the hundreds of hot springs and volcanoes that can be found throughout the country.

Renewable energy advantages

Renewable energy sources have the potential to be transformative for our world. Here are some of the key advantages that they have over fossil fuels and other dirty energy sources:
They won't run out
Renewable energy technologies make use of resources that come straight from the environment to generate electricity.

These energy sources, as we have explored, include sunshine, wind, water, and heat to name a few. The biggest advantage of these resources is that they simply won't run out, which cannot be said for many types of fossil fuels-while fossil fuels do regenerate, it takes millions of years for this to happen.
They save money
Using renewable energy can help us to save money in the long run. Not only do renewable energy technologies come with lower maintenance requirements, but their operating costs are lower also.

When we are using technologies that generate power from natural sources such as the sun, for example, there is no need to pay to refuel as we do with fossil fuels. While entry costs have historically been high for things like solar panels and electric vehicle chargers, government incentives and improvements in technology are making them much cheaper and, in some cases, non-existent.
They create jobs
The renewable energy sector is booming, and this is creating more and more jobs. In the United States alone, for example, the wind sector employs a workforce of more than 100,000 professionals from research scientists to turbine technicians.

The renewables sector is also one of the fastest-growing worldwide, and thus is creating more employment opportunities with each passing day. There is significant potential across the entire spectrum, from research and development to construction and maintenance.

Renewable energy challenges

While solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal renewable energies are popular and viable sources of energy and could be the key to fighting off climate change, there are some challenges that are important to consider.
Reliability issues
Renewable energy technologies depend entirely on weather conditions. If it's not windy, wind turbines can't turn. If it's not sunny, less solar energy can be captured. If atmospheric conditions are not optimal enough, renewable energy technologies might not generate any electricity at all. For example, wind turbines require a minimum wind speed to move their blades while hydro generators require enough water flow to spin their turbines.

This is especially problematic when we consider the fact that when renewable technologies are working, they tend to produce a surplus of energy (i.e., more than is being used) which cannot be stored anywhere due to the lack of long-term storage options.
Takes up space
Setting up renewable energy generation facilities, even on a smaller scale in the home, requires not only a potentially huge capital investment but also a lot of free space for installation. While this is OK in the case of solar panels on the roofs of private homes, it becomes much more problematic on a larger scale where 40 hectares of green space might be used up to accommodate solar panels that might only generate about 20 megawatts of energy. Meanwhile, a nuclear power plant can theoretically generate roughly 180 megawatts of energy in the same amount of space.
Not totally green
While renewable sources are clearly the better option than fossil fuels, it still generates pollution. Many renewable energy technologies are created via manufacturing processes that emit a huge amount of pollution, and many of the resources needed for renewables are built using fossil fuels. There are also some examples of renewable energies that directly create pollution, the biggest one being biomass energy that requires the burning of organic matter which releases pollutants into the atmosphere.

Renewable energy & the future

We are quickly advancing towards a renewable and clean energy future. It is the top priority of most developed nations, and increasing awareness among the general population is only accelerating the trend of substituting dirty energy for clean sources by making conscious efforts to be sustainable.

Although there are several challenges facing renewable energy such as long-term storage, high entry costs, and patchy reliability, advances in technology over the next few years are likely to overcome these.

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What is renewable energy? Definition, types, and challenges

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Wind and solar power are bringing about a clean energy revolution. Here is everything that you need to know about renewable energy, the different types, and the advantages and challenges of it, plus a look to the future.

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Emily Folk | Conservation Folks
Cost efficiency has been one of the primary focuses of the sustainable energy industry for years. For renewables to be a viable replacement for fossil fuels, companies need to price them similarly. In the past few years, the industry surpassed this goal, as solar and wind energy are now cheaper than fossil fuels in many areas.

In two-thirds of the world, renewable sources of power are more affordable than carbon-based electricity. This shift represents a substantial victory for green energy, as it may offer the push the industry needs to become the new norm. Here's how this monumental shift happened.

Energy Subsidies

One of the leading causes behind the affordability of wind and solar energy is government energy subsidies. To combat climate change, many governments offer consumers and businesses subsidies for using sustainably-sourced power. These monetary incentives reduce the end cost of choosing renewable energy sources.

Even if a sustainable source of energy costs more upfront, it may be cheaper in the long run. By subsidizing renewables through tax breaks or direct payments, governments pay back a portion of these initial costs. The result is a reduced overall economic impact on consumers who invest in green energy.

Subsidy programs do carry the caveat that they are taxpayer-funded operations. Considering that almost everyone pays taxes and far fewer buy renewable energy, this factor doesn't affect the end cost that much. For the individual investing in clean energy, the economic impact is smaller still, even including taxes.

New Technology

As more people have adopted or invested in solar and wind energy, they've funded research in these areas. More studies have led to the creation of more efficient technology, which makes renewables more affordable. Wind and solar energy are technologies, not fuels, so as science improves, they get cheaper.

Environmental factors like solar radiation can cause product failures, so renewable energy technologies need to be resilient. Balancing resilience and efficiency was an issue for earlier machines, but that's not the case anymore. Modern green tech is cheap to produce, durable and harnesses more energy.

Fossil fuel technologies may increase fuel efficiency, which makes them cheaper, but that's not the only factor. Even with cost-effective means of using fossil fuels, users still have to buy fuel. No governments or organizations control the supply of sunlight or wind, so advances in green tech have a more significant influence.

Market Volatility

Fossil fuels are subject to market volatility that's not present in the sustainable energy industry. Unlike renewables, fossil fuels don't necessarily become cheaper over time. These energy sources are finite resources, and various companies and governments control their supply, creating a volatile market.

Both crude oil and coal have undergone several price hikes in the past few decades. The price of renewables, on the other hand, consistently trends downward. Overall, fossil fuels are becoming more expensive while the opposite is true of renewables.

Fossil fuels aren't always expensive. Recently, crude oil has seen a massive price drop, but it won't remain this cheap. If historical trends are any indication, the price will eventually rise again, unlike wind and solar energy.

The Bright Future of Renewable Energy

Solar and wind energy may not be a long way from becoming a standard power source. These trends mean that renewables aren't just the more environmentally-conscious choice, but they make more economic sense as well. As technology continues to improve and more authorities invest in renewables, they'll become cheaper across the globe.

The price drop in renewables isn't a momentary fluke. By nature, these resources will continue to grow more affordable, regardless of what the fossil fuel market does.

The content & opinions in this article are the author's and do not necessarily represent the views of AltEnergyMag

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Readers Choice 2020: How Solar and Wind Energy Are Now Cheaper than Fossil Fuels | AltEnergyMag

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In two-thirds of the world, renewable sources of power are more affordable than carbon-based electricity. This shift represents a substantial victory for green energy, as it may offer the push the industry needs to become the new norm. Here's how this monumental shift happened.