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In November 1901, Delcassé, The French Foreign Minister of the day, won the secret agreement of Italy that Morocco should come under the control of the French. However, the issue became public when Delcassé approached Spain over French claims to Morocco. The Spanish government insisted on informing the British government. The British government initially refused to support Delcassé but they changed their minds in April 1904 when the two governments agreed that France could have a mandate over Morocco as long as the French government publicly renounced any remaining interests in Egypt. In October 1904, Delcassé got the agreement of the Spanish government as well after offering Spain territories in the southwest of Morocco, since Germany was only interested in having equal economic rights in Morocco. Von Bülow targeted the Sultan of Morocco – Abdul Aziz. He tried to encourage the Sultan to stand up to the French in an effort to appear a strong ruler to his people.Bülow then decided to show Aziz that Germany was very much on his side.Wilhelm announced that he hoped Morocco would remain an independent state ruled over by Sultan Aziz. He also announced that Germany knew how to best safeguard her interests in Morocco and he expected everyone to recognize these interests and not threaten them. The national press in France was horrified by these events as they had assumed that French control over Morocco was a formality.In May 1905 it was agreed that an international conference should be held on Morocco. Germany agreed to a pre-conference agreement: that Germany would recognise the “special interests” France had in Morocco and that Germany would not pursue anything that went against the “legitimate interests” of France in Morocco. On July 8th 1905, Germany and France signed the pre-conference agreement. The conference itself was scheduled for January 1906 and was to be held in Algeciras.

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In the course of this reorganization of South East Europe, the Habsburg Empire attained the right to occupy the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the so-called Sanjak of Novi Pazar. The Habsburg Monarchy became the proprietor of state power in Bosnia and Herzegovina.  After the outbreak of the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire three decades later, Viennese politicians feared that the new rulers of the Sublime Porte would enforce a restoration of Ottoman political power in Bosnia and Herzegovina.  On 6 October 1908, the Habsburg Monarchy informed the Ottoman Empire of its “annexation” of Bosnia and Herzegovina, stressing at the same time that the k. u. k. army would be withdrawn from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.  On 26 February 1909, the Habsburg-Ottoman crisis was resolved by a bilateral compromise, which inter alia provided certain privileges for the Muslim population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Habsburg Monarchy pursued yet another goal when it formally incorporated Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the containment of the South Slav movement. Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916) already announced the future constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina within his proclamation to the Bosnian-Herzegovinian people issued on the occasion of the “annexation”. Concerning Austria-Hungary’s neighbor, Serbia, which claimed Bosnia and Herzegovina within the context of its own national ambitions, it is easily understandable that the reaction of the Serbian public to the Danube Monarchy’s “annexation” of the (former) Ottoman territories was more than vehement. The vast majority of the Serbian people demanded war with Vienna – even at the price of a possible defeat. During the crisis, Germany had stressed its willingness to support its ally Austria-Hungary. Russia grew closer to France and Great Britain in the further course of events.

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In April 1911, in a move that was contrary to international agreements, the French sent troops to Fez to put down a revolt in Morocco and, by implication, to extend their influence over that country.
Germany’s decision-makers dispatched a gun-boat to intimidate the French.
The dispatch of the German gun-boat Panther to the Moroccan port of Agadir on 1st July 1911 marked the beginning of the Agadir Crisis. Germany felt provoked by French military intervention in Morocco which amounted in effect to the establishment of a French protectorate in Morocco. This was a move that ran counter to the Algeciras Agreement of 1906 and to the Franco-German agreement on Morocco of 1909.
Germany was intent on asserting its status as a great power, and on ensuring adequate compensation for any gains that another power made on the imperial stage, with an eye to weakening the Entente Cordiale between France and Britain in the process.
France received support from Entente partner Britain, and the links between the two countries were only further strengthened in the light of German aggression. Lloyd George made it plain that Britain intended to stand by France, threatening to fight on France’s side against Germany if the need arose.

Although the crisis was resolved peacefully following negotiations between Kiderlen Wächter and the French Ambassador Jules Cambon in Berlin, and Germany was given part of the French Congo as compensation for French gains, the affair amounted in fact to a diplomatic defeat for Germany.

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Beginning in 1908, the Young Turks attempted to consolidate Turkish influence in the Balkans while ensuring equality for all nationalities in their empire. Rivals Italy and Austria threatened to intervene on behalf of an Albanian revolt against the Turks in 1909. Russia then urged a Bulgarian-Serbian alliance to keep such foreign powers at bay and ensure continued Slavic control in the region. In 1912, after long negotiations, Serbia and Bulgaria reached temporary agreement on the disposition of Macedonia, the chief issue dividing them. Bulgaria, and Montenegro completed the Balkan League--an uneasy alliance designed by Russia to finally push the Turks out of Europe and curtail great-power meddling in the Balkans. The First Balkan War, which began in October 1912, coincided with Italy's campaign to liberate Tripoli from the Turks. However, the Bulgarians then overextended their position by a fruitless attack toward Constantinople. Disagreement about the disposition of Macedonia  ignited a Second Balkan War in 1913. The Treaty of London that had ended the first war stipulated only that the Balkan powers resolve existing claims among themselves. The Serbs and Greeks demanded adjustment of the 1912 treaty of alliance to ensure a balance of Balkan powers; and the Romanians demanded territorial reward for their neutral position in the first war.
a strong faction in Bulgaria had demanded war against Serbia to preserve Bulgaria's claim to Macedonia. Ferdinand sided with that faction in 1913, and Bulgaria attacked Serbia. Turkey, Greece, and Romania then declared war on Bulgaria because they all feared Bulgarian domination of the Balkans if Macedonia were not partitioned. Because most Bulgarian forces were on the Serbian frontier, Turkish and Romanian troops easily occupied Bulgarian territory by mid-1913, and Bulgaria was defeated. The Treaty of Bucharest (1913) allowed Bulgaria to retain only very small parts of Macedonia and Thrace; Greece and Serbia divided the rest, humiliating Bulgarian territorial claims and canceling the gains of the First Balkan War. This loss further inflamed Bulgarian nationalism, especially when Bulgarians in Serbian and Greek Macedonia were subjected to extreme hardship after the new partition. At this point Russia, whose warnings Bulgaria had defied by attacking Serbia, shifted its support to the Serbs as its Balkan counterbalance against Austro-Hungarian claims.

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The assasination of Franz Ferdinand (20th of June 1914)

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The assasination of Franz Ferdinand (20th of June 1914)

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By Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip, part of the Serbian minority living there and as such the blame went on neighboring Serbia it is for the reason of princip's heritage more than any other that the Archduke's assassination escalated from an act of terrorism to a global conflict.

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Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum (July 23rd 1914)

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Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum (July 23rd 1914)

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The austro-hungarian was delivered an outrageous ultimatum to Serbia that every country observing the situation was convinced and was designed to be rejected. The Serbians appealed to a rush of a hound but realizing time was not on their side they agreed to all parts of the ultimatum, namely the austro-hungarians being involved in internal investigations of the assassination and other groups opposed to austro-hungary in Bosnia this seems reasonable to the world but not having all of its demands met and are the insistence of Germany Austria-Hungary used this one rejection as an excuse and invaded on July the 28th 1914.

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The government in Vienna broke diplomatic relations and announced a mobilization of the army against Serbia.  On July 28, 1914, after a report of an unverified incident involving Hapsburg and Serbian troops, the government of Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Princip was tried by Haspburg authorities for his role in the assassinations.  He was convicted of the crimes, but due to his age at the time of their commission he escaped the death penalty and was instead sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.  He died in prison in 1918 of complications from tuberculosis.

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Germany declares war on Russia and France (August 1st 1914)

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Germany declares war on Russia and France (August 1st 1914)

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Russia had began to mobilize in the wake of the ultimatum and Germany responded in kind before the Kaiser declared war on Russia on August the first the next day a skirmish broke out between French and German troops at the French town of John Shri in what was the first battle of the Western Front and the next day the Kaiser declared war on France. France turned to Britain for support but Britain although alarmed at the situation, was more preoccupied with an impending uprising in Ireland than events in Europe.

Kaiser Willem wanted a shift victory against France and attacked the so called iron gates of Paris at Longley knowing that if the French were defeated then their country could be flooded with German troops and defeated however he made the mistake of sending his troops through Belgium which had declared itself neutral when the fighting broke out Britain had a treaty with Belgium safeguarding their neutrality which the Kaiser dismissed as little more than a piece of paper this blatant disregard for Britain's words forced London to finally declare war on Germany and austria-hungary on August the 4th.

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First troops of the British Expeditionary Force land in France (August the 7th 1914)

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First troops of the British Expeditionary Force land in France (August the 7th 1914)

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They marched towards the advancing Germans in Belgium and northeastern France unlike the brutal trench warfare that would come later, the early days of the war were quite fluid in nature making reconnaissance a top priority for both sides and new technologies would provide the answer.

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German submarine U9 attacked and sank the Bristish Cruiser Aboukir (September 22nd 1914)

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German submarine U9 attacked and sank the Bristish Cruiser Aboukir (September 22nd 1914)

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To nearby cruisers oblivious to there being a submarine in the area believed that Aboukir had suffered an internal explosion and went to help, this made them easy prey for U9 which sank the two of them in quick succession. Over a thousand men died and Britain's once seemingly invincible Royal Navy appeared helpless while the submarines role in naval warfare was secured Germany's u-boats then attempted to starve Britain of food and war supplies from their empire by intercepting the cargo ships bringing them to   Britain which was so important to maintaining the war effort with little real defense against their attack.

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First Battle of the Marne (September 1914)

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First Battle of the Marne (September 1914)

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After a series of setbacks encountering the German army in eastern France the British and French began withdrawing towards the river Marne in what became known as the great retreat upon reaching the man the British and French repelled the German army effectively grinding their advances to a halt both sides then tried out flanking one another to the north with each side trying to outmaneuver the other but this only further extended the battle lines until by mid-october both sides reached the North Sea forcing them to first consolidate their positions and then to try and break through enemy lines this involves digging trenches which would protect the two sides from opposing gunfire and maintain their front lines.

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First Battle of Ypres (late October-November 1914)

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First Battle of Ypres (late October-November 1914)

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The British French and Belgiansthe fought a series of pitched battles for the German army between Arras in France to Newport on the Belgian coast although successful in once more appalling the Germans the Allies paid a heavy toll nearly 130 thousand were killed or wounded. The Germans themselves sustained 134 thousand casualties and while they could still match the Allied armies in the West the casualty rate coupled with the demands of fighting a war in the East as well meant that the planned big offense to win the war had to be pushed back until 1915 this delay meant both sides had time to build bigger longer and more intricate trenches that would only make the job of breaking the stalemate all the more difficult.

Meanwhile the austro-hungarian army who entered Serbia to take its revenge for Franz Ferdinand's killing, were beaten back by Serbian troops but not before they committed a series of well-publicized atrocities on the Serbian people. The Serbians garnered a lot of sympathy following their victory and received aid and even troops from other countries but ultimately the country would be defeated in the coming months by a combined austro-hungarian German and Bulgarian force.

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Balkans the two sides grinded to a halt not even a surprise attack by the Ottoman army against the Russian forces in the Black Sea could break the eastern stalemate for Britain the year ended with the nature of the war changing forever when German warships shelled Scarborough and Hartlepool on December the 16th. Convinced of their naval superiority the attack proved that Britain's fleet couldn't guarantee their protection and the civilians killed became almost martyrs for the recruitment of new soldiers to replenish losses, This was further exacerbated by the first air attacks on Britain the following year by German Zeppelin's amidst the growing tragedy a story of human compassion unfolded when on Christmas Day 1914 troops from both sides got out of their trenches and greeted each other in no-man's land declaring an unofficial truce they talked sang songs shared rations and even played football. The truce ended and the following day the shooting continued. Life in the frontline trenches was extremely taxing on the troops both physically and mentally.

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The Germans unleashed a new and deadly weapon in the form of chlorine gas on April the 22nd during the Second Battle of Ypres the gas was released by the Germans against the French army who thought it was a smokescreen to cover a German advance. As searched the French commanders ordered their men to stand ready for an attack but this only exposed the men to the poison. The effects of the chlorine gas on the men were horrific and within seconds of inhaling it the victims respiratory organs were all but destroyed resulting in choking fear till they died.

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French and British Empire forces mostly consisting of Australians and New Zealanders planned a major landing on Gallipoli in Turkey to open up a new front and divert Ottomans forces attention away from Russia. It was conceived by Winston Churchill but when the Royal Navy conducted a reconnaissance of the landing zone they found a heavily defended and advised against the operation. Churchill proved too proud to call off his plan and ordered the landing to take place anyway. The result was one of the most drawn-out and futile battles of the entire war and ending with the Allies having to retreat after sustaining 300 and 2,000 casualties.

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The Germans sank the British cruise liner Lusitania. Despite warnings issued by the Germans there were large numbers of Americans on board who were killed and this post the Americans closer to the Allies before they eventually joined the war in 1917 against the Germans. On May the 23rd having thus far remained out of the war, Italy declared war on the Central Powers and launched an attack against neighboring austro-hungary hoping surprise would lead to quick victory and territorial gains, however like on the Western Front the fighting became bogged down in a near static trench warfare altitudes with the extreme cold claimed thousands of lives.

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The most decisive naval battle of the war took place when the British and German fleets met in the Battle of Jutland- The aim on both sides was to annihilate the opposition and achieve dominance over the North Sea to maintain trade routes and keep their respective economies alive to fund the war and feed the people. The British were ultimately victorious but only on the grounds of having more ships in the Germans, the Germans had better ships and better weapons and inflicted painless losses on the British but ultimately were overwhelmed and never again did the German fleet attend to break the Royal Navy in a pitched battle. Instead the war at sea became primarily formed by Germany's u-boats that continued to inflict heavy losses on British shipping.

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The great offense in which British forces went into action against the Germans over the Somme River. The battle was preceded by an intense artillery barrage and several underground mines detonated from tunnels dug under the German trenches that left craters 93 feet wide on the first day alone. The British Army lost over 19,000 troops with another 14,000 wounded. The worst day for the British Army in its entire history. The fighting of the Somme continued into November resulting in a strategically important victory for the Allies. The tank saw his debut on September the 15th 1916 during the Somme offensive and immediately made his presence known knocking over barbed wire and plowing through enemy positions.

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Uprising sowed the seeds for the founding of the Republic of Ireland in 1919.

Ottoman Empire found itself facing an Arab revolt calling for a new Arab Kingdom to be created from Syria to Yemen free of the Ottoman Turks the fighting lasted until the end of the war and not only helped ease the fighting on the eastern and southern fronts but also saw the Empire start to break up until it collapsed in 1922.

In Russia the Tsar's hold on his country had been tenuous throughout his reign but the war had only fuelled the call for revolution particularly from the Marxists led by Vladimir Lenin. Lenin led his Bolshevik forces in yet another revolution in October 1917.

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Included a large number of US forces on the western front over 1.5 million men were killed or wounded over 680 thousand of which were German. Resulting in the near-collapse of the German Army and the end of the fighting before the end of the year.

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Hundred Days offensive (August-November 1918)

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Hundred Days offensive (August-November 1918)

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Series of pitched battles and would see a staggering 1.8 million casualties including a further seven hundred and eighty-five thousand Germans.

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Ottomans make peace with allies (October 1918)

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Ottomans make peace with allies (October 1918)

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On October 30, 1918, aboard the British battleship Agamemnon, anchored in the port of Mudros on the Aegean island of Lemnos, representatives of Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire sign an armistice treaty marking the end of Ottoman participation in the First World War.

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Germany faced food shortages, influenza outbreaks as well as the loss of millions of wounded or dead soldiers. With his Authority waning and the end of the war inside American President Woodrow Wilson publicly stated that any peace negotiations would no longer include the Kaiser and with the uprisings in Berlin and a German Navy

mutiny taking place he abdicated the throne on November the 9th 1918. The new civilian government that replaced him sued for peace and at 11 o'clock on November the 11th the guns fell silent the Great War was finally over.

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17 million people died and over 200 million were wounded.

Had finally given the Bolsheviks in Russia the opportunity to seize power and this sparked a civil war that would last another year.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire would see widespread genocide particular Kings Christians within its borders while the two countries with a Great War began
Serbia and Bosnia would be led into a forced marriage to form Yugoslavia.

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The Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris at the end of World War I, codified peace terms between the victorious Allies and Germany. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments and demilitarization. Far from the “peace without victory” that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had outlined in his famous Fourteen Points in early 1918, the Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany while failing to resolve the underlying issues that had led to war in the first place. Economic distress and resentment of the treaty within Germany helped fuel the ultra-nationalist sentiment that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party, as well as the coming of a World War II just two decades later.