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Septic shock is a potentially fatal medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure  and abnormalities in cellular metabolism.

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues. When the infection-fighting processes turn on the body, they cause organs to function poorly and abnormally.

Sepsis may progress to septic shock. This is a dramatic drop in blood pressure that can lead to severe organ problems and death.

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Early symptoms of sepsis should not be ignored. These include:

Fever usually higher than 101˚F (38˚C)m

Low body temperature (hypothermia)m

Fast heart ratem

Rapid breathing, or more than 20 breaths per minute.

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Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis with evidence of organ damage that usually affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, or brain. Symptoms of severe sepsis include:

Noticeably lower amounts of urine.

Acute confusion.

Dizziness.

Severe problems breathing.

Bluish discoloration of the digits or lips (cyanosis).

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A bacterial, fungal, or viral infection can cause sepsis. Any of the infections may begin at home or while you are in the hospital for treatment of another condition.

Sepsis commonly originates from:

Abdominal or digestive system infections

Lung infections like pneumonia.

Urinaty tract infection.

Reproductive system infection.

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Certain factors such as age or prior illness can put you at greater risk for developing septic shock. This condition is common in newborns, older adults, pregnant women, and those with suppressed immune systems caused by HIV, rheumatic diseases such as
lupus and reheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis. And inflammatory
bowel diseases or cancer treatments could cause it.

The following factors could also make it more likely that a person develops septic shock:

Major surgery or long-term hospitalization.

Diabetes type 1 and type 2 injection drug use.

Hospitalized patients that are already very sick.

Exposure to devices like intravenous catheters, urinary catheters, or breathing tubes, which can introduce bacteria into the body.

Poor nutrition.

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Which tests are used to diagnose septic shock?

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Which tests are used to diagnose septic shock?

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If you have symptoms of sepsis, the next step is to conduct tests to determine how far along the infection is. Diagnosis is often made with a blood test. This type of test can determine if any of the following factors are present:

Bacteria in the blood.

Problems with clotting due to low platelet count.

Excess waste products in the blood.

Abnormal liver or kidney function

Decreased amount of oxygen.

Electrolyte imbalance.

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What complications can septic shock cause?

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What complications can septic shock cause?

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Septic shock can cause a variety of very dangerous and life-threatening complications that can be fatal. Possible complications include:

Heart failure.

abnormal blood clotting

Kidney failure.

Respiratory failure.

Stroke.

Liver failure.

Loss of a portion of the bowel.

Loss of portions of the extremities.

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The earlier sepsis is diagnosed and treated, the more likely you are to survive. Once sepsis is diagnosed, you will most likely be admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for treatment. Doctors use a number of medications to treat septic shock, including:

Intravenous antibiotics to fight infection

Vasopressor medications, which are drugs that constrict blood vessels and help increase blood pressure.

Insulin for blood sugar stability.

Corticosteroids.

Large amounts of intravenous (IV) fluids will be administered to treat dehydration and help increase blood pressure and blood flow to the organs. A respirator for breathing may also be necessary. Surgery may be performed to remove a source of infection, such as draining a pus-filled abscess or removing infected tissue.

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Septic shock is a severe condition, and more than 50% of cases will result in death. Your chances of surviving septic shock will depend on the source of the infection, how many organs have been affected, and how soon you receive treatment after you first begin experiencing symptoms.

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For patients with sepsis and septic shock, therapeutic priorities include securing the airway, correcting hypoxemia, and establishing vascular access for the early administration of fluids and antibiotics.

For patients with sepsis, we recommend that optimal doses of empiric broad spectrum intravenous therapy with one or more antimicrobials be administered, in a prompt fashion of presentation.

For most patients with sepsis and septic shock, we recommend that fluid management be guided using clinical targets including mean arterial pressure 60 mmHg to 70 mmHg and urine output ≥0.5 mL/kg/hour.

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The patient was a 78-year-old Danish man with 24 hours’ duration of pain, swelling and redness of his left dorsalis pedis. He had fever and was confused. His previous history included gastroenteritis after having shrimps with his wife. She also had gastroenteritis. The general practitioner prescribed antibiotics but after initiating medication the patient became unconscious and his wife called for emergency assistance. His past medical history included bipolar disorder, multiple myeloma, osteoporosis, earlier pituitary tumor and development of frontotemporal dementia. On physical examination, his Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 3, blood pressure was 79/38mmHg, heart rate was 115 beats/minute and oxygen saturation was 60%. His respiratory rate was 40 breaths/minute and his temperature was 39°C. In the ambulance he was treated with metaoxedrine, epinephrine, clemastine, oxygen and isotonic sodium chloride. When entering our emergency room he was awake and had GCS 9, blood pressure 87/43mmHg, pulse 110 beats/minute, oxygen saturation 90% and respiratory rate 35 breaths/minute. Blood samples were initially collected from a vein using two aerobic and one anaerobic BacT/ALERT® plastic collection bottles at the time of arrival at the hospital.

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Finger, S., & Vicent, J. (s.f.). Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.Obtenido de https://www.nejm.org/doi/story/10.1056/feature.2013.08.14.12

Jensen, J., & Ersgaard Jellinge, M. (2014). Severe septic shock and cardiac arrest in a patient with Vibrio metschnikovii: a case report. Obtenido de https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-8-348

Johnson, S. (22 de march de 2019). Septic Shock. Obtenido de https://www.healthline.com/health/septic-shock