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I can understand the senses. Receptor cells sends info to olfactory bulb to libic system.
Gestation (taste)= different from flavor= sensory interaction
smell+taste/ texture
taste buds (papillae) receptor cells for taste
Characteristic pattern to taste sensation
5 Tests: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami
Smoking, drinking, and texture reduce taste
skin: Skin senses: cutaneous sensations: pressure, temperature, and pain
Some spots are especially sensitive to certain stimuli (not specific)
Pressure only receptors
Brain is most sensitive to unexpeceted stimulation
certain areas of the body have more concentrated tactile nerve endings than others: fingertips, lips
sensory cortex controls this
Kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions (involved with PNS)
vestibular sense: monitors head position and movement (Balance)
This sense works with semicircular canals: vestibular sacs, connects canal w/ cochlea (fluid)
(spin= dizzy)
Pain:
No one specific receptor or stimulus
individual differences
Who has stronger tolerance? Athletes because mindset can affect reaction
Cultures: Do people from the same culture react the same to pain?
Cognition it doesn't hurt
physiological
Women are the stronger sex
What effect does your memory have on your reaction to pain?
Pain
Gate control Theory: Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall neurological gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain
small nf open (pain)/ large nf close (other senses close off pain)
Example what neurotransmitter is associated with endorphins?
Phantom limb: misinterpretation Demonstration= candle technique vs walking over the coals
When you touch warm and cold water you feel hot
Pressure only skin sensation with identifiable receptors, warmth, cold, pain

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Part of ear:
pinna-outer ear
ear canal- sound travels through the air to ear drum to vibrate
hammer: air vibrates through air
anvil: transmitted into liquid in cochlea
stirrup
bazzler's membrane: vibrate in liquid form
cochlea: auditory nerve to temporal lobe
vestibular organ keeps you balanced
eustacion tube: ear to throat
soundwaves hits one ear before the other
everything in the ear is vibration
Baslar membrane: sends neurons to organ of corti
Theories of hearing:
1. place theory-hemholtz: can hear different pitches due to location of neurnon
Frequency theory: vibration triggers neural impulses and explains low pitches
Problem: pitches above 1000 Hertz
Volley Principles: neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch combination of both theories

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Theories of hearing:
Place Theory-Helmholtz: Can hear different pitches due to location of neuron activity on Basilar membrane
Frequency Theory- vibration triggers neural impulses
low frequencies: fewer neural higher impulses
higher frequency: large amount of neural impulses
volley principles: neural cells can alter alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch combination of both theories
Hearing problems:
conductive deafness: problems of conducting sound wave to cochlea
bones can't vibrate
hearing aides amplify frequency
cochlear implant: surgical sounds are different than reality
Sensorienral hearing loss: nerve deafness (hair cells) loud noises, age, or genetics, cochlea implants may
McGurk effect: illusion of sound
Tritone paradox: have both high and geography and genetics low frequency play a part
Shepard towe illusion: one note is dropped an octave

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differentiate between binocular and monocular cues
Figure-Ground: We organize info into a figure seen against a ground: vase-people
2. Proximity: Group nearby figures together
3. Similarity: Group similar figures together
4. Continuity: see smooth, continuous patterns
5. connectedness: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
depth perception: 2 dimensions fall on the retina, perceive as 3D we estimate distance.
Visual cliff- Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk by six months we can see depth
Visual constancy= perceiving objects as unchanging despite cahnges in retinal images
5 types of perceptual constancy:
color
shape
size
location
brightness
Color constancy: perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination
Perception-vocab
Perceptual constancies: tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging
Size Constancy: Despite distance, objects don't change size
Shape constancy: see the same shape despite the angle it's viewed at
Monocular Cues:1 eye:
Interposition=(1 objetcts view of another so often referred to as superposition
RElative size: assumption that 2 objects are similar size, 1 closer has larger retinal image
relative clarity aka Aerial Perspective:= perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
texture gradient: coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture
Relative Height: objects higher in field of vision appear farther away (vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions) i.e St. Louis Arch
RElative motion (Motion Parallex)= movement of self causes stable items to appear to move nearest
Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in distance (people over estimate train's distance)
i.e Ponzo illusion
Light and Shadow: shadowing= nearby objects reflect more light into eyes
Binocular Cues: cues that require both eyes
Retinal disparity= difference between sight/ views of 2 eyes (pen movement)
convergence= cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Steroeoscopic Vision= combine 2 retinal
Images to get 3D perception
Motion Perception
Assumption- closer obejcts gets larger
stroboscopic movement: motion pictures ie cartoons flip book
phi phenomenon= illusion of lights (blinking off and on)
autokinetic illusion= perceived motion
Monoaural Cue- louder sound means closer sound
Binaural cues- stereophonic- stereo multi-directional audio perspective

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I can understand the Parts and Path of vision

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I can understand the Parts and Path of vision

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Cornea: transparent protector, place when light enters the eye
Pupil: adjustable opening that lets light in
Iris: Colored part of the eye, protection from damage
Lens: focuses light onto the retina
Blind Spot: ability to respond to something not perceived
Optic Chiasm: spot where nerves cross each other
LGN: Area in Thalamus that interprets vision

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds.
Absolute: the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Just noticeable differences: is the amount something must be changed in order to detect it 50% of the time. a constant fraction/ proportion of original stimulus. 8% of light, 2% of weight, .3% of tone.
intensity goes up, amount of change necessary goes up)
Bright colors needs to have even brighter difference to be able to notice a difference.
Subliminal: when stimuli are detectable less than 50% of the time below an absolute threshold.

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Prosopagnosia: cannot recognize faces.
Sensation: bottom-up perceiving information
Perception: top- down classification of information
Perception is ambiguous.

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I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.
Sensory adaptation: As you get used to something the potency is reduced.
Priming: introducing things to people to give them a preconceived bias
Signal Detection Theory: how soon someone will detect something.
Inattentional blindness
Change Blindness

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I can learn color theories and visual cues

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I can learn color theories and visual cues

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Visual Information. What is transduction and parallel processing?
Transduction
Signals
Short wavelength: bluish
Long wavelength reddish colors, low-pitched sounds
Amplitude:
Large: Tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
Small: short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds]
Theories of Color Vision: Young- Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red, green, or blue), combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (red+ green= yellow)
Afterimage: when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated than when looking at a white piece of paper, you see the opposite colors due to the saturation of cones
Young-Helmhotz theory can not explain afterimages
Why? because with afterimage you see the opposite color
Colorblindness: partial or total inability to perceive hues
Monochromats (black +white)
Dichromats: trichromats (normal color vision) explained by Trichromatic
Theory
Why?
Opponent process theory (Hering): three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
Red and Green
Blue and Yellow
Black and White
Paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited
How does this theory explain afterimages and colorblindness
Both theories are correct:
Individual cones= trichromatic theory
opponent process= other layers of the retina
Surrounding context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes.