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Amendment which allows Congress to charge an income tax without regard to the States
The amendment was passed to eliminate government preferences for taxing citizens, simplify the tax code, and broaden the tax base.

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In 1890, this was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts; it was named for Senator John Sherman.
As Robber Barons began to lose control and continued to seize companies, Congress passed laws to prohibit trusts that required for a large company to merge with smaller ones. These trusts were banned since many used it as means to overtake another company, harming the many companies in the process.

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an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests
In the industrial era, many workers faced unfair working conditions that brought about many challenges, including long hours, low wages, and dangerous work settings. Labor unions were established to reform for better working conditions.

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under Roosevelt's presidency, Congress gave the ICC the power to enforce regulation of railroad rates
The ICC was a result of decades of movements that aimed to raise the debt on many farmers. Specifically, farmers wanted the government to regulate railroad rates which placed a enormous burden on farmers when shipping costs were outrageously overpriced.

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1906 act that required federal inspection of meat. Set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants
The act was a result of the poor sanitations in the food industry, as beef and processed meat became demanding in larger cities.

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journalists who exposed the filth and corruption in society
Eventually, authors and journalists used their voice in the press to express the plight of workers and immigrants as well as the unsanitations that resulted from the rise of the food industry. These novels covered topics that were persuading, yet appalling to many readers who found that in spite of the improvements in infrastructures and technology, there lie many underlying societal issues and untold narratives.

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reform movement that occured in the early 1900s as a response to the problems created from industrialization
- Goal: to strengthen the role of government in ensuring human welfare
The movement responded to the problems that created by industrialization and urbanization. It led to reform on society and the underlying problems that remained untold.

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a process in which immigrants school children were taught the English language as well as culture.
The purpose was to assimilate ethnic immigrant groups into the dominant culture.

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Idea that wealthy Americans have a responsibility to donate money to further social progress and help the poor
This concept was created by Andrew Carnegie who was a philanthropist and a steel industrialist who believed that the well-being of society could be improved if the rich shared their wealth and donated to necessary groups.

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a political party that emerged to increase the political power of farmers and to work for legislation for farmers' interests
Many farmers wanted reform on the system, as they thought the government and other systems were taking advantage of their rights. Populism was a movement led by farmer advocates who sought to bring down the elites and large businesses harming farmers and debtors.

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Amendment that prohibited the sale of alcohol, also known as Prohibition
The 18th Amendment was a result of decades of worth of the temperance movement and push to ban the sale of alcohol. In the eyes of many reformists, they believed a policy would help alleviate the poverty situation in America.

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From 1870 to 1920, religious reformers strove to improve conditions in the cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice. This ultimately established the YMCA, which was first opened in Chicago by Dwight L. Moody.

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In 1912, President Taft created the organization to investigate and report upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of the people

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the concept of "survival of the fittest"
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection was integrated into principles of society, which stated that the rich had a higher survival rate than the poor.

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a preference for native-born people and the desire to limit immigration
The notion was highly supported among Americans who sought to limit immigration as they viewed it as a threat to increasing job competition. Thus, this idea led to the Chinese Exclusion Act which prevented Chinese immigrants from entering America.

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immigrant clusters within cities (ex. Little Italy & Little Tokyo) where immigrants were able to preserve their language and culture
Reform on immigration and improving the conditions of immigrants was also part of the reform agenda as ethnic enclaves became a part of preserving the ethnic culture of minority groups, ultimately diversifying American cultures.

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when the government does not interfere with business—"hands off"
Many businessmen and Robber Barons were in favor of the Laissez Faire idea as there were no business regulations that hindered the success of large corporations. In other words, businesses were liberated from government's control and took the advantage to monopolize other businesses.

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a charitable service that provided housing, daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the urban poor
Social welfare reformers were specifically aiming towards mitigating the plight of urban poverty. This early reform program ensured that the impoverished were receiving help through service.

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dark and crowded multi-family apartments
During the Industrial Revolution, many workers lived in abysmal conditions, especially housing which was often crowded and tight with many families living in one room of an apartment.

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A small island in New York Harbor. It served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving on the East Coast
The island was reserved for new immigrants who arrived to America.

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Amendment provides for the direct election of Senators by the people of a state rather than their election or appointment by a state legislature
Many were concerned about the election fraud and the appointment of politicians who bribed their way to the government through means of money to state legislatures. The 17th Amendment ensured that the people had a voice in choosing senators who would represent the states and its interests.

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political group designed to keep power—they are known to provide services to immigrants in exchange for votes
As the population of immigrants in America continued to rise, many political groups took advantage of  voting rights that many immigrants had. Some political groups were designed to bribe immigrants to vote a particular party in exchange for better services.

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a company takes over or buys out a competitor in an effort to gain market share—can lead to creating a monopoly
Many Robber Barons used this method as a means to gain advantage over companies by merging every single company to monopolize and gain control of the entire market.

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a company controls and owns all stages within the businesses on which it depends for its operation
This method was used by Robber Baron or businessmen to monopolize and eliminate competition among corporations.

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a businessman who uses ruthless business tactics
During the late 1800s, as capitalism continued to flourish in America, many entrepreneurs sought to take advantage of opportunities that lay before them. These businessmen would steal from the public, abuse the law, mistreat their workers, and bribe government officials.

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Amendment that granted women's suffrage
The women's rights and suffrage movement led to political action on improving the rights of American women. The 19th Amendment was ratified as the first amendment to the Constitution that granted all citizens, regardless of sex to vote in America.