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I.      Introduction:

Thesis statement: Air pollution has serious effects on human health, which is connected to millions of deaths worldwide each year; hence, people have to understand the dangers of air pollution on human health, how to avoid it and protect ourself.

II. Body
1.  What is air pollution?
“Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases , particulates  and biological molecules.”

(Air pollution,From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

2. What causes air pollution?
a. Natural processes:

abrupt temperature fluctuations

seasonal variations

or recurring cycles

b. Human activities:

Burning of fossil fuels

Agricultural activities

Exhaust from activities

Mining operations

Metallurgical processes：
-  Automobiles and transportation.
-  Rock processing.
-  Incineration.
-  Pulp and paper.
-  Miscellaneous: mills and pulverizing plants.

3. What are the effects of Air pollution?
a. Environment:

Climate change

Depleting the ozone layer

Global warming

b. Human health:

Headaches, drowsiness and blurred vision.

Increase the risk of lower birth weight babies in pregnancy.

Causes lung cancer.

Leads to asthma and worsen it.

Causes cardiovascular harm such as heart attack, strokes, heart disease, congestive heart failure.

Causes stress.

Has both acute and chronic effects on human health.

Slowed lung function growth in children and teenagers

4. Solutions

a. How to reduce pollution?

Minimize the use of fossil fuels

Use clean energy sources

Recycle

b. How to protect yourselves？

Keep the car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.

Be sure your tires are properly inflated.

Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.

Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.

Consider using gas logs instead of wood.

III. Conclusion:
Concern for air pollution and its health implications continue to be a world-wide problem today.
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes.

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(1) Human health effects of air pollution

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(1) Human health effects of air pollution

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- Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment cause adverse effects on human health and the environment.
- Increased combustion of fossil fuels changes the atmospheric composition.
- Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health
- Range from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory.
- Heart disease, lung cancer
- Acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults

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Source of Air Pollution:

- Fuel burning power plant.
- Metallurgical processes.
- Automobiles and transportation.
- Rock processing.
- Incineration.
- Pulp and paper.
- Miscellaneous: mills and pulverizing plants.

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(3) Research on Health Effects from Air Pollution

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(3) Research on Health Effects from Air Pollution

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Background Information:

- Lung and heart disease, as well as other health concerns, are made worse by air pollution.

Health Effects of Air Pollutants on Vulnerable Populations:

- Who are the vulnerable populations?

Some people are more sensitive to contaminants in the air than others. Children, pregnant women, elderly persons, people with pre-existing heart and lung disease, and residents of low-income neighborhoods and communities are among these categories.

- The reasons for air pollution ?

Air pollution from industrial sources, underlying health issues, poor diet, stress, and other factors...

Long-Term and Short-Term Effects from Exposure to Air Pollutants:

The health effects of air pollution exposure are determined by the duration and concentrations of pollution, as well as the health state of the people impacted.

Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke:

"The health effects of wildfire smoke can range from eye and respiratory tract irritation to more serious disorders, including reduced lung function, exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death. Children, pregnant women, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to smoke exposure."

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Decades of research have shown that air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter (PM) increase the amount and seriousness of lung and heart disease and other health problems. More investigation is needed to further understand the role poor air quality plays in causing detrimental effects to health and increased disease, especially in vulnerable populations. Children, the elderly, and people living in areas with high levels of air pollution are especially susceptible.

Results from these investigations are used to support the nation's air quality standards under the Clean Air Act and contribute to improvements in public health.

Research is being conducted in the following areas:
Health Effects of Air Pollutants on Vulnerable Populations
Research has shown that some people are more susceptible than others to air pollutants. These groups include children, pregnant women, older adults, and individuals with pre-existing heart and lung disease. People in low socioeconomic neighborhoods and communities may be more vulnerable to air pollution because of many factors. Proximity to industrial sources of air pollution, underlying health problems, poor nutrition, stress, and other factors can contribute to increased health impacts in these communities.

There is a need for greater understanding of the factors that may influence whether a population or age group is at increased risk of health effects from air pollution. In addition, advances to analytical approaches used to study the health effects from air pollution will improve exposure estimates for healthy and at-risk groups.

The research by EPA scientists and others inform the required reviews of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which is done with the development of Integrated Science Assessments (ISAs). These ISAs are mandated by Congress every five years to assess the current state of the science on criteria air pollutants and determine if the standards provide adequate protection to public health.

Research is focused on addressing four areas:

Identifying and characterizing whether there are key reproductive factors and critical stages of development that are impacted by air pollution exposures;

Determining the role of acute and chronic sociodemographic factors in air pollution health disparities;

Understanding how diet modifies responses to air pollution;

Evaluating long-term lifestyle and chronic disease effects on air pollution-induced respiratory and cardiovascular responses

A multi-disciplinary team of investigators is coordinating epidemiological, human observational, and basic toxicological research to assess the effects of air pollution in at-risk populations and develop strategies to protect these populations, particularly those with pre-existing disease. The results from these products will improve risk assessments by clarifying the role of modifying factors such as psychosocial stress (e.g. noise) and diet, and determining the impact of individual susceptibility on the relationship between air pollutant exposures and health.
Related Links: Long-Term and Short-Term Effects from Exposure to Air Pollutants
People can experience exposure to varying concentrations of air pollution. Poor air quality can impact individuals for a short period of time during the day, or more frequently during a given day. Exposure to pollutants can also occur over multiple days, weeks or months due to seasonal air pollution, such as increased ozone during the summer or particulate matter from woodstoves during the winter.

The health impact of air pollution exposure depends on the duration and concentrations, and the health status of the affected populations. Studies are needed to increase knowledge of the exposure duration and the possible cumulative increase in risk.

The research is focused on three main areas:

Short-term peak exposures, such as wildfires, traffic-related sources, or other episodic events;

Intermittent and cumulative exposures;

Mechanisms underlying the exposure risks

Researchers are evaluating the health responses of intermittent multiple days versus one-day air pollution exposure in controlled human exposure, animal, and in vitro models and associated cellular and molecular mechanisms. They are employing population-based models and electronic health records to assess the health effects of short-term and long-term exposures and identifying populations at greatest risk of health effects. The work is improving our understanding of the possible cumulative effects of multiple short-term peak exposures and the relationship of these exposures to longer-term exposures and risks.
Multipollutant Exposures and Changes in Environmental Conditions
EPA research is providing information to understand how individuals may respond to two or more pollutants or mixtures and how environmental conditions may impact air quality. While risk estimates for exposure to individual criteria air pollutants such as PM and ozone are well established, the acute and cumulative effects of combinations of pollutants is not well understood. In addition, research is needed to determine how changes in the environment affect both pollutant formation and subsequent responsiveness to exposures in healthy and susceptible individuals.

The research is focused on three specific questions:

What is the role of temperature and photochemical aging on the health impact of wildfire smoke and air pollution mixtures?

What is the effect of changing environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and humidity) on responsiveness to air pollution?

Does prior pollutant exposure modify responsiveness to subsequent exposures?

The integrated, multi-disciplinary research includes:

Epidemiologic analyses of environmental influences on morbidity and mortality in populations,

Simulations of changing environmental conditions in multi-pollutant formation in atmospheric chamber studies coupled with clinical and toxicological assessments in healthy and at-risk populations,

Evaluation of pre-exposure as a modifying effect on subsequent exposures

The results are revealing how changes in environmental conditions affect pollutant formation and subsequent health impact in at-risk populations. The research findings are informing EPA's Integrated Science Assessments for criteria air pollutants and assisting with future regulatory decisions on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Leveraging Big Data for Innovations in Health Science
EPA is at the cutting edge of health science, using electronic health records, novel data systems, tissue-like advanced cellular models, molecular approaches, and animal models to evaluate the health impacts of air pollution. Researchers are using these powerful new techniques to identify factors that may increase sensitivity and vulnerability to air pollution effects.

The research is building capacity for future risk assessment and regulatory analyses that go beyond traditional lines of evidence to more clearly define populations and lifestages at increased risk of health effects from air pollution.

To continue to protect public health from poor air quality, researchers must consider new epidemiological, toxicological and clinical approaches to understand the health risks of poor air quality and the biological mechanisms responsible for these risks. At the center of these new research approaches is an explosion of data availability and methodological approaches for handling large clinical and molecular datasets, also known as "big data."

While data of increasing size, depth, and complexity have accelerated research for many industries and scientific fields, big data is sometimes less recognized for the impacts it is having on environmental health studies. Increasingly, researchers are able to examine vulnerable populations with unprecedented precision and detail while also evaluating hundreds of thousands of molecular biomarkers in order to understand biological mechanisms associated with exposure.
Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke
Larger and more intense wildfires are creating the potential for greater smoke production and chronic exposures in the United States, particularly in the West. Wildfires increase air pollution in surrounding areas and can affect regional air quality.

The health effects of wildfire smoke can range from eye and respiratory tract irritation to more serious disorders, including reduced lung function, exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death. Children, pregnant women, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to smoke exposure. Emissions from wildfires are known to cause increased visits to hospitals and clinics by those exposed to smoke.

It is important to more fully understand the human health effects associated with short- and long-term exposures to smoke from wildfires as well as prescribed fires, together referred to as wildland fires. EPA is conducting research to advance understanding of the health effects from different types of fires as well as combustion phases. Researchers want to know:

What is the full extent of health effects from smoke exposure?

Who is most at risk?

Are there differences in health effects from different wildfire fuel types or combustion phases (burning versus flaming)?

What strategies and approaches are most effective in protecting public health?

What are the environmental, social and economic impacts of wildfire emissions?

Related Links Public Health Intervention and Communications Strategies
Many communities throughout the United States face challenges in providing advice to residents about how best to protect their health when they are exposed to elevated concentrations of air pollutants from motor vehicle and industrial emissions and other sources of combustion, including wildland fire smoke.

Researchers are studying intervention strategies to reduce the health impacts from exposure to air pollution as well as ways to effectively communicate these health risks. To translate the science for use in public health communication and community empowerment, EPA is collaborating with other federal agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and state and local agencies and tribes. The objectives are to identify ways to lower air pollution exposure or mitigate the biological responses at individual, community or ecosystem levels, and ultimately evaluate whether such interventions have benefits as measured by indicators of health, well-being or economics.

Studies are evaluating the interactions between behavior and social and economic factors to more thoroughly understand how these factors may influence health and well-being outcomes, which can inform effective and consistent health risk messaging.
Related Links Integrated Science Assessments for Air Pollutants
EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six principal criteria air pollutants-nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead-all of which have been shown to be harmful to public health and the environment.

The Agency's Integrated Science Assessments (ISAs) form the scientific foundation for the review of the NAAQS standards by providing the primary (human health-based) assessments and secondary (welfare-based, e.g. ecology, visibility, materials) assessments. The ISAs are assessments of the state of the science on the criteria pollutants. They are conducted as mandated under the Clean Air Act.
Related Links

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Research on Health Effects from Air Pollution | US EPA

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Decades of research have shown that air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter (PM) increase the amount and seriousness of lung and heart disease and other health problems. More investigation is needed to further understand the role poor air quality plays in causing detrimental effects to health and increased disease, especially in vulnerable populations.

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Classification of air pollutants:
Air pollution is caused by a number of factors, the most significant of which being the burning of fossil fuels. The source, chemical content, size, and method of release into indoor or outdoor environments may all be used to classify air pollutants.

Link: https://www.jacionline.org/action/showFullTableHTML?isHtml=true&tableId=tbl1&pii=S0091-6749%2804%2902266-3

Specific pollutants

- Diesel exhaust particulate matter:

DEPs (diesel exhaust particles) cause airway irritation and can aggravate or trigger asthma and allergies. DEPs, nitrogen oxides, and ozone precursors are all produced during diesel combustion, all of which are hazardous to the lungs.
As a result of the increased inflammation caused by diesel exposure, one's susceptibility to respiratory virus infections may be altered.

- Ozon:

The inflammatory effects of ozone on the respiratory system have been studied in several in vitro and animal investigations. However, the vast majority of ozone-exposure studies conducted in healthy and asthmatic people have contributed to our current understanding of how ozone causes adverse health effects.
The fact that ozone has a more dramatic effect on asthmatic patients is most likely due to persistent inflammation in the lower airways. According to most research, ozone impairs airflow in asthmatic patients more than in healthy volunteers.

- Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide:

" Adverse health effects from other gaseous pollutants, such as SO2, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), should not be underappreciated. Recent epidemiologic studies conducted throughout the world have provided valuable insight into the associations between SO2, NO2, and CO exposure and increases in cardiopulmonary mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, emergency admissions caused by stroke (NO2), and myocardial infarction (NO2 and CO)."

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(5) How air pollution is destroying our health?

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(5) How air pollution is destroying our health?

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-As the world gets hotter and more crowded, our engines continue to pump out dirty emissions, and half the world has no access to clean fuels or technologies,

-The very air we breathe is growing dangerously polluted

-The health effects of air pollution are serious – one third of deaths from stroke, lung cancer and heart disease are due to air pollution

-Air pollution is hard to escape, no matter how rich an area you live in

-Air pollution is closely linked to climate change

-Across the world, both cities and villages are seeing toxic pollutants in the air

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How air pollution is destroying our health

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As the world gets hotter and more crowded, our engines continue to pump out dirty emissions, and half the world has no access to clean fuels or technologies (e.g. stoves, lamps), the very air we breathe is growing dangerously polluted: nine out of ten people now breathe polluted air, which kills 7 million people every year.

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(6) Health consequences of air pollution on populations.

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(6) Health consequences of air pollution on populations.

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-Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes

-It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer.

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What are the health consequences of air pollution on populations?

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Both short and long term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts. More severe impacts affect people who are already ill. Children, the elderly and poor people are more susceptible. The most health-harmful pollutants - closely associated with excessive premature mortality - are fine PM2.5 particles that penetrate deep into lung passageways.

What can citizens do to protect themselves?

Fighting air pollution is everybody's responsibility. We all need to do more, a lot more. Swiftly and proactively to reduce air pollution. Concerted and coordinated efforts with active involvement of all the sectors is imperative. This includes the Government (national, state and local governments), cities, community at large and individuals.

To national governments: reduce emissions and set national standards that meet WHO air quality guidelines. Invest in research and education around clean air and pollution - they are an essential tool.

T o cities and local communities: Public policies across sectors must factor in public health from the beginning, followed up with sufficient data and tools to assess them.

To individuals: Continue to stand up for your right to healthy and sustainable environments. Hold your governments accountable.

All of us - in government, business, and individual - we are all accountable. Think and rethink, about the way you live and consume and make sustainable choices for yourself, your children and your children's children.

What is particulate matter, or PM?

Particulate matter is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Large concentrations of particulate matter are typically emitted by sources such as diesel vehicles and coal-fired power plants. Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM ₁₀) pose a health concern because they can be inhaled into and accumulate in the respiratory system. Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5) are referred to as "fine" particles and pose the greatest health risks. Because of their small size (approximately 1/30 th the average width of a human hair), fine particles can lodge deeply into the lungs.

What are some of the major sources or causes of ambient air pollution?

Major sources of ambient air pollution include inefficient modes of transport (polluting fuels and vehicles), inefficient combustion of household fuels for cooking, lighting and heating, coal-fired power plants, agriculture, and waste burning.

What can countries do to reduce air pollution?

Interventions to reduce air pollution include developing sustainable transport in cities; implementing solid waste management; providing access to clean household fuels and cookstoves; developing market for renewables energies and energy efficiency, and implementing industrial emissions reductions.

How is WHO working with countries to reduce air pollution?

WHO's main function is to identify and monitor those air pollutants with the greatest impact on people's health. This helps the WHO Member States to focus their actions on the most effective way to prevent, or reduce health risks. WHO's task is to review and analyze the accumulated scientific evidence, and use expert advice to draw conclusions on how much different air pollutants affect health as well as identify effective measures to reduce the air pollution burden.

WHO Member States adopted in 2015 a resolution to "address the adverse health effects of air pollution". The following year, Member States agreed on a road map for "an enhanced global response to the adverse health effects of air pollution". WHO is working on four pillars:

1. Expanding the knowledge base

2. Monitoring and reporting

3. Global leadership and coordination

4. Institutional capacity strengthening,

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Health consequences of air pollution on populations

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Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Both short and long term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts. More severe impacts affect people who are already ill.

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(7) Harmful Effects of Air Pollution on Human Body.

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(7) Harmful Effects of Air Pollution on Human Body.

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1. Women are at a higher risk of hypertension "Cardiovascular and Heart Problems"

2. Obstacles to Childbirth and Neurological Issues

3. Problems with the Skin

4. Asthma with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

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(8) How does air pollution affect our health?

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(8) How does air pollution affect our health?

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What is the definition of air pollution?
Particles from coal and gas combustion pollute the air outside.

nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are examples of hazardous gases.

cigarette smoke

ozone at ground level

Pollution of indoor air:

chemicals found in the home

noxious gases like carbon monoxide and radon

materials used in construction, such as lead or asbestos

pollen

mold

cigarette smoke

Particulate matter (particle pollutants), which includes suspended solids and liquid droplets, nitrogen dioxide sulfur dioxide ozone" are the pollutants that pose the greatest harm to a person's health, according to WHO.

Exposure for a limited time

Ground-level ozone can harm the respiratory system, causing infections and a reduction in lung function.

Exposure for a long time

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that affects the

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a condition that affect

"Premature birth"

Effects of specific contaminants on human health

Pollutant particles

Ozone at ground level

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas.

sulfate of sulfur

Nitrogen dioxide is a gas.

What can we do to lessen our exposure?

Air pollution in the open

avoiding strolling beside busy highways, exercising for shorter periods of time outside, or using an indoor facility instead

indoors until the air quality improves

Pollution in the home

maintaining clean and well-ventilated structures

Using a radon test kit, a person may check for radon in their house.

A carbon monoxide detector may be used to check the levels of carbon monoxide in a home.

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Air pollution appears to cause or contribute to a variety of health conditions. The effects of air pollution on a person's health can range from mild breathing difficulties to severe cardiovascular issues, including heart disease and stroke.

Harmful gases and particles in the air come from a range of sources, including exhaust fumes from vehicles, smoke from burning coal or gas, and tobacco smoke.

There are ways to limit the effects of air pollution on health, such as avoiding areas with heavy traffic. However, significant change relies on improvements to air quality on a global scale.

In this article, we discuss how air pollution can affect a person's health.

Air pollution consists of small particles that can be natural or artificial.

The range of possible pollutants means that air pollution can affect people both outdoors and indoors.

Outdoor air pollution consists of:

particles from burning coal and gas

harmful gases, such as nitrogen oxides or sulfur dioxide

tobacco smoke

ground-level ozone

Indoor air pollution consists of:

household chemicals

harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide or radon

building materials, such as lead or asbestos

pollen

mold

tobacco smoke

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the pollutants that pose the highest risk to a person's health are:

particulate matter (particle pollutants), which comprises suspended solids and liquid droplets

nitrogen dioxide

sulfur dioxide

ozone

Short-term exposure to air pollution, such as ground-level ozone, can affect the respiratory system because the of the pollutants enter the body through a person's airways.

Short-term exposure to air pollution may lead to respiratory infections and reduced lung function. It may also aggravate asthma in people with this condition.

Exposure to sulfur dioxide may cause damage to the eyes and respiratory tract, as well as irritating the skin.

Research into the long-term health problems that air pollution can cause is ongoing. Research has linked air pollution to serious health problems, adverse birth outcomes, and even premature death.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Exposure to particle pollutants may cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to the WHO, air pollution causes of COPD cases and deaths worldwide.

COPD is a group of diseases that cause breathing-related difficulties, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These diseases block the airways and make it difficult for a person to breathe.

There is no cure for COPD, but treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Lung cancer

According to the WHO, air pollution causes of all lung cancer cases and deaths.

Particle pollutants are likely to contribute to this figure significantly as their small size allows them to reach the lower respiratory tract.

Cardiovascular disease

Research shows that living in an area with higher levels of air pollution may increase the risk of death from stroke. Air pollution may trigger stroke and heart attacks.

A 2018 review notes that the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated air pollution to be responsible for 19% of cardiovascular deaths in 2015. It was also the cause of about 21% of deaths due to stroke and 24% of deaths from coronary heart disease.

Preterm delivery

According to research that featured in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, exposure to polluted air can make pregnant women more likely to experience preterm delivery.

The researchers found that the chance of preterm delivery lessened with decreased exposure.

According to research by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, outdoor air pollution is a carcinogen, meaning that it may cause cancer.

Polluted air contains separate particles and chemicals, each of which has a different effect on health.

Particle pollutants

Particle pollutants consist of a combination of different particles in the air.

Due to the small size of these particles, they can reach the lungs and raise the risk of lung and heart disease.

They may also cause a worsening of symptoms in people with asthma.

Ground-level ozone

Pollutants react with sunlight to create ground-level ozone. Smog consists largely of ozone and is a key trigger of asthma symptoms.

Carbon monoxide

According to a 2016 article, if the levels of carbon monoxide are lower than 2%, this gas does not appear to affect a person's health.

However, if the levels are higher than 40%, carbon monoxide may be fatal.

The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may include:

If a person suspects that they are experiencing carbon monoxide poisoning, they should move to an area with fresh air and seek immediate medical help.

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil.

It can cause eye irritation and make a person more vulnerable to developing respiratory tract infections, as well as cardiovascular disease.

Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is present in vehicle exhaust emissions. Gas and kerosene heaters and stoves also produce large amounts of this gas.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide may lead to respiratory infections. Typically, inhaling nitrogen dioxide causes wheezing or coughing, but it may also lead to headaches, throat irritation, chest pain, and fever.

People can reduce their exposure to air pollutants by limiting the amount of time that they spend in areas with poor air quality. It is important to be aware of possible air pollutants both outdoors and indoors.

Outdoor air pollution

Governments, businesses, and individuals can all help in minimizing air pollution. Reducing emissions from vehicles and the levels of pollutants in the atmosphere may improve the quality of the air.

A person can also check the current air quality by using the AirNow website. This government service monitors air quality across the United States.

The site provides information on air pollution levels, which it color codes according to their potential effect on health. If the rating is orange or above, people can help protect their health by:

avoiding walking beside busy roads

exercising for less time outdoors or using an indoor venue instead

staying indoors until air quality improves

Indoor air pollution

A person can reduce indoor air pollution by ensuring that buildings are clean and ventilated.

Dust, mold, and pollen may all increase the risk of respiratory problems.

Radon gas can build up in homes that developers built on land that has uranium deposits. Radon gas can cause lung cancer.

A person can check for radon in the home by using a radon test kit. Alternatively, they can hire a professional to take this measurement for them.
Radon test kits are available to purchase in stores and online.
A person can use a carbon monoxide detector to monitor the carbon monoxide levels in their home or workplace.
Carbon monoxide detectors are available to purchase in stores and online.
Air pollution can be harmful to a person's health. It may cause respiratory and cardiovascular conditions.

A person can reduce the likelihood of health problems by checking the air quality in their local areas and being aware of any existing health conditions.

Carbon monoxide can be fatal. If a person thinks that they have carbon monoxide poisoning, they should get into fresh air and seek medical help immediately.

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Air pollutants: How they affect our health

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Air pollution appears to cause or contribute to a variety of health conditions. The effects of air pollution on a person's health can range from mild breathing difficulties to severe cardiovascular issues, including heart disease and stroke.

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(9) Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution

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(9) Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776742/
Summary
"Continued vigilence will be essential to lessen the effects of air pollution on human health and pulmonary disease. Cooperation at a multi-national level will be required on the part of governments, industry, energy-based enterprises and the public working together to solve our air quality issues at the local, national and global level.

Key points
- Almost nine of ten individuals living in urban areas worldwide are affected by air pollution.
- The lack of a fully developed pulmonary metabolic capacity in children make them more susceptible to air pollutants compared to adults.
- Air pollution continues to be associated with reduced lung function and enhanced airway reactivity in children suffering from asthma.
- Prolonged exposure to air pollution exposes children to an increased risk of developing asthma.
- Air pollution and ambient exposure to nitrogen oxides, SO₂, and PM2.5 from vehicle emissions significantly increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Short-term episodes of air pollution in children can heighten respiratory infection symptoms and the frequency of emergency room visits."

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(10) Human health effects of air pollution

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(10) Human health effects of air pollution

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https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.9310045
- Ozone: "Ozone has received a great deal of scientific attention over the past 25 years, and much is now known about how this compound affects lung function and lung morphology.
- Sensitive Subjects: In the context of setting air quality standards, a key issue in the evaluation ofthe health effects of air pollutants is to determine the individuals who are at greatest risk from exposure to air pollutants. The most likely candidates for this distinction often include children, the elderly, patients with lung disease such as asthma
-  Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness Damage to airway epithelial cells leads to a cascade of events that results in airway hyperresponsiveness (AH) and airway inflammation.
- Sensitive Subjects:
The observation that asthmatics weremore sensitive to SO2 than healthy subjects was an important advance in the understanding of human SO2 responses, although it is somewhat surprising that it was almost 30 years after the London fog episodes that these responses were finally studied."

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(11) Human Health and Wellbeing: Human Health Effect of Air Pollution

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(11) Human Health and Wellbeing: Human Health Effect of Air Pollution

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- Heart attacks, respiratory diseases, and lung cancer are all significantly higher in people who breathe dirty air compared to matching groups in cleaner environments
-  Study published in the Lancet Respiratory Medicine shows that air pollution during pregnancy may increase the risk of lower birth weight babies.
-  Carbon monoxide produced in heavy traffic can cause headaches, drowsiness and blurred vision.
- Asbestos fibers and cigarette smoke can cause cancer.
-  Study also shows that air pollution can cause stress to a human being.
-  Not just ozone will lead to the development of asthma in children but it will also makes existing asthma worse.
-  Fine particle pollution can causes early death (both short-term and long-term exposure), causes cardiovascular harm such as heart attack, strokes, heart disease, congestive heart failure.

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Human Health and Wellbeing: Human Health Effect of Air Pollution

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Air pollution can harm human health, the environment, and cause property damage. Various research have proven the connection of air quality and human ...

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A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms, those biomolecules are often endogenous, produced within the organism but organisms usually need exogenous biomolecules, for example certain nutrients, to survive.

Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four elements- oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen-make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometals, are also present in small amounts.

The uniformity of both specific types of molecules (the biomolecules) and of certain metabolic pathways are invariant features among the wide diversity of life forms; thus these biomolecules and metabolic pathways are referred to as "biochemical universals" or "theory of material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory.

A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:

Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T).

Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides. Both DNA and RNA are polymers, consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by polymerase enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of mononucleotides. DNA uses the deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA uses the ribonucleotides (which have an extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose ring) C, G, A, and U. Modified bases are fairly common (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication.

Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy ( adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling ( cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ( coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

DNA and RNA structure

DNA structure is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-form helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at Holliday junctions during DNA replication.

RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose single strands with locally folded regions that constitute messenger RNA molecules. Those RNA structures contain many stretches of A-form double helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements by single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples are tRNA, ribosomes, ribozymes, and riboswitches. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA but a large set of distinct conformations, apparently because of both positive and negative interactions of the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules can do highly specific binding of other molecules and can themselves be recognized specifically; in addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as " ribozymes", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues).

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto-. Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for 2 different saccharides to differentially affect food intake. Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration.

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water. Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 - 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides. A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.

Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unusual among biomolecules in that it is racemic. The lack of optical activity is due to the polymerization of lignin which occurs via free radical coupling reactions in which there is no preference for either configuration at a chiral center.

Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly , and are the basic building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and one to three non polar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are connected by single bonds alone ( fatty acids) or by both single and double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number.

For lipids present in biological membranes, the hydrophilic head is from one of three classes:

Glycolipids, whose heads contain an oligosaccharide with 1-15 saccharide residues.

Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group.

Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example, cholesterol.

Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from arachidonic acid. They are also known as fatty acids

Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).

Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic modification after translation ( protein synthesis). For example, phosphorylation of serine by kinases and dephosphorylation by phosphatases is an important control mechanism in the cell cycle. Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms:

Besides those used in protein synthesis, other biologically important amino acids include carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell), ornithine, GABA and taurine.

Protein structure

The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known as that protein's primary structure. This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".

Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements of local structure defined by a particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number and arrangement is called the secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group ( carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group ( amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet. Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets, and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The secondary-structure elements are connected by "loop" or "coil" regions of non-repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement.

The overall, compact, 3D structure of a protein is termed its tertiary structure or its "fold". It is formed as result of various attractive forces like hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals force etc.

When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which consists of two "alpha" and two "beta" polypeptide chains.

Apoenzymes

An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein. Apoenzymes become active enzymes on addition of a cofactor. Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds, (e.g., [Flavin group|flavin] and heme). Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction.

Isoenzymes

Isoenzymes, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an enzyme, with slightly different protein sequence and closely similar but usually not identical functions. They are either products of different genes, or else different products of alternative splicing. They may either be produced in different organs or cell types to perform the same function, or several isoenzymes may be produced in the same cell type under differential regulation to suit the needs of changing development or environment. LDH ( lactate dehydrogenase) has multiple isozymes, while fetal hemoglobin is an example of a developmentally regulated isoform of a non-enzymatic protein. The relative levels of isoenzymes in blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ of secretion .

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A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products.

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esis statement: Long-term consequences of air pollution on human health, including respiratory infections and inflammations, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and cancer…, which is connected to millions of deaths worldwide each year; hence, people have to understand the dangers of air pollution on human health, how to avoid it and protect ourself.

II. Body
1.  What is air pollution?
“Air pollution is the presence o

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Thesis statement: Long-term consequences of air pollution on human health, including respiratory infections and inflammations, 