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During the spring of 1858, thousands of people arrived in what was then called New Caledonia in search of gold. With a surge of newcomers, James Douglas, a chief factor for the Hudson's Bay Company, did not want to lose land to the Americans so he requested to establish a Colonial government in New Caledonia to Queen Victoria. His wish was granted and it was renamed British Columbia with James as the first ever governor of the crown colony.

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1867 - Creation of the Dominion of Canada.

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1867 - Creation of the Dominion of Canada.

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The British North America Act (BNA) 1867 was the law that created (the dominion of) Canada. It all started at the 1864 Charlottetown conference where the topic of united all the BNA colonies was brought up and went further on from there. This dominion started off with only Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and provided Canada with basic constitutional rights/ functions like the ability to make laws and establish the levels of government (federal and provincial). The term “dominion” means “mastered” or “ruled” in Latin which was chosen to represent Canada as one of the British territorial possessions. This is where Canada's evolution began.

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1869 - Hudson's Bay Company yields territory to Canada.

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1869 - Hudson's Bay Company yields territory to Canada.

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After the Dominion of Canada was formed, the new country was led by Sir John A. Macdonald and his government was determined to expand it towards the territory owned by Hudson's Bay Company. The United States had recently bought Alaska and had their eyes on Rupert's Land which is something the British government was not going to have so they bought it for $1.5 million. It was soon renamed the North-West Territories.

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Louis Riel (in the center) and the provisional government

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The silence local Métis people (of what is now Manitoba) faced when asking for the incorporation of the Red River Colony into Canada led to a rebellion, the Red River Rebellion. It was led by Louis Riel and many wanted Sir John A. Macdonald to take action against him but he decided to hear Louis out and negotiate. Macdonald agreed to making Manitoba a province and some of the demands including:

Manitoba joins the confederation as a province, not a territory.

The lieutenant governor of the new province speaks both English and French.

No one receives any legal punishments for their actions in the rebellion.

On May 12th 1870, Manitoba became Canada's fifth province.

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1871 - British Columbia joins confederation.

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1871 - British Columbia joins confederation.

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Whether or not British Columbia should join the confederation was controversial amongst the people living there. British Columbia joining it benefited both B.C itself, and Canada. The support of the dominion and British Empire helped B.C develop more with the financial help and provided a measure of security. It benefited Canada because it became a country stretched from sea-to-sea and it increased its land area. British Columbia went on to become Canada's 7th province on July 20th 1871.

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1873 - Prince Edward Island becomes a province.

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1873 - Prince Edward Island becomes a province.

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The idea of P.E.I joining confederation was first proposed during the 1864 Charlottetown conference. The main topic that was supposed to be discussed was a union of the 3 maritime colonies - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. However, a representative from another colony, the Province of Canada, attended the conference and brought up the idea of a union of all the BNA colonies. When the Dominion of Canada was formed a couple years later, the other two maritime colonies joined it but P.E.I rejected the offer. In 1869, Sir John A. Macdonald tried everything in his power like offering a steam ship service which would connect the Island to the rest of the country, to assume the Island debts, and even pay $800,000 to buy absentee landlord holdings to convince them to join. This offer was once again rejected but in 1871, the Island was building a railway (the Prince Edward Island Railway) but the budget was rapidly overspent. Within a year, the railway had put the colony   on the verge of economic collapse so P.E.I had no choice but to approach the Canadian government about joining the confederation in search of help. They were pleased to hear that the Island wanted to join the dominion and everything offered was received. On July 1st 1873, Prince Edward Island became the 7th province of Canada.

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People hiking at Klondike in the snow to find the gold 

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In 1896, someone discovered gold on a tributary of the Klondike River. The word spread quick and soon, thousands of people raced to it.  With the population growing rapidly, fears that America would try to take control of the area rose. At first Canada just named Yukon as one of the 4 districts within the North-West territories - the other 3 being Franklin, Ungava, Mackenzie - but the people of Yukon wanted more. So on June 13th 1898, the “Yukon Territory Act” established Yukon as a separate Canadian Territory.

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1905 - Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces.

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1905 - Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces.

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The original idea was to unite all the districts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Assiniboia, and Athabasca into one province and Fredrick William Haultin and James Hamilton Ross even drew up a bill. After further negotiations, they realized that the province would be too big to administer so it was split into 2 - Alberta and Saskatchewan. The other 2 districts were split into both but Assiniboia was (and still is) leaning more into Saskatchewan. On September 1st 1905, the “Alberta Act” and the “Saskatchewan Act” were established and they became the 8th and 9th provinces.

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Joey Smallwood, premier of Newfoundland, signing the agreement that brought Newfoundland into Canada

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The first time Newfoundland almost joined confederation was in 1869, when a deal was close to being completed between Newfoundland's pro-confederation government and Canada.  The deal was unable to be finalized because Charles Fox Bennett, politician and leader of the anti-confederation movement, and his allies started protecting to ensure their voices and side of the story be heard and they were. The desire of Newfoundlands to be Canadians had never been strong but in 1948, a colony-wide vote was held to decide whether to join confederation or to restore responsible government. Confederation won by almost 7 thousand votes

(78,323 - 71,344) and Canada was delighted to hear about this. After Newfoundlands government and Canada's government negotiated the terms, it became the 10th province on March 31st 1949.

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In 1982, The Tunngavik federation of Nunavut was established to represent the Inuit of the eastern Arctic and negotiate a Land Claim Agreement (a treaty) with the federal government to make Nunavut its own territory. That same year, The North Western Territories (NWT) held a vote and 56% of voters supported the idea of separating the eastern and western halves of the territory. They believed dividing the two would allow each side to have more control over their area. After no more than a decade of discussions, the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was reached and it gave the Inuit of the eastern Arctic:

Greater rights over lands and resources.

Cash compensation for other areas that were to remain Crown lands.

A federal commitment to create a new territory.

On April 1st 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory.