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‘When we have to make decisions’
- the synthetic personalisation with the 3rd person pronoun ‘we’ suggests an element of unity in increased cognitive ability that can benefit all and is not an area that is limited to all as everyone is exposed to some form of dialectical difference.
- this creates a space where increased attention span that was once associated with only bi-lingual individuals is now accessible to a wider audience in society

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“Multilingual and bidialect children performed better than monolingual children in tests involving memory” the comparative “better”implies a positive advantage for those who speak multiple languages. The statistics regarding the tests “64 bidialect children, 47 multilingual children and 25 monolingual children” suggests how the larger majority of children could speak another language inferring a change in attitudes towards language change.

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"Cognitive flexibilty" - writer is talking to an informed audience with knowledge of science, also creates higher validity and authority of voice. The noun "flexibility" suggesting the ease of adaptation.

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‘findings of the first study of bi-dialectalism … come from researchers at the University of Cambridge’ - authority of voice, use of statistics & recognisable proper noun ‘University of Cambridge’ create a sense of intelligence and power.

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Triadic structure of “memory, attention and cognitive flexibility” - uses scientific lexis which lends it scientific credibility. Also implies there are a range of benefits to being bi-dialectal and bilingual

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“Slang words to have entered common use age”

Dynamic verb “entered” suggests that slang isn’t original form of language and is a deviation from the standard. But premodifier “common” useage implies that slang is used frequently and a part of daily language

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The positioning of the pre-modifier seals a solid and smooth argument taking its form into a viewpoint unparalleled with any other due to its submissive and formative nature carting benefits for the young and the old

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The “get you by glossary” includes the hyphenated colloquial term with the noun “glossary” which suggests that slang is needed for daily conversations. Also creates the implication that slang is popular and cannot he controlled- Helen Ashton “trying to preserve language is as difficult as trying to catch the proverbial wave. Impossible”

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Repetition of the verb “boosts” throughout the test infers that there is mostly a positive effect of being bilingual.

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‘memory,attention and cognitive flexibility’
triadic structure in a formal register
use of medical vocabulary implies intelligence and creates trust which allows the reader to be convinced

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‘multicultural london english, which has a rising number of speakers, especially among young people’ - MLE = sue fox; verb ‘rising’ reinforces growth and spread of new forms of language and ELF; collective pronoun ‘young people’ implying that they need this boost of attention span most, they get the most benefits from bi-dialectalism

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Being bilingual could in fact be bad for your brain” the plosive “b” positions the reader against speaking multiple languages as this persuasive technique is used to attract the reader and be memorable.
However the modal verb “could” infers doubt that this is true unlike the first half of the text which uses evidence from valid authorities of voice such as the “experts” and “researchers”

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‘speaking slang is good for your brain as being bilingual’ - 2nd person pronoun ‘you’ creates synthetic personalisation, reader is guided in their opinion by this direct reference to them.

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"The distance between languages and dialects does not make much of a difference, according to our findings."

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"The distance between languages and dialects does not make much of a difference, according to our findings."

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Implies that as long as you are speaking two types od language, no matter how minor, they will give benefits to general life

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“potentially” - implies that drill may cause violent crime. Argument could be made that drill only results in violence when combined with other factors, such as poor living conditions and environment.

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‘social media postings that generate violent disputes rather than the music itself’ - contrasting opinion, giving rappers/musicians a voice in the argument. verb ‘disputes’ juxtaposes earlier uses of dynamic verbs ‘murders and stabbings’ - not centring the violence because this is arguing against Drill being the cause, rather than an outcome.

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‘a demonic mindset’ - pre-mod ‘demonic’ has negative connotations, suggesting a moral panic; noun ‘mindset’ suggests drill is a way of thinking that is harmful and damaging.

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‘valid worries that drill is not just reflecting criminality, but driving it’ - pre-mod ‘valid’ positions the reader by suggesting there could be some form of link between drill and violence

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Language users- “music videos are a platform which can provide the gang and/or gang members with a sense of power and authority” The noun power represents the growth of the influence of drill music on society. Thus diverging away from the standard form as the gang members are diverging away out of identity to gain more power.

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"Beef has always been apart of rap music"

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"Beef has always been apart of rap music"

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Beef = verb
Non standardized, links to Ben Rampton with slang being cool and rap music being viewed as cool
Time adverbial 'always' - presenting the vilence is not a new thing

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“Valid worries”. Pre-modifier of “valid” suggests that the concern over drill music is justified, implying that there are issues with it. Leads into the argument for the other side.

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“The cuts that affects schools, youth clubs, social housing, benefits, are making life harder for the average person living below the poverty line in this city.”
- the use of the triplet emphasises and counteracts the authors view that drill is the sole reason for increase in violence but Abra Cadabra places emphasis that violence cannot be reduced to one factor but is actually due to environment and austerity

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‘Working-class black population descended into violence’- ‘descended’ is almost like they had no where else to go or just decided to go down that path, ‘working class’ suggests it’s influenced by environmental factors of living conditions in london

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"Music can glamorise violent crime, but it can't force your hand" shifts blame onto society, "if you see it in your environment, you portray that in your art"

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‘murders and stabbing plaguing London and other cities are directly linked’

Dynamic verbs ‘murders and stabbings’ immediately create negative associations with Drill, use shock value.

Verb ‘plaguing’  = disease, infectious and spreading, generating a moral panic by implying that youths aren’t safe from the negative impacts of this music.

Pre-modifier ‘directly’ creates a sense of correlation, suggests that’s there is clear evidence for this claim

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‘can’t force your hand to commit those actions’
violent actions are one’s own choice not the fault of drill music- positions reader to believe it’s not the actions of drill music