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Urban Housing Health Issue Analysis & Neighborhood Strategic Plan Report

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Urban Housing Health Issue Analysis & Neighborhood Strategic Plan Report

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1If9csoxl0w6-JVudsaxSkCOTTuFpzuzP/view?usp=sharing

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pb7W5gIAy7BLXYqDNjE2o6KV_cnDpOxI/view?usp=sharing

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1na56wqPL09vA8fkKob4X3X1g1YDRI6cM/view?usp=sharing

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The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighborhood, and Street Form at the Urban Edge

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(1993). The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighborhood, and Street Form at the Urban Edge. Journal of the American Planning Association: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 271-287.

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-The design of a community’s built environment influences the physical and mental health of its residents.

-Design choices we make in our homes, schools, workplaces, communities, and transportation systems can have major effects on health, which is defined by the World Health Organization as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

- A healthy community protects and improves the quality of life for its citizens, promotes healthy behaviors and minimizes hazards for its residents, and preserves the natural environment

-Increasing evidence suggests that land-use and transportation decisions can facilitate or obstruct the creation and maintenance of healthy communities. The design of cities, neighborhoods, and individual buildings can affect levels of physical activity, which is an important factor in the prevention of obesity and its associated adverse health consequences. Community design influences the amount to which its residents are dependent on automobiles, whose use contributes to air pollution, motor vehicle crashes, and pedestrian injuries.

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American Public Health Association (APHA) publications

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The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA) publications

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The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA)

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Research shows that increased access to healthy foods corresponds with healthier dietary practices.

Lower rates of obesity and diabetes were found in areas with increased access to healthy foods and a higher density of full–service restaurants and grocery stores.

Individuals without a vehicle or access to convenient public transportation, or who do not have food venues with healthy choices within walking distance, have limited access to foods that support healthy eating patterns.

A barrier to accessibility of healthy food choices is living in a “food desert.” In food deserts, food sources are lacking or limited, particularly in low income areas that are more also likely to have a higher share of convenience stores and small food markets.

Affordability also influences access to foods that support healthy eating patterns. low–income groups tend to rely on foods that are cheap and convenient to access, but are low in nutrient density. In neighborhoods without supermarkets, residents likely face higher prices for many healthy foods, because small stores typically charge more for items such as fresh produce

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The Healthy People 2020 Social Determinants of Health topic area is organized into 5 place-based domains:

1. Economic Stability

2. Education

3. Health and Health Care

4. Neighborhood and Built Environment

5. Social and Community Context

Access to Foods that Support Healthy Eating Patterns is a key issue in the Neighborhood and Built Environment domain. For the purpose of this summary, the phrase "access to foods that support healthy eating patterns" is interchangeable with "access to healthy foods."

Access to foods that support healthy eating patterns contributes to an individual's health throughout his or her life. Healthy eating habits include controlling calories; eating a variety of foods and beverages from all of the food groups; and limiting intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium. Healthy eating can help lower the risk for chronic disease. Evidence also shows that poor nutrition and an unhealthy diet are risk factors for high blood pressure,, diabetes, and cancer. According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy eating patterns include: a variety of vegetables; fruits, especially whole fruits; grains, at least half of which are whole grains; fat-free or low-fat dairy; protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), unsalted nuts and seeds, and soy products; and oils. Some research has shown that increased access to healthy foods corresponds with healthier dietary practices.

There are barriers to, and disparities in, the accessibility and availability of foods that support healthy eating patterns. Data from 2012-2013 show that the average distance from U.S. households to the nearest supermarket was 2.19 miles. Individuals without a vehicle or access to convenient public transportation, or who do not have food venues with healthy choices within walking distance, have limited access to foods that support healthy eating patterns. A study in Detroit found that people living in predominantly black low-income neighborhoods travel an average of 1.1 miles farther to the closest supermarket than people living in predominantly white low-income neighborhoods. Transportation and distance to sources of healthy foods impact low-income and rural communities, especially older adults living in rural communities. Overall, for those who do not have access to a car or public transportation, the cost of travel time to find healthier options in addition to out-of-pocket expenses may be too high.

Another barrier to accessibility of healthy food choices is living in a "food desert." In food deserts, food sources are lacking or limited, particularly in low income areas that are more also likely to have a higher share of convenience stores and small food markets. These options tend to carry foods of lower nutritional quality compared to large chain supermarkets, which may have a wider variety of healthy options. Furthermore, this lack of access to foods that support healthy eating patterns may have a greater impact on members of racial and ethnic minority communities, residents of low-income communities and those living in rural areas. Several studies have shown that residents of these communities are more likely to be affected by poor access to supermarkets, chain grocery stores, and healthy food products. For example, predominantly black and Hispanic neighborhoods have fewer large chain supermarkets than predominantly white and non-Hispanic neighborhoods. These disparities may decrease access to healthy food options for minority populations.

Affordability also influences access to foods that support healthy eating patterns. Research shows that low-income groups tend to rely on foods that are cheap and convenient to access, but are low in nutrient density. Fresh fruits and vegetables and other healthier items are often more expensive at convenience stores and small food markets than in larger chain supermarkets and grocery stores. A summary of recent research on this issue indicated that "in neighborhoods without supermarkets, residents likely face higher prices for many healthy foods, because small stores typically charge more for items such as fresh produce." Research also shows that price reductions of healthier food choices can contribute to increased purchasing of those choices.

Studies show a relationship between the inability to access foods that support healthy eating patterns and negative health outcomes. For example, a study of 40,000 California residents examined how access to healthy food choices impacts rates of obesity and diabetes. Residents of neighborhoods with fewer fresh produce sources and plentiful fast food restaurants and convenience stores were at a higher risk of obesity and diabetes. Lower rates of obesity and diabetes were found in areas with increased access to healthy foods and a higher density of full-service restaurants and grocery stores. Additionally, the food environment surrounding schools can impact children and adolescents. One study found that students whose schools were within a half mile of a fast food restaurant were more likely to be overweight or obese than students whose schools were farther away from fast food restaurants.

Improving access to foods that support healthy eating patterns is one method for addressing health disparities and population health. Several strategies that aim to "improve diet by altering food environments" are being considered and implemented. For example, a study has shown that a small financial incentive increased the use of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits in participating farmers markets - resulting in increased access to healthy foods. Several strategies have also been proposed to encourage more equitable access to healthy food choices, such as, "attracting and opening supermarkets in underserved neighborhoods, selling healthy foods at reduced prices, and limiting the total number of per capita fast food restaurants in a community."

Additional research is needed to increase the evidence base for what can successfully impact the effects of access to foods that support healthy eating patterns and health outcomes. This additional evidence will facilitate public health efforts to address access to healthy food choices as a social determinant of health.

Disclaimer: This summary of the literature on access to foods that support healthy eating patterns as a social determinant of health is a narrowly defined examination that is not intended to be exhaustive and may not address all dimensions of the issue. Please keep in mind that the summary is likely to evolve as new evidence emerges.

Endnotes

i Terminology used in the summary is consistent with the respective references. As a result, there may be variability in the use of terms, for example, black versus African American.

ii The term minority, when used in a summary, refers to racial/ethnic minority, unless otherwise specified.

References

1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 dietary guidelines for Americans: 8th edition. Washington: HHS and USDA; 2015 Dec.

2 Zhao D, Qi Y, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Zhang XY, Li HJ, et al. Dietary factors associated with hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011 Jul 5;8(8):456-65.

3 Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Oct;96(10):1027-39.

4 Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jun 19;134(12):1106-14.

5 Swinburn BA, Metcalf PA, Ley SJ. Long-term (5-year) effects of a reduced-fat diet intervention in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):619-24.

6 Feskens EJ, Virtanen SM, Rasanen L, Tuomilehto J, Stengard J, Pekkanen J, et al. Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Diabetes Care. 1995 Aug;18(8):1104-12.

7 Marshall JA, Hoag S, Shetterly S, Hamman RF. Dietary fat predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1994 Jan;17(1):50-56.

8 Penney TL, Brown HE, Maguire ER, Kuhn I, Monsivais P. Local food environment interventions to improve healthy food choice in adults: a systematic review and realist synthesis protocol. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e007161.

9 World Health Organization. Fruit, vegetables and NCD disease prevention [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2003 Sep [cited 2018 Feb 16]. 2 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_fv.pdf

10 Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025

11 Ver Ploeg M, Mancino L, Todd JE, Clay DM, Scharadin B. Where do Americans usually shop for food and how do they travel to get there? initial findings from the national household food acquisition and purchase survey. Washington: USDA Economic Research Service; 2015 Mar. 27 p. EIB-138.

12 Rose D. Access to healthy food: a key focus for research on domestic food insecurity. J Nutr. 2010 Jun;140(6):1167-69.

13 Ploeg MV, Breneman V, Farrigan T, Hamrick K, Hopkins D, Kaufman P, et al. Access to affordable and nutritious food: measuring and understanding food deserts and their consequences: report to Congress. Washington: USDA Economic Research Service; 2009 Jun. 160 p.

14 Zenk, S. N., Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., James, S. A., Bao, S., & Wilson, M. L. (2005). Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. American journal of public health, 95(4), 660-667.

15 Sharkey JR, Johnson CM, Dean WR. Food access and perceptions of the community and household food environment as correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among rural seniors. BMC Geriatr. 2010 Jun;10(1):32.

16 Powell LM, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka FJ. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev Med. 2007 Mar;44(3):189-95.

17 Beaulac J, Kristjansson E, Cummins S. A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009 July;6(3):A105.

18 Smith C, Morton LW. Rural food deserts: low-income perspectives on food access in Minnesota and Iowa. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009 May-Jun;41(3):176-87.

19 Morland K, Wing S, Roux AD, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002 Jan;22(1):23-29.

20 Brown AF, Vargas RB, Ang A, Pebley AR. The neighborhood food resource environment and the health of residents with chronic conditions. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Aug;23(8):1137-44. doi: 10.1007/s11606-008-0601-5

21 Drewnowski A, Eichelsdoerfer P. Can low-income Americans afford a healthy diet? Nutr Today. 2010 Nov;44(6):246-49.

22 Gustafson A, Hankins S, Jilcott S. Measures of the consumer food store environment: a systematic review of the evidence 2000-2011. J Commun Health. 2012 Aug;37(4):897-911.

23 French SA. Pricing effects on food choices. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):841S-843S.

24 Babey SH, Diamant AL, Hastert TA, Harvey S. Designed for disease: the link between local food environments and obesity and diabetes. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research; 2008 Apr 1.

25 Ahern M, Brown C, Dukas S. A national study of the association between food environments and county-level health outcomes. J Rural Health. 2011 Winter;27(4):367-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00378.x

26 Davis B, Carpenter C. Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity. Am J Public Health. 2009 Mar;99(3):505-10.

27 Baronberg, S., Dunn, L., Nonas, C., Dannefer, R., & Sacks, R. (2013). The impact of New York City's Health Bucks Program on electronic benefit transfer spending at farmers markets, 2006-2009. Prev Chronic Dis, 10, E163. doi: 10.5888/pcd10.130113

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Access to Foods that Support Healthy Eating Patterns

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The Healthy People 2020 Social Determinants of Health topic area is organized into 5 place-based domains: Economic Stability Education Health and Health Care Neighborhood and Built Environment Social and Community Context Access to Foods that Support Healthy Eating Patterns is a key issue in the Neighborhood and Built Environment domain.

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Community safety is an important issue to bring about the quality of living. A healthy and safe neighborhood has five main features:

1) Physical environment

2) Good environments at home, work, and play

3) Facility services and well-maintained outdoor environments, street cleaning and sufficient lighting

4) Social functions with norms, values, and a degree of community integration

5) Self-esteem of the residents depending on who moves in and out.

There are 3 different approaches to promote neighbourhood safety.

1. Environmental approach which includes situational crime prevention techniques and broader urban planning initiatives as well as modification of the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur.

2. Social approach, which focuses on the underlying social and economic causes of crime in the community (e.g. lack of social cohesion, limited access to housing, unemployment, poor education and health services).

3. Criminal justice approach, which refers to various programs delivered by the police, the courts and correctional institutions that aim to prevent recidivism among those people who have already engaged in offending behavior. Therefore, based on the literature review, it has shown that the community safety is an important issue to bring about the quality of living.

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https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/metropolitan-lake-developments-keponggi-square-70-taken

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PETALING JAYA (Oct 14): Metropolitan Lake Development Sdn Bhd's (MLD) 6.8-acre Keponggi Square commercial shoplot development in Kepong, comprising 73 retail outlets with an open piazza concept is 70% taken up, according to the developer's press release dated Oct 12.

MLD has held a ground-breaking ceremony to kick-start the maiden project, which is slated to complete in first quarter of 2023, the statement added.

Keponggi Square has a gross development value (GDV) of RM220 million and is the first phase of the broader 14.6-acre Metropolitan Waterfront Masterplan project located next to the Kepong Metropolitan Park. The master plan comprises an ecosystem of retail and residential components and has a GDV of RM750 million.

MLD general manager James Yam said Keponggi Square's 70% take-up rate without an official sales launch is a testament to the concept's demand. "Keponggi Square is a development driven specifically through our open piazza concept that will complement our entire shoplot development.

"We placed a lot of emphasis on landscape architecture and creating a space for the robust surrounding community. When completed, the open piazza will host exciting activities, festive and place-making events that will make Keponggi Square a landmark destination," Yam added.

According to the statement, Keponggi Square is positioned to be a holistic destination that will serve as the next up-and-coming lifestyle spot in Kepong. "The development's unique Food, Beverage & Entertainment Activity Market/Place Making (FB&E AM/PM) open piazza concept is predicated on merging an entertainment locale with the retail component to draw in crowds not only from the immediate vicinity, but also the greater Kuala Lumpur area.

"A budget of RM2 million has been allocated to sustain a two-year programme comprising open air concerts, bazaars, art exhibitions and more," it said.

Keponggi Square draws inspiration from Roponggi, a tourist destination in Tokyo, Japan, for its holistic destination with integrated and vibrant retail, entertainment and leisure spots, according to the statement.

The development will also incorporate child-friendly areas for families to sit and enjoy the shaded landscape coupled with a façade that features red sandstone finishes, it added.

MLD director Raja Hamzah Abidin said the company wanted a development that would redefine Kepong. "Keponggi Square is an open invitation for those within and outside of Kepong to join this unique community, which is quickly becoming a bustling township largely due to current and upcoming developments."

Meanwhile, the next phases of the Metropolitan Waterfront Masterplan development will include a condominium as well as affordable housing. "Being in proximity of Keponggi Square, the developments will complement each other in offering attractive and practical amenities with a beautiful lake view. The master plan will not only benefit the developments within but neighbouring ones as well, creating a unique community," the statement said.

The adjacent 250-acre Kepong Metropolitan Park has a 4km jogging path that surrounds the 140-acre Kepong Metropolitan Lake. The area is connected to the nearby Kepong Baru and Metro Prima MRT stations, the Kepong and Kepong Sentral KTM stations, and is accessible via Jalan Kuching, MRR2 and Jalan Kepong.

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Metropolitan Lake Development's Keponggi Square 70% taken up

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PETALING JAYA (Oct 14): Metropolitan Lake Development Sdn Bhd's (MLD) 6.8-acre Keponggi Square commercial shoplot development in Kepong, comprising 73 retail outlets with an open piazza concept is 70% taken up, according to the developer's press release dated Oct 12.

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-Parks are emerging as important public health solutions in urban communities.
-Research that nature, including parks, gardens, the urban forest and green spaces, support human health and wellness. The research about active living and opportunities to avoid chronic diseases (such as diabetes, heart disease and respiratory problems) is particularly relevant to large parks where people can enjoy walking and bike paths, and playing fields. But, equally as important is the role of small parks and nature spaces for health.

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April 3, 2017, Department, by Kathleen L. Wolf, Ph.D.

Parks are emerging as important public health solutions in urban communities. Nearly 40 years of research evidence confirms that nearby nature, including parks, gardens, the urban forest and green spaces, support human health and wellness. The research about active living and opportunities to avoid chronic diseases (such as diabetes, heart disease and respiratory problems) is particularly relevant to large parks where people can enjoy walking and bike paths, and playing fields. But, equally as important is the role of small parks and nature spaces for health.

In many communities, additional land for large parks is either expensive or difficult to repurpose. Every parcel or easement is ever more valuable. Creating small parks can be a productive public and private joint venture that introduces the spaces for nature encounters that benefit everyone.

Co-Benefits of City Systems
An emerging opportunity for parks and recreation is the integration of green infrastructure and parks goals. Infrastructure systems are planned to systematically source and deliver crucial services or products, such as transportation or water systems. The term "infrastructure" usually brings to mind roads, pipes and power lines. Green infrastructure systems, however, are practical integrations of built and ecological systems that incorporate natural and constructed green spaces to replace or augment traditional gray infrastructure.

Parks and green infrastructure can be co-designed for co-benefits. Parks can serve their primary goals to offer recreation and aesthetic amenities, while also containing spaces that mitigate stormwater or improve air quality. Green infrastructure can achieve essential utility functions in the community, but may also be designed to create the environments that provide nearby nature experiences and support health.

Green infrastructure includes bioswales, rain gardens and other water harvesting features. If a collection of these small nature spaces is to be installed within a community, then a systems outlook is important. The TKF Foundation, a philanthropy dedicated to creating small, high-quality gardens, promotes a "sites-to-systems" outlook so that the sum benefit of small nature spaces is greater than the many parts. Rather than focusing only on the design of individual parcels or features, a broader planning approach could integrate a series of small spaces into a coherent network.

Integrating parks and green infrastructure, co-design for co-benefits: these can be unconventional practices in many public works and parks departments. They are goals that cross the borders of typical policies and purposes. Why is this activity important? Health services costs total nearly 17 percent of the annual U.S. gross domestic product. Creative programs that enable more nature contact in the city can help reduce costs at both the national and community level.

Health Benefits from Small Nature Spaces
Following is a small sample from the research literature of the health benefits gained specifically from small nature spaces:

Improved General Mood and Attitude
A study that compared meditative and athletic walking in forest and indoor settings showed that in both environments meditative walking generated more positive psychological effects than athletic walking. Other investigators have found evidence of lower frustration and increased brain activity, resembling meditation, when moving in green space versus being in retail and commercial areas that have no trees. Also, meditative walking in the forest was the most effective at increasing happiness, defined as the presence of a positive emotional mindset. Psychologists know that being happy broadens how a person thinks about and acts in the daily flow of life's efforts, creating positive intellectual and psychological resources.

Stress Reduction
Stress is a major contributor to ill health. Left unresolved, long-term stress can lead to immune system issues and illness. The experience of nature is one antidote to stress, and the body's positive response is remarkably fast, occurring within minutes. Studies by environmental psychologists show that visual exposure to nature, in the form of trees, grass and flowers, can effectively reduce stress, particularly if initial stress levels are high.

Better Mental Health and Functioning
Experiences of nearby nature contribute to better mental health and improve one's capacity to be productive according to Attention Restoration Theory. Modern life often demands sustained focus on projects, and this effort can lead to cognitive overload, bringing on irritability and an inability to function effectively, often with physical symptoms. Views or brief experiences of nearby nature help to restore the mind from mental fatigue, as natural settings provide respite from the highly focused attention needed for most tasks in school or at work. This may contribute to higher productivity in the workplace, as research shows that office workers with a view of nature are better able to attend to tasks, report fewer illnesses and have higher job satisfaction. Increased time of nature experience (up to 1.5 hours) increases the restorative effect.

Improved Mindfulness and Creativity
Contemporary lifestyles are very busy, and there is a greater need for intentional time-outs to be mindful. Studies of mindfulness workshops, held for both mentally healthy and clinically depressed individuals, show benefits of improved mood, cognitive function and immune response. Nature settings offer sensory inputs that are mentally restorative and can foster ideation. In a study of creative professionals, nature experiences enhanced creativity by evoking new ways of thinking, promoting curiosity and encouraging more flexible thinking. A nature recharge may support creativity, as the restored mind is better at analyzing and developing ideas.

Building Social Capital
Social capital, a critical condition for a host of community benefits, is formed from the interpersonal relationships of people and resulting supportive networks. The mere presence of landscape or trees appears to promote community connections. Views of green space from homes are linked to greater perceptions of well-being and neighborhood satisfaction. Public housing residents reported feeling more safe if their development had well-maintained landscaping, including trees and grass. Greener public housing neighborhoods tend to be safer, with fewer incivilities and less reported crimes. Active involvement in community greening and nature restoration projects also produces social benefits, including strengthening of intergenerational ties and organizational empowerment.

Scientific evidence should be the basis of future efforts to make cities more sustainable and sustaining. We now know that nearby nature - including small plots or parcels imbedded within all land uses - directly contributes to quality human habitat and is profoundly important for the health of mind and body. Integrations of parks and infrastructure goals can provide more opportunities for the nearby nature experiences that promote good health and sustain wellness.
Learn more about Dr. Wolf's work.
Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D., is a Research Social Scientist with joint appointments at the University of Washington, College of the Environment, and the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

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The Health Benefits of Small Parks and Green Spaces

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April 3, 2017, Department, by Kathleen L. Wolf, Ph.D. Parks are emerging as important public health solutions in urban communities. Nearly 40 years of research evidence confirms that nearby nature, including parks, gardens, the urban forest and green spaces, support human health and wellness.

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-Parks provide people with contact with nature, known to confer certain health benefits and enhance well-being.

-Cities need to provide all types of parks, to provide their various citizen groups with a range of health benefits.

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Building Healthy CommunityEnvironments: A Public Health Approach

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Building Healthy CommunityEnvironments: A Public Health Approach

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- Defining the public health problem (identifying health
risks of concern)

- Measuring the magnitude (understanding measures of disease or exposure in the population)

- Identifying key determinants of risk (including epidemiologic, social, and political factors)

- Developing and recommending policies (ways to reduce risk and promote health)

- Assessing health effects of policy options (eg, Health Impact Assessment [HIA])

- Implementing and evaluating policy choices (tracking changes in community health)

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• Affordable, accessible and high quality health care
• Community Paramedicine/care coordination
• Health literacy
• Access to behavioral health services

HEALTH IMPACTS: Disease prevention, mental health

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People with low incomes generally have poorer health status, more barriers to making healthy choices, and less of a voice to advocate for changes that result in better health. Living in neighbourhoods that offer opportunities to be active and provide access services is a boost to health.

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The built environment is the human-made, physical setting for human activities – where people live, work, learn, and play. Whether rural, urban, or suburban communities, healthy built environments are places that can be intentionally designed to support good health and help people to thrive.

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Housing policies were barriers to equality and used as tools to discriminate against people based on class and race.

Addressing policy solutions requires recognizing that housing is a historic and intersectional issue of social justice.

Policy decisions can be made and grounded in the lived experience of communities and community activists while also respecting the importance of broadly applicable policy developed by professional policymakers.

While policy is typically addressed from the top-down, this project aims to emphasize the value of engaging with local communities and including them in the process of creating and building housing policy. By prioritizing communities first and foremost, it is possible to build understandings that can then be operationalized at different levels of governance.

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The chapter reviews the key literature concerned with evidence-based transport and health indicators to be included in urban and mobility planning processes.

Transportation investments have the potential to substantially improve health, directly and indirectly affecting the rates of non-communicable diseases, and other adverse health and environmental outcomes. Strategies that promote active transportation not only can reduce levels of sedentary behavior, but also reduce traffic-related injuries and fatalities, reduce emissions of traffic-related air pollutants, and increase access to health-promoting destinations (Boehmer et al., 2017).

Eight indicators (access, density, connectivity, land use mix, transport infrastructure, safety, aesthetics, and green spaces) were identified through this review to be relevant for health and transport planning.

Overall, this literature review lends support to calls for interventions to change the built environments of cities and neighborhoods in ways that promote walking and improve population health.

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Impact of Education in Terms of Housing Opportunities

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Impact of Education in Terms of Housing Opportunities

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Aims to study on how different housing conditions have been conceptualized both as the cause and the consequence of low educational attainments, related to people from socially and economically deprived background and the educational system capacities to include the poor housing students. The two variables education and housing are not connected in a linear or direct correlation however between them there is an intermediate variable which is poverty. While good housing conditions is an indicator of welfare; the access to education for socially excluded is very little conditioned by their housing conditions but by their socio-economic status. People with lower educational levels face a greater risk of exclusion from housing policies.

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Healthy Housing Environment in Sustainable Design

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Healthy Housing Environment in Sustainable Design

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Aims to investigate how the issues of growing life expectancy, the desire to spend it in good health and the trend for healthy lifestyle are addressed in the principles of sustainable development and what methods should be adopted for creating healthy housing environment promoting physical health, emotional wellbeing and social coherence.

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Social / Cultural Cohesion

According to the article show that Social cohesion involves the interpersonal dynamics and sense of connection among people. Increased social cohesion can be associated with various physical and psychological health benefits.

The presence of urban green spaces can encourage positive social interactions that cultivate social cohesion in ways that enhance health and well-being. Urban green spaces have also been linked to positive health behaviors and outcomes including increased physical activity and social engagement. There have a relationship between social cohesion and urban green space that is important for informing holistic approaches to health.  The article show a positive interactions in urban green space can catalyze social cohesion, social capital and critical health-promoting behaviors that may enhance psychological health and well-being.

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Laws and policies are powerful tools for making our communities healthier and more equitable. A good governance process is inclusive, transparent, and effective, fostering a clear understanding of policy landscapes, local resources, and potential partnerships. Our resources explain the essentials of public health law and policy that can help create meaningful, lasting change in your community.

Evidence shows that where people live plays a key role in their health. Housing, workplaces, street design, and transportation all influence prominent health factors such as safety, physical activity, access to healthy food, community engagement, and affordable living. We provide planning tools that connect the dots between neighborhood resources and help communities achieve their policy goals.

A healthy diet is key to maintaining good health. Well-designed food systems positively shape the health, environmental, social, and economic outcomes of neighborhoods and communities. We work on a variety of policy strategies that advance health equity through each component of the food system and ensure access to healthy, affordable foods and beverages.

Families have tremendous influence on the health of their children, but children are also cared for by other adults in their community. Child care and school environments often determine what children are offered to eat and drink outside the home, as well as how much time they have for physical activity. We work on child care and school policy strategies that can support families in raising healthy children.

Health care systems and hospitals have opportunities to get involved in community public health initiatives. Partnering with advocates and local agencies, providing healthier foods and beverages, and leveraging community benefits allocations from hospitals can help keep people healthy and out of emergency rooms. Our resources can help health care organizations and hospitals work toward community-based prevention of health problems.

Limiting access to tobacco products is the first step in preventing tobacco-related diseases. Effective strategies include eliminating the sale of tobacco products to minors, regulating electronic cigarettes, increasing enforcement of existing laws, and reducing exposure to secondhand smoke. We offer a wide range of resources to help communities tailor and implement policy options to regulate tobacco.

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Laws and policies are powerful tools for making our communities healthier and more equitable. A good governance process is inclusive, transparent, and effective, fostering a clear understanding of policy landscapes, local resources, and potential partnerships. Our resources explain the essentials of public health law and policy that can help create meaningful, lasting change in your community.

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Evidence shows that where people live plays a key role in their health. Housing, workplaces, street design, and transportation all influence prominent health factors such as safety, physical activity, access to healthy food, community engagement, and affordable living. ChangeLab Solutions provides planning tools that connect the dots between neighborhood resources and help communities achieve their policy goals.

Get started with the tools we've highlighted below, and learn more about all of our areas of work.

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Evidence shows that where people live plays a key role in their health. Housing, workplaces, street design, and transportation all influence prominent health factors such as safety, physical activity, access to healthy food, community engagement, and affordable living. ChangeLab Solutions provides planning tools that connect the dots between neighborhood resources and help communities achieve their policy goals.

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2022 04 01_Group 2 Phase 1 Urban Analysis (Draft)

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https://miro.com/app/board/uXjVO9xO4Cw=/?share_link_id=318559680054

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t-YvHstAJjjzvFmy9vAyvQY50qVM3Ucq/view?usp=sharing