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SUB-TOPICS:

1) Space Law-
Siddhant Shenoy (2015A7PS057H)

2) Space Debris-
V. Bhuvanesh(2015A4PS231H)

3) Space Medicine-
Arnav Dhamija (2015A4PS954H)

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Growth of the population of satellites and debris 

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Growth of the population of satellites and debris 

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"Gravity" continuous shot. Opening Scene. Space debris hits Explorer

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Space Debris - How It Got There, What To Do About It? | Video

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Experts have estimated that there are 29,000 objects 10 cm or larger orbiting Earth. Only 7 percent are working satellites. The European Space Agency is looking at ways to mitigate the threat.

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Target Audience:

People working on space

OBJECTIVE of the Survey:

To gather Knowledge about the possible contributions of people working on space towards reduction of space debris, to find the areas under space that space debris significantly affects.

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Space Debris - Feasibility of methods proposed.

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Space Debris - Feasibility of methods proposed.

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Methods Feasible.

1) Destruction of debris using lasers.

(Lasers can be directed with the help of latest technology to destroy the debris).

*If we are able to collect the space debris,
2) Use in energy production.
3) Recycling of the materials.
( Space debris can be collected into ships by suction, it can then be used accordingly).

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The first thing to crop up in my mind about Space Debris was the scene in the movie, GRAVITY. So, to start things up, I watched that video.

Another technical video(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN_CvGJKMOs) on space debris, was found along side the video from gravity.

While searching for "research papers on Space Debris" on the net, I came across, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/debris.htm
which offered many other reference sources on space debris.
On further investigation, I came across the article http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_debris_and_its_mitigation.shtml
which presented some new ideas on tackling Space Debris. I made this my main article.
A few journals by MH KAPLAN and M ANSDELL were also obtained, which were really enlightening.
Then luckily, I found this officially uploaded, Technical Report on space debris by the UNITED NATIONS.

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This project has widespread applications in the field of space colonisation.

For instance, the field of space medicine deals with reducing the harmful effects of the space on the human body. A hot topic in the field of space medicine is the development of cryogenics to keep the astronauts in a "hibernate" state for an indefinite period of time. This would enable mankind to explore distant galaxies. Furthermore, advancements in space medicines are planned to improve living conditions of astronauts and voyagers exploring distant planets.

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This project has widespread applications in the field of space colonisation.

For instance, the field of space medicine deals with reducing the harmful effects of the space on the human body. A hot topic in the field of space medicine is the development of cryogenics to keep the astronauts in a "hibernate" state for an indefinite period of time. This would enable mankind to explore distant galaxies. Furthermore, advancements in space medicines are planned to improve living conditions of astronauts and voyagers exploring distant planets.

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After brainstorming, the ideas which are feasible are ;

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After brainstorming, the ideas which are feasible are ;

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All the others except colonization of Mars. Low cost robots can be easily developed in the future and sent to celestial bodies without any risk to human life.New energy sources like Solar power can definitely be implemented as large solar panels floating in space. And people may be able to travel at a lower cost in space due to these renewable energies and technology. But Mars' colonization cannot be feasible due to the following reasonsn:

1.Temperature:Extreme climate especially very cold temperatures around -70°C and also as cold as -100, such that dry ice is formed and water converts into vapour.

2.Atmosphere:Very thin atmosphere which is almost vacuum. Our saliva and inner water lining of lungs will start to boil if there is a leak in our suit.

3.Dust storms: Lead to very low visibility, as low as 1% of the sunlight reaching Mars's surface.

4.Contamination: If Mars is colonized then its contamination is inevitable as rovers can be sterilized but humans cannot.Some microorganisms have the capability to reproduce in extreme climates.

5.Waste generation problem: Waste cannot be disposed off properly and will probably have to burn up in the atmosphere. daily activities like washing clothes is also difficult to imagine.

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Applications of technologies related to Space Debris.

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Applications of technologies related to Space Debris.

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1. Helps us mitigate/reduce the harmful effects of space debris, and its further creation.

2. Reduces the risk involved in space explorations and increases the chances of its success.

3. Space debris can now be used to generate energy.

4. It can also be used to create a protective barrier.

5. Recycling of materials (especially metals) obtained as space debris reduces the cost of the new project immensely.

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1.To develop low-cost robotic spacecrafts to explore resource-rich asteroids and develop the most efficient capabilities to deliver these resources directly to both space-based and terrestrial customers.

2. Non-profit organization Mars One plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023.

3. The environmental consequences of relying on fossil fuels are well known. Nuclear fission power creates radioactive waste for which no safe, cost effective, long term solution has been found. Renewable energy sources alone cannot generate sufficient power. New energy sources are needed and two candidates require access to space: Space Solar Power Systems (SSPS) and nuclear fusion. SSPS has been studied for several decades and would use solar arrays in Earth orbit, lunar orbit or on the lunar surface to collect solar energy and beam the power back to Earth.

4.Space tourism will be well developed with inter planetary and orbital space travel.

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1) Venture: a risky or daring journey or undertaking.

2) Voyages: a long journey involving travel in space.

3) Cascade: a process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.

4) Ephemeris: a table or data file giving the calculated positions of a celestial object at regular intervals throughout a period.

5) Shrapnel: fragments of a bomb, shell, or other object thrown out by an explosion.

6) Expendable: of relatively little significance, and therefore able to be abandoned or destroyed.

7) Micrometeorites: a tiny meteorite having a diameter of 10-40 micrometres, found especially in rainwater and seawater, having entered the atmosphere as a micrometeoroid (extremely small meteoroid).

8) Regimes: a systematic/ordered way of doing things.

9) Deployment: the ​movement of ​​equipment to a ​place where they can be used when they are ​needed.

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Target: Common man

1) From a scale of 1-10 how hard are you willing to work to become an astronaut?

2) Should we attempt a Mars mission despite the radiation risks to the astronauts' health?

a) Yes

b) No

3) Should there be a minimum amount of time astronauts are required to spend in space?
a) Yes

b) No

4) What kind of people do you think go on to make astronauts? (multiple options can be selected)

a) Doctors

b) Air Force pilots

c) Bankers

d) Recently graduated college students

5) Should astronauts' training be paid for by the government or by the astronauts themselves?

a) By the astronauts

b) by the government

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Book:

The Right Stuff - Tom Wolfe

Website:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_medicine

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1025.html

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/European_Astronaut_Selection/Concept_of_aeromedical_fitness_and_associated_medical_certificate_requirement

http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/30sept_spacemedicine.html

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/space_days/activities/healthInSpace/aboutHealthInSpace.pdf

http://writing.byu.edu/sites/default/files/writing150winners/1999_JB_Space%20Flight%20Victory.pdf

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TMRO is a crowd funded show. If you like this episode consider contributing to help us to continue to improve. Head over to http://www.patreon.com/tmro for information, goals and reward levels. This week we are joined by Dr. Christopher J. Newman to talk space law and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.

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1)Name:Olavo de O. Bittencourt Neto(olavo.bittencourt@usp.br )

2)Place where the paper was materialized:University of São Paulo, Brazil.

3)Year of publication:2012

4)URL of the Paper:The Elusive Frontier: Revisiting the Delimitation of Outer Space

links:

1.http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html

2.www.iislweb.org/publications.html

3.http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2012.pdf

4.www.iislweb.org/bio/Bio-bittencourt.pdf

5.http://in.linkedin.com/pub/olavo-bittencourt-neto/16/9a6/7b1

6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEx08fALbnk

7.http://law.leiden.edu/organisation/publiclaw/iiasl/about/

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Article:
http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_debris_and_its_mitigation.shtml

Megan Ansdell (Journal)
http://www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2010/Space-Debris-Removal.pdf

Marshal H. Kaplan (Journal)

https://info.aiaa.org/tac/SMG/SOSTC/Workshop%20Documents/2010/Space%20Debris%20Removal%20-%20Kaplan.pdf

Videos on YouTube

1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN_CvGJKMOs
2)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKW-Gd_S_xc

United Nations Publications
http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/UN_Report_on_Space_Debris99.pdf

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/debris.htm

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When I checked the phrase "All about Space Law " on Google, I got the link for the definition of Space Law by UNOOSA(United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs):http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/index.html. From this link I came to know about the origin of this law, its official definition and the reason for it being implemented. I was assured about the genuinity of the information from the website itself. However, this was not enough.

I further wanted to access a research paper about the recent developments in the International Space Law. So this time I searched about "Space Law papers". The very first link that I got was that of the International Institute of Space Law(IISL):http://www.iislweb.org/publications.html. I saw a hyperlink there for the "I.H.Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor Award for Best Paper by a Young Author". It is through this that i got access to the previous years award winning papers, including that of Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto (Brazil) for his paper The Elusive Frontier: Revisiting the Delimitation of Outer Space. This is the research paper that i have used in this presentation.

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1) Space missions and activities have increased with time,due to the advancement in technology, thus increasing the space debris.

2)The laws that exist are pretty much sufficient, but with the damage increasing, rather than, ceasing a few additions would be helpful.

For example, each country should be allowed to act on the space debris in it's own region independent of the international council. It should have the freedom to try and demolish the larger debris into smaller ones.

3) New ways to mitigate space debris, like recycling of debris and production of energy using them, have been proposed.

4) This work has given useful outputs in terms of strategies to reduce the harms caused by space debris, which was beginning to pose as a major threat to space missions, which are very much essential in this era.

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1) Why do you think space debris are becoming more prominent with time ?

2) Are you satisfied with the laws regarding Space debris ? If not, what are your suggestions ?

3) What are the new ideas that have emerged from this research work ?

4) Why was this research work important ?

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1) Controlled experiments suggest that astronauts experience higher levels of anxiety and confusion about work roles. Sleep problems as also impact their emotional well-being negatively. However, most astronauts develop a greater appreciation for earth on returning.

2) NASA's physical requirements include, but are not limited to:

"Distant and near visual acuity: Must be correctable to 20/20, each eye

The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK and LASIK, are allowed

Blood pressure not to exceed 140/90 measured in a sitting position.

Standing height between 62 and 75 inches"

3) NASA guidelines suggest that astronauts should not receive more than 1000mSv of radiation throughout their lifetimes, an amount at which cancer risk increases by 5%.

4) Astronauts use a treadmill, rower, and cycle ergometer for maintaining an acceptable level of fitness in microgravity.

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1) How are astronauts impacted psychologically after spending a long time away from home?

2) What are the medical requirements to become an astronaut?

3) How much radiation exposure is harmful to the astronauts well-being?

4) What are the methods used by astronaut to maintain fitness in space?

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Summary

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*source-IISL(International Institute of Space Law)http://www.iislweb.org/award.html

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http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_debris_and_its_mitigation.shtml

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Space Future - Space Debris and Its Mitigation

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Space Future is for everyone who'd like to visit space. Features include the archive of space tourism work, information on vehicles, tourism and power plus mailing lists and the Space Future Journal.

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Ultrasound is used over X-Rays (high radiation exposure due to X-rays) and MRI (too heavy to bring into space)

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SUMMARY

Space debris has become a growing concern. Some spacecraft, are now armored to deal with this hazard. Armor and mitigation measures make satellites or human spaceflight vehicles like the shuttles very expensive and heavy.

The paper explores the different sources and mitigation methods of space debris. The paper proposes the use of nanobot and nanotube mesh technique, the use of decayable material for manufacturing of space machines and suggests the proper segregation and decomposition of the space debris and use of some it for energy generation and space structure also.

The space debris is very hazardous if it collides with a spacecraft or even a space walking astronaut. No one with a venture in the future of outer space would dispute the fact that near-Earth orbit has become increasingly populated with man-made junk and hence, the probability of accident due to this has grown to very high level. They all have the potential to be mortal because of the speed that they travel with. Space debris has been growing exponentially with the advancement in technology.

Their sources include big bangs in Earth orbit, Lost Equipment, Boosters, Debris from and as a weapon.

The debris are categorized according to their size and their effects are mentioned. Collisions with large debris cause catastrophic accidents. Smaller debris hinder communication.

Solutions mentioned for these problems focus on better construction and use of appropriate materials. Reduction of debris can be reduced by using decayable materials. An innovative idea of producing energy using the debris with the help of fuel cells is highlighted. Recycling of the debris, although mentioned is expected to be a tedious task.
Space debris creation can’t be stopped completely, but it can be minimized by adopting some measures. Earth is already polluted; we must at least prevent pollution of space for our own safe exploration of the outer space and also for the safety of aliens from other planets if they happen to exist.

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Space is fraught with risk for humans. Space flight can affect humans in many ways from disorientation, motion sickness, and lack of hand-eye coordination. The main cause for this is the lack of gravity in space, also known as micro-gravity. Astronauts are also more prone to cancer after space missions due to the high dosages of harmful cosmic radiations. Lastly, the cosmic wayfarers have a higher chance of catching infectious diseases due to the reduced efficiency of the immune system in space.

Micro-gravity:

Astronauts lose the spatial reference of up and down due to micro-gravity. This makes digestion of food less efficacious due to the lack of gravity. Astronauts may also experience motion sickness due to a "sensory conflict" in space which works contrary to what the inner ear in human beings is adapted to for maintaining balance of the body. However, the sensation is only temporary and most astronauts are found to recover from the side effects in a span of less than three days. Promethazine containing drugs have also been found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of motion sickness. Astronauts may face difficulty in telling up from down and in calculating the force required to push objects due to the microgravity. The sensation of vertigo in space has also been recounted by many astronauts. Visual acuity is also affected and extensive testing using ultrasounds on the eyes is done to research this effect.

Cosmic Radiation:

Without the earth's magnetosphere in space, astronauts are subject to doses of deadly cosmic radiation in far greater quantities than what they are exposed to on earth. The cancer risk in essential organs of the body increases significantly. The effects of radiation are mitigated by using effective shielding with water, plastic spacecraft hulls, and self-generated magnetic fields. Currently, the radiation concerns are one of the biggest obstacles in interplanetary human spaceflight.

Immune system:

The immune system is weakened in space. While current reasons behind this are unclear, most theories point to the increased stress levels due to the rigours of space compromising the immune system. It has been observed that the weakened immune system leads to the reactivation of the latent Herpes virus in astronauts giving the appearance of shingles. Hypersensitivity to common, mild-disease causing micro-organisms has also been recounted. Astronauts also find it much harder to get a sound sleep in space. This further compromises the body's self-healing and regeneration mechanisms. Reduction of red blood cells due to micro-gravity also decreases the effectiveness of the immune system. The use of the advanced HEPA air filtration on the ISS cleans the air from harmful pathogens.

Exercise in space:

Exercise is a very important part of long term space missions. The micro-gravity can significantly weaken the muscular and skeletal system. The cardiovascular system and neurosensory systems of the human body are also affected. To attain a level of conditioning required for space, astronauts regularly partake in exercises such as using a treadmill, rower, and cycle ergometer.

Reference: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/584739main_Wings-ch5d-pgs370-407.pdf

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NASA: Exaggerated depection

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Experiment aboard ISS to study effect of space on eyes. Loss of eyesight has been reported due to low intracranial pressure