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Income:

Affordability of a healthy diet and access to physical activity (Germov, 2018).

Those from low socioeconomic backgrounds can have lower levels of physical activity and may be nutritionally disadvantaged due to poor resources, transportation and storage issues (Germov, 2018).

Education:

Lack of education can be associated with lack of understanding of healthy lifestyle choices and decreased self-control (WHO, 2014).

Area of residence:

Access to food and places to participate in physical activity (WHO, 2014).

Home and family environment:

Neighbourhoods can have a dense supply of fast foods, less access to fresh fruit and vegetables

Low socio-economic groups can experience chaotic living conditions, with inadequate cooking facilities (WHO, 2014).

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Facts:

Diet can effectively reduce weight, but sustaining a long-term diet is not sustainable

Regardless of body weight, an increased level of exercise increases overall health
Some pharmaceutical agents can help patients achieve clinically meaningful weight loss if they are continually used

Public myths:

Individuals with obesity are less active than 'healthy weight individuals' (Chaput et al, 2014).

Everyone can lose weight with willpower

Individuals with obesity are lazy

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Obese characters are stereotypes as being lazy, clumsy, unattractive and unpopular

The economy has used the medicalisation of obesity for profit through TV shows 'The Biggest Loser' and 'Extreme Weight Loss'. Humour and entertainment is derived from mocking and watching individuals challenge themsleves to lose weight through self-discipline (Zimdars, 2015),

Figure 1. Biggest Loser (Getty Images, n.d.).

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The media shows a victim-blaming perspective that does little to address the roots of obesity, creating guilt and placing blame on individuals

Visual images and verbal descriptions dwell on fatness, believing shame will motivate individuals to lose weight. However, this stigma creates negative behaviours (binge eating, isolation, avoidance of help etc)

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Focuses on creating interventions to 'fix' the cause of obesity, with a focus on surgical, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions (Germov, 2018).

Categorises individuals as being 'sick' and in need of treatment, regardless of how risky their weight may be (Medley-Rath, 2017). This encourages people to be a 'victim' and non-medical and traditional treatments of weight loss may become devalued

Medical professionals attribute to obesity to causes with individual control, such as dietary choices, exercise, or willpower, which supports the stigma that those who suffer from obesity lack willingness to change their lifestyle habits. However, in reality, obesity is a 'multifactorial disease' that is caused by a range of "biological, genetic, social, environmental and behavioural determinants" (Lee et al, 2019).

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Impacts on economy and health care systems

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Impacts on economy and health care systems

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The rising rates of obesity have costly impacts for individuals, the economy and health care systems. This includes "higher health-care costs, and higher demand on health-care services (health professionals and pharmaceuticals)" (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017).

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Obesity is described as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health" (WHO, n.d.). A BMI over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese (WHO, n.d.).