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Nice examples of simple X-men powers that ressemble reality

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Nice examples of simple X-men powers that ressemble reality

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http://www.cracked.com/blog/the-8-worst-x-men-ever/

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327538/

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Natural selection can influence human positively and in a bad way

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Natural selection can influence human positively and in a bad way

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912034/

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https://nerdist.com/the-genetics-needed-to-make-x-men/

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More than 99 percent of your genetic information is exactly the same as every other person on the planet. Your genes determine your skin colour, sex, and hair colour and whether or not you have certain genetic diseases.

But it's in that less than 1 percent that things get interesting. Specific genetic variations allow some of us to acquire certain - dare we say super - qualities. Here are the ways our genes can predispose us to have special abilities.
ACTN3 and the super-sprinter variant
We all have a gene called ACTN3, but certain variants of it help our bodies make a special protein called alpha-actinin-3. This protein controls fast-twitch muscle fibres, the cells responsible for the speedy tensing and flexing of the muscles involved in sprinting or weight-lifting.

This discovery, which happened around 2008 when geneticists studying elite sprinters and power athletes found that very few among them had two defective ACTN3 copies, is what led to the gene being dubbed the 'sports gene'.

Among the general population, however, some 18 percent of us are completely deficient in the speedy-muscle-contracting protein - we inherited two defective copies of ACTN3.
hDEC2 and the super-sleeper mutation
Imagine if you could feel totally energised on just 4 hours of sleep each night. Some people are naturally that way.

These people are called 'short-sleepers', and scientists are only recently uncovering what exactly predisposes them to be this way.

For the most part, researchers believe that the capabilities are connected to specific genetic mutations, and have publicly identified one on the hDEC2 gene.

That means that short-sleeping habits can run in the family, and scientists hope to one day learn how to harness this ability so it can be used to help people switch up their sleeping routines.
TAS2R38 and the supertaster variant
About a quarter of the population tastes food way more intensely than the rest of us.

These 'super tasters' are more likely to put milk and sugar in bitter coffee, or avoid fatty foods. The reason for their reaction, scientists think, is programmed into their genes, specifically one called TAS2R38, the bitter-taste receptor gene.

The variant responsible for super tasting is known as PAV, while the variant responsible for below-average tasting abilities is known as AVI.
LRP5 and the unbreakable mutation
Brittle bones pose a big problem. Researchers have identified a genetic mutation on the LRP5 gene that regulates bone-mineral density, which can cause brittle, weak bones.

So far, scientists have identified multiple mutations to the LRP5 gene that appear to be linked with bone conditions, including juvenile primary osteoporosis and osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome.

But a different type of mutation on the same gene could also have the opposite effect, giving some people extremely dense bones that are practically unbreakable.
The malaria-protecting variant
People who are carriers for sickle-cell disease - meaning that they have one sickle gene and one normal haemoglobin gene - are more protected against malaria than those who are not.

Though blood disorders are not necessarily 'super', this information may influence more innovative malaria treatments down the road.
CETP and the low-cholesterol mutation
Although environment - including what we eat - can influence cholesterol levels, genetics play a big role, too.

Mutations in a gene responsible for producing a protein called cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) result in a deficiency of that protein. CETP deficiency is linked with having higher levels of 'good' HDL cholesterol, which helps carry cholesterol to the liver so it can be removed from the body, resulting in lower cholesterol levels.

Studies have also found a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease in people with the deficiency-causing mutation.
BDNF and SLC6A4 and the super coffee-drinker variants
There are at least six genes associated with how your body processes caffeine.

Some variants, near the genes BDNF and SLC6A4, influence the rewarding effects of caffeine that make you want to drink more.

Others are linked to how the body metabolises caffeine - those who break caffeine down more quickly may be more likely to drink more of it because the effects wear off faster.

Others still help explain why some people are able to fall asleep at night after their daily morning coffee while others have to cut out the habit altogether to get a good night's sleep.
ALDH2*2: The super-flusher variant
Do your cheeks go rosy shortly after having a single glass of wine? A mutation on the ALDH2 gene may be the culprit.

One such mutation interferes with the ability of a liver enzyme called ALDH2 to convert the alcohol byproduct acetaldehyde into acetate.

When acetaldehyde builds up in the blood, it opens up the capillaries, causing what we see as a flush or glow.

But there's another dangerous component of acetaldehyde - it's a carcinogen in people, and research suggests that people who flush when they drink alcohol may have the mutation and may also be at a greater risk of esophageal cancer.
This article was originally published by Business Insider. More from Business Insider:

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8 Genetic Mutations That Can Give You 'Superpowers'

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More than 99 percent of your genetic information is exactly the same as every other person on the planet. Your genes determine your skin colour, gender, and hair colour and whether or not you have certain genetic diseases. But it's in that less

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https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/we-re-all-x-men-as-far-as-genetic-mutations-go/

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Follow Daniel Kish out onto a dock and ask him about the view.

"There's this pylon here and there's an object about 20 feet away -- here -- and another one, about 50 feet away," says Kish, overlooking a bay in coastal Maine during the recent PopTech conference, where he was a featured speaker. "I guess those are boats. I can't tell from this distance, really, but they're solid and we're on the water -- so it stands to reason."

Kish is completely blind -- he lost sight in both eyes by age 13 months.

Yet he uses his ears to see. When he walks around unfamiliar places -- he loves hiking -- he clicks his tongue and then listens as that sound bounces off nearby objects.

He says he's trained his brain to turn these sounds into an image of sorts -- an auditory map he follows with the help of a cane.

"When you send out a sonar call ... you're interrogating the environment," he said. "You're asking, 'Where are you?' and 'What are you?' And the environment answers back."

Kish is the founder of a nonprofit called World Access for the Blind. His goal is to teach this technique of "human echolocation" -- or seeing the world through sound -- to blind people all over the world.

So far, the group has taught at least 500 blind children to see with their ears.

"It isn't that difficult to teach. It really isn't," he said. "I believe that the brain is already at least partly wired to do this. All that needs to happen is the hardware needs to be awakened. It needs to be activated, and we believe we've found ways of doing this."

Not everyone believes him. "Many of Kish's colleagues believe that echolocation, if it's taught, should remain a secondary skill for the blind," Daniel Engber wrote at Slate. "And some disability advocates worry that all the hoopla over sonar makes blind people seem like superhuman freaks, with special powers that more than compensate for their problems."

In a presentation at PopTech, a conference about new ideas in science and technology, Kish describes himself as a "real-life batman" and showed videos of his blind students riding mountain bikes through obstacle courses, playing basketball and skateboarding."

But he sees the technique as much more than a gimmick.

"This is not aiming at making our students daredevils or 'super-blind' or anything like that," he said. "It's really aimed at opening opportunities and helping students ... to lead day-to-day lives."

On the controversy surrounding his teaching, he added: "I think that has a lot to do with a dogmatic adherence to tradition -- if it ain't broke, why fix it."

Kish, who lost both his eyes to cancer when he was an infant, says something is broken with the way blind students all over the world learn. By and large, they're taught to be dependent on sighted people -- in part because 99% of them, he said, are taught by people who can see.

Kish aims to liberate students. By clicking their tongues and listening for echos from buildings, cars, dogs and the like, he believes they can be less dependent on sighted people.

"Our view is that should one solicit assistance, that one should do so out of a matter of personal choice rather than being cornered into it," he said.

If you saw Kish walking down the street you'd hear him make repeated clicking sounds with his tongue -- click! click! click! -- as he weaves through traffic or ducks to miss tree branches. The clicks usually aren't terribly loud, but they come at a continuous clip.

He makes the sound more often when he's a bit confused or comes to an intersection. Other times he's silent as he walks with the help of a cane. Kish is quick to eschew instructions from those who travel with him, said Bill Wolfe, who worked with Kish at the PopTech event.

Kish admits that echolocation isn't perfect. Other creatures that use sonar to see, such as bats, emit ultrasonic frequencies. Humans, of course, can't do that. "A bat can determine an object the size of a gnat from so many meters away," he said. "For me, the object has to be at least the size of a softball. So bats definitely have the edge on humans in terms of their use of ultrasound."

Kish founded World Access for the Blind in 2000. So far, he hasn't hasn't found much interest from groups in the United States.

Of 50 schools for the blind his group has contacted, only two have expressed interest in teaching echolocation, he said. Similarly, of 1,300 agencies that deal with issues relating to blindness, only 10 wanted to work with World Access for the Blind, he said.

Kish, however, seems undeterred.

He's been clicking his tongue as a way to see for as long as he can remember -- it's an adaptation, he says, to the fact that his parents raised him just like they would have any sighted child. They didn't give him a break because he experienced the world through other senses.

And he's on a breakneck world tour evangelizing for the idea.

"It's like seeing with dim flashes of light," he said of the tongue-click method.

Those dim flashes are enough, he says, to change a person's life -- allowing him or her to go hiking alone, ride a bike or do something as simple as enjoying a view of the coast.

Not allowing blind people a chance to do these things, he said, would be "very shortsighted."

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Follow Daniel Kish out onto a dock and ask him about the view. "There's this pylon here and there's an object about 20 feet away -- here -- and another one, about 50 feet away," says Kish, overlooking a bay in coastal Maine during the recent PopTech conference, where he was a featured speaker.

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http://www.businessinsider.com/genetic-mutations-that-make-you-more-awesome-2016-1/#tas2r38-and-the-supertaster-variant-3

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http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/X-Gene

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4 "enfants bulle" français atteints d'un déficit immunitaire rare ont été traités par autogreffe de cellules souches. Les résultats sont encourageants : ils ont pu sortir de leur chambre stérile.

Dans le cadre d'un essai thérapeutique franco-américain, 9 enfants atteints d'un déficit immunitaire sévère lié à l'X (une maladie héréditaire très rare qui touche principalement les garçons) ont été soignés par thérapie génique. Au lieu de recevoir une greffe de cellules souche provenant de moelle osseuse fournie par des proches (ce qu'on appelle une allogreffe), ils ont reçus une "autogreffe" de leurs propres cellules souches.

A l'état normal, les cellules souches présentes dans notre moelle osseuse se transforment en globules blancs, les lymphocytes. Ce sont eux qui servent à nous défendre contre les microbes. Chez les enfants atteints de déficit immunitaire, la mutation d'un gène sur le chromosome X fait que les cellules souches ne peuvent pas produire de globules blancs matures et fonctionnels.
Ils vivent normalement et leur système immunitaire fonctionne
Dans le cadre de cet essai thérapeutique, les médecins ont extrait les cellules malades, les ont corrigées in vitro et les ont ensuite réinjectées aux jeunes patients (5 Français et 4 Américains). Parmi les Français, "quatre vivent aujourd'hui normalement, dans de bonnes conditions, leur immunité liée aux lymphocytes T fonctionne, et leur permet de combattre les infections, notamment celles très graves dont ils étaient porteurs" déclare le Pr Alain Fisher, médecin-chercheur à l'hôpital Necker. Le cinquième est malheureusement décédé avant que son système immunitaire ait le temps de se reconstituer.

Les enfants atteints d'un déficit immunitaire sévère lié à l'X sont victimes d'un nombre anormal d'infections, souvent graves (pneumonies, méningites, septicémies...), dès les premiers mois de la vie. Ils sont donc placés dans des chambres stériles (d'où leur nom de bébés-bulle) pour éviter toute infection tant qu'ils n'ont pas reçu de traitement.

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Thérapie génique : 4 enfants bulle sont sortis de leur chambre stérile

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4 "enfants bulle" français atteints d'un déficit immunitaire rare ont été traités par autogreffe de cellules souches. Les résultats sont encourageants : ils ont pu sortir de leur chambre stérile. Dans le cadre d'un essai thérapeutique franco-américain, 9 enfants atteints d'un déficit immunitaire sévère lié à l'X (une maladie héréditaire très rare qui touche principalement les garçons) ont été soignés par thérapie génique.

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Page currently still in reflexion
Feel free to participate here or on the talk page !
Undoniel ( talk) 19:19, October 23, 2017 (UTC)

The mutants, despite their human nature, feature many distinctive aspects in biology, physiology and genetics from their evolutive predecessors, but also within them.

Mutant genome

On Earth-616 and on other realities, it is sometimes stated that there are mutant gene s, X-Factor chromosomes, or even no clear mutant factors but complex structures. Although, it is often clearly stated that the mutant gene truly exist.

The X-Gene activation leads (via transcription and translation) to the production of an exotic protein. This protein produces chemical signals inducing mutations on other genes, ending up with mutant organisms, variously empowered. The activated mutants, once went through a mutation or X-Mutation, are told to be "mutated", which is also told of mutants who suffers further mutations through experimentation.

Activation

Puberty, stress, traumas

For most of the mutants, the mutation occurs mostly during puberty "in a high proportion or recorded cases", although activation may occur earlier for some individuals. Other activations occur under stress.

Some activated due to fear, hunger and starvation, emotional traumas...

Radiations

Solar radiation has been tied to dramatic rises in mutant birth rates.

Direct radiation on humans (latent mutants) has been a factor of mutation activation (on both X and M Genes): "The Man" and his kind,. Ana Soria...

Early activation

Some mutants, among them the " Homo Killcrop" (or Changelings), are activated at birth. Powered beings activated at birth or before puberty are witnessed with surprise or even defiance towards their mutant status.

Other mutants even activated themselves in the womb and are able to use their powers.

Inhibition

Some factors may as well inhibit and prevent the activation of an X-Gene:

Rhapsody (Rachel Argosy) was described as a "late bloomer", a case of meningitis slowing her activation until she turned around twenty.

On Earth-13270, two mutations can't grow and develop alongside: Peter Parker had his mutant genes repressed during his adolescence and adulthood, until he lost his mutate powers, and that his mutant status popped out.

Effects of the mutation

Once activated, the X-Gene leads (via transcription and translation) to the production of an exotic protein. This protein produces chemical signals inducing mutations on other genes, ending up with mutant organisms, variously empowered. The activated mutants, once went through a mutation or X-Mutation, are told to be "mutated", which is also told of mutants who suffers further mutations through experimentation.

Variability

The mutations have been shown to be really variable, "can be benign or malignant", from little physical mutations ( Jazz's mutation consisted in a simple blue skin pigmentation) to vast psionic or reality manipulation capabilities. The physiology of some subjects could also be drastically modified. For example, Beast once met a mutant with brain-bladders.

Although being a rare skill among powered beings, there was surprising number of mutants with precognition.

The feral gene (manifesting in animalistic mutations such as the ones of Feral or Sabretooth) is stated to be more common in mutants than other powers such as flight or telepathy. See the list of characters stated to carry the feral gene.

On Earth-TRN414, it was stated by Charles Xavier that Laura possessing foot claws (instead of only hand claws) was the "obvious result of her gender", mentioning the comportment of lionesses.

Personality/mutation correlations

Doctor Lucius Kleinstein has presented a theory supposing correlation between personality and the mutations among the mutants, with as example Match's fiery temper and mutation.

Similar statements and theories exist about the Gamma Mutates' physical transformations and the Inhumans' Terrigenesis.

Generalities by Type of Mutation

Chameleonic Mutations

According to Hank McCoy, chameleonic mutations like Forge's artificial mutant's always "smell so bad when they bleed, vomit and old eggs."

Effects of inhibitors

According to Storm, "fine talent like psi tend to be affected before gross ones like metamorphosis", reacting to the fact that Emma Frost had lost her telepathy while being able to use her Secondary Mutation to shift to her diamond form, when she entered the range area of an Inhibitor mutant.

The Secondary Mutation is a phenomenon in which an existing mutant gains additional powers, or a change in appearance.

Viability of the breeding

Influence of the mutations

It was stated by Beast that "X-gene-positive parents with radically altered reproductive physiology" could result in unimaginable offspring, speaking of Beak and Angel's larvae hatched after only a few days of pregnancy.

Emma Frost was told the story of Miss Murphy, who allegedly hatched hundred of eggs.

Variability of offsprings' powers

Children of members of the Homo superior race, most often have very similar, exact duplicates, or advanced versions of one or both parents' powers (example: Lady Mastermind, Wallflower, Polaris, Daken, Nightcrawler, Ruby Summers, Pixie).

Occasionally, the resulting offspring can have radically different powers (examples: Quicksilver, Magma).

Similar process occur within the Clan Akkaba, where the Inner Council are shape-shifting mutants, while " lesser" Jack Starsmore possess fire-breathing powers.

Neither of these results are uncommon when crossbreeding between Homo superior and Homo sapiens. Familial power similarities are not only passed from parent to child, but can also be common between siblings in first generation mutants families (examples: Frost Family Tree, Xavier Family Tree, Summers and Grey Family Tree). Though less common, powers can also vary widely within first generation mutants (examples: Guthrie Family Tree and Rasputin Family Tree) just as with parental power inheritance.

In very rare instances, a child of two Homo superior can evolutionarily regress and be born Homo sapiens without an X-Gene (example: Graydon Creed).

It has been stated that second generation mutants could be mightier than their parents, as they possess often the addition of their parents' powers. A similar statement was made by R.C.X. scientist Nicolas about Nightcrawler, but he was at that time confusing mutants and Warpies.

On Earth-1018, it has been stated by Beast (Dr. Henry McCoy) that the second generations aren't in fact mutants despite their mutant DNA. This statement is however apart from the species statements, but only to be related to the term of "mutants". Similarly, Tom Brevoort considered that if Jean Grey's children had the same powers as herself, "they wouldn't be mutants in the truest sense (though they might still possess an X-gene)".

Factors on mutants conception

Allegedly, the X-Gene can always appears within a human child, but many factors can increase his chances of apparition.

Environmental factors

Parents' Genetics

Mutant parents

It is stated that if one or both of the parents are mutants, the mutant birth is almost guaranteed.

Mutants from mutates parents

General beliefs and facts

On a quite similar concept, it has been speculated that mutates were more likely to give birth to mutant children, or that the abilities transmitted by their parents made those children mutants because they were born with those abilities. Some mutants' mutations were stated to be "conditioned by [their] parents' altered genetic structure".

It is stated that with one or both meta-humans parents, the chances of generate mutant offspring is increased.

Mutants born from mutates parents include:

The Purple Children (Purple Man's other children from other women with similar powers and mutations) genetic status is currently unclear but they were stated by Matt Murdock to be the "next evolutionary step", and later said that he made calls to a school that specializes in "Gifted Youngsters". In other words, it is possible that Purple Man procreation develop always mutants gifted with similar powers than his.

Counter-evidences

That statement has been proved wrong with the case of Daisy Johnson (Quake) who was at first believed to be a mutant, because she developed powers without direct mutation, or "born with abilities". It was hypothesized that she might "have altered cell structure or brainwave activity", and then confirmed that she doesn't have the specific mutant gene, and that their abilities come ""technically [from a] genetic damage, handed down from [her] jerk of a father". It was later revealed that Quake's powers come from Inhuman genes she inherited from her mother and activated by her father's genes that were mutated by the Hyde Formula.

Opposed to the example of Ben Parker, Spider-Girl (May "Mayday" Parker) (daughter of Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson on Earth-982) was often though (by fans) to be a mutant for possessing powers (similar to her father's) at birth, but it was stated that she was not a mutant, as she wasn't technically "born with her powers" but "inherited [them] from her father" and was bred true".

Alien parents

Many mutants have alien legacy and it is sometimes stated that this genetic particularity may be involved in the apparition of the X-Gene in babies.

On House of M, it is believed that a daily prayer to Apocalypse can help.

Some powers can act as catalyst or mutagenic, and lead to the birth of mutant children while they are still in the womb.

In a similar way, the powers of alternate James Jaspers can produce this kind of effects but leading to the birth of Warpies.

Homo superior have been shown to successfully crossbreed with several other genus Homo species (Homo sapiens, Homo inhumanus, Homo mermanus, etc.), gods ( Asgardians) and other humanoid aliens ( Shi'ar, Dire Wraiths, etc.).

Please follow the article on Mutant Genes here.

Particularities

See the whole article here (upper in the article).

On Earth-11052, Wolverine's file stated his blood type was "D+Mutated", instead of the classic blood types A, B, AB or O (+ or -).

Immunities

For some reasons, mutants can't acquire AIDS, unlike baseline humans.

They are for untold reasons also immune to possession from sentient bacterial-like early life beings such as That Which Endures, the Harvester's doings or Sublime.

The Terrigenesis (the use of Terrigen Mist in order to activate the Inhumans' powers) have variant effects on mutants (powered or not). It was poisonous and causes mutants to develop M-Pox.

For more information, please visit the Terrigenesis page, and the section regarding its effects on mutants.

On Earth-13270, two mutations can't grow and develop alongside: Peter Parker had his mutant genes repressed during his adolescence and adulthood, until he lost his mutate powers, and that his mutant status popped out.

References

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marvel universe 2001 millennial visions vol 1 1

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The mutants, despite their human nature, feature many distinctive aspects in biology, physiology and genetics from their evolutive predecessors, but also within them. The Human mutants Homo superior possess the X-Gene, mutant gene, X-Factor chromosome, or (chromosomal) X-Factor, "mutator gene", positioned on the 23rd chromosome (sexual chromosome).

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Progeria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Les X-Men portent tous le même costume noir et jaune, avec un ceinturon surmonté d'une boucle caractéristique en forme de X. Comme le veut la tradition, leur visage est masqué afin de préserver leur identité lorsqu'ils interviennent en public, face aux mauvais mutants.