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This empire was ruled from two periods of time. 750-1258 C.E. and 1261-1517 C.E.  This was one of the largest Empires known to man. Their downfall happened because the Ottoman took over them.

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The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman. It began to form in 1299, and finally became an Empire in 1923. Something that stood out in the Ottoman empire was the religion. Ottomans, themselves, were Muslim. However, if a Christian or a Jew were to come, they wouldn't be punished for being how they are. Their downfall happened in the late 1600's where the empire had just fallen apart.

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Umayyad was known to be the most powerful of all the caliphates. It was ruled from 661-750 C.E. This was one of the biggest empires in the world. Historians estimated that this empire had around 62 million people living there which was 30% of the world's population. Umayyad's empire was modeled after the Byzantine.  .Their downfall happened because another clan overthrew the Empire and took control of it themselves.

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Abu Bakr is the first caliph. He ruled from 632-634 C.E. Bakr was Muhammad's father in law which was a considered a short period of time because it was two years. It was known that Abu Bakr was called "The Truthful". He united the Arabs.

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Uthman was caliph from 644-656. He was a close friend of Muhammad. A following was developed in Syria by Uthman. He is well known for having an official version of the Quran.  Uthman, like Umar, was slaughtered

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Ali's wife was Muhammad's youngest daughter, Fatima. He was challenged Muawiya. However, Muawiya had disappeared, automatically making Ali the next caliph.

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The Arabian Peninsula is surrounded by the waters of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Golf. It is also a desert land with hot and dry air. This Peninsula is located in the Middle East. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. There are nine countries located in this area: Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait,  Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.

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Umar was an energetic and spirited leader. He wanted more lands encouraged so he motivated his armies in doing so. Umar wanted a counsil or assembly to choose the next caliph that went after him. He ruled from 634-644. Umar's reign ended because he was slaughtered by a Persian slave.