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-analyzes fingerprints, palm prints, and footprints, comparing detected prints of known individuals through the use of automated fingerprint identification system

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The Latent Print Unit (LPU) consists of the Latent Print Support Unit (LPSU), the Latent Print Operations Unit (LPOU), and the Biometrics Analysis Unit (BAU) Latent Print Squad.

The LPSU ensures the quality and advancement of the latent print discipline by providing tools, training, and support for investigative, humanitarian, and intelligence programs.

The LPOU conducts timely, high-quality forensic examinations pertaining to friction ridge analysis in support of the FBI's national security and law enforcement missions.

The BAU Latent Print Squad performs advanced exploitation of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) resulting in latent print information that yields timely and actionable biometric intelligence, combating the IED threat to the United States and its partners.

The LPSU and LPOU are located at the FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia, and the BAU Latent Print Squad is located at the Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC) at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.

The Team

Physical scientists/forensic examiners, fingerprint specialists, physical scientists (non-examiners), latent print technicians, program managers/coordinators, and a management and program analyst

The Work

Develop latent prints on submitted evidence using state-of-the-art equipment and chemical processing techniques.

Search images of latent prints against millions of known reference holdings within the Next Generation Identification (NGI) system.

Perform friction ridge analysis to make biometric associations to persons of interest.

Generate reports based on the results of completed friction ridge examinations and provide expert testimony on reported findings in legal proceedings.

Provide record check reports and testimony for local, state, or federal law enforcement agencies in connection with a court date.

Provide assistance to law enforcement agencies across the nation on cold cases.

Respond to legal and admissibility issues related to latent print testimony, the science of friction ridge analysis, and other legal matters.

Conduct traditional latent print examinations-implemented by specially-trained Hazardous Evidence Analysis Team members-on evidence contaminated with hazardous chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials.

Provide humanitarian support for disaster victim identification in mass casualty scenarios, as well as resources and assistance to obtain high quality postmortem fingerprints of unknown deceased individuals.

Provide training to law enforcement agencies and partners both domestically and internationally on various latent print topics to include testimony, processing crime scenes, processing evidence, and different methods to obtain high quality fingerprints.

Conduct research and validation on numerous latent print topics relevant to recent trends in the latent print community.

Collaborate with and support law enforcement agencies, local and tribal police departments and other partners by providing valuable resources and support when needed.

Contact Information

For further information, please contact LPU at (703) 632-8443, e-mail latents@ic.fbi.gov, or write to the unit at:

FBI Laboratory
Latent Print Unit
2501 Investigation Parkway
Quantico, VA 22138

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The Latent Print Unit (LPU) consists of the Latent Print Support Unit (LPSU), the Latent Print Operations Unit (LPOU), and the Biometrics Analysis Unit (BAU) Latent Print Squad.

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-aides in profiling DNA through the National DNA Index Systems
-suspects or convicts are ordered to submit a blood sample for the system
Analysis overview:
1)receive sample colloection kits
2)remove 1.2 mm punch to the 96 well plate
3)Robotic sample processing
4)PCR: makes copies of DNA regions
5)visualize DNA profiles
6)Interpret DNA profile for upload

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Starting in October 2016, FDDU began to issue a new and smaller oral DNA collection device. This new collector allows for a direct transfer from inside the cheek onto collection paper in a similar manner to the current collection device, and allows for the possibility of self-collection by offenders. Detailed instructions for its use is included in the kits, and the FD-936 form has not changed. FDDU will continue to accept the old kits, so please use all the current kits in your inventory before ordering new kits.

What We Do

The Federal DNA Database Unit (FDDU) serves the greater forensic community by aiding investigations through hit confirmations against individuals whose profiles are in the National DNA Index System (NDIS). Agencies submit blood or buccal samples to the unit from individuals who are required by law to do so. These include individuals convicted of, arrested for, or facing charges of certain qualifying federal crimes or convicted of qualifying District of Columbia offenses, as well as non-U.S. citizens who are detained under the authority of the United States. FDDU then produces a DNA profile for each of these individuals and uploads it to the NDIS, which is part of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

These known DNA profiles are then searched against unknown forensic profiles from crime scenes across the country. If a match is identified, the casework laboratory can request FDDU to confirm the offender sample DNA profile. Once the profile is confirmed, the FDDU will then release the subject's personal identifying information back to the casework laboratory. This information can then be passed on to investigators in the hopes of apprehending the perpetrator. Thanks to law enforcement agencies and their sample submissions, FDDU has uploaded over one million profiles to NDIS and has aided thousands of investigations to date.

Under the overall direction of the FDDU chief, unit operations effectively cascade across two supervisors and are guided by their respective management of integral program teams. A team of accessioning scientists handle the initial triage of submissions into the unit, inventorying samples, inputting specimen data, and preparing specimens for the beginning stages of testing. A team of laboratory scientists apply robotic processing stations and high-throughput instrumentation to generate DNA typing results from samples within days of sample acceptance. A team of reporting scientists interprets the resulting DNA profiles, approve data for upload, and author correspondence to casework laboratories regarding database associations confirmed between FDDU specimen DNA profiles and corresponding evidentiary DNA profiles.

On a compliance level, the FDDU is supported by teams of DNA technical specialists and DNA program specialists, who have critical responsibilities within the unit for ensuring the quality assurance and quality control of analytical testing, as well as conformance of database operations with established procedural requirements.

Administratively, the unit is supported by a team of management and program analysts with responsibilities for budgetary execution, procurement, inventory, and logistical applications. The unit relies heavily upon an information technology team to support the unit network and overall infrastructure backbone that drives the various operational applications.

From a technology perspective, a DNA Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is critical for the automated development of specimen works lists, controlling the stepwise progression of each sample through the entire analytical process. The FDDU utilizes robotic systems in the laboratory to achieve high-throughput processing, allowing for a day-through-evening uninterrupted workflow without human intervention, permitting maximum operational efficiency. A sophisticated software analysis tool (expert system) permits an automated review of resulting DNA data with a reduced level of scientist intervention, increasing throughput rate while consistently meeting or exceeding required performance measures.

History of the Unit and Legislation

FDDU was initially established in 2000 as the Federal Convicted Offender (FCO) Program as a result of the DNA Backlog Elimination Act. Expanding DNA legislation over the next decade significantly impacted both the scope and direction of the FCO Program, which began overseeing the uploading of DNA profiles into NDIS in 2002 and became its own unit, FDDU, in 2009. By July 2015, the unit uploaded its one millionth sample to NDIS.
Read more about major milestones in the history of FDDU and the legislation directing the unit's mission.

DNA Kit Collection Instructions

The current Bode Buccal Collection Kit, released October 1, 2016, and previous kits can be submitted to FDDU by following the instructions in the respective links. The letters "B", "C", "D", and "E" referenced for the kit will be the first character of the kit barcode printed on the main kit envelope:

The Federal DNA Database has created an instructional DVD video available for training and education about our unit and DNA collection kits. These DVDs are available for official law enforcement and other federal collection agencies only. They are free of charge; please email us at fddu@ic.fbi.gov if you would like to place an order.

Contact Information

For further information, please contact FDDU by e-mail at fddu@ic.fbi.gov, or alternatively:

By phone - (703) 632-7529

By fax - (703) 632-7620

By mail - Federal DNA Database Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135

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The Federal DNA Database Unit analyzes the Core CODIS loci DNA markers from buccal and blood samples of federal convicted offenders, arrestees facing federal charges, individuals convicted of certain District of Columbia offenses, and non-U.S. citizens detained under the authority of the U.S., for development of DNA profiles that are uploaded to the National DNA Index System (NDIS).

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-provides forensic DNA examinations to the FBI and other law enforcement agencies
Types of DNA casework:
Serology-detects and characterizes body fluids such as blood and semen
Nuclear DNA- identifies or excludes an individual from DNA evidence found. This also tests whether or not it is a male or female through a Y-chromosome analysis which the Y is found in only males.
Mitochondrial DNA- anyone in the maternal lineage will have he same mtDNA profile. Usually can find this in naturally shed hairs, hair fragements, bones, and teeth.
Analyses- used to detect kinship.

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The Mission

The DNA Casework Unit (DCU) provides forensic DNA examinations to the FBI and other duly constituted law enforcement agencies in support of criminal, missing persons, and intelligence cases through evidence testing using forensic serological, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA methodologies.

The Team

Unit chief, forensic examiners, biologists, DNA technical specialists, DNA program specialists, management and program analysts, and contract employees.

The Work

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis can occur in body fluid stains and other biological tissues recovered from items of evidence. The DNA testing results obtained from evidence samples are compared to DNA from reference samples collected from known individuals. Such analyses may be able to associate victims and suspects with each other, with evidence items, or with a crime scene. The FBI can conduct nuclear, Y-chromosome, and/or mitochondrial DNA testing on evidence samples as appropriate.

Serology

The DCU performs serological testing to detect and characterize body fluids such as blood and semen on items of evidence.

Nuclear DNA

Nuclear DNA (nDNA) is the most discriminating and is typically analyzed in evidence containing body fluids, skin cells, bones, and hairs that have tissue at their root ends. The power of nDNA testing lies in the ability to identify an individual as being the source of the DNA obtained from an evidence item, or by excluding an individual as a contributor to the DNA evidence.

Y-chromosome DNA testing is a form of nuclear DNA testing that is specific to the male chromosome, also known as the Y-chromosome. This type of testing can be useful for sexual assaults, missing persons, and intelligence cases. The Y-chromosome is transmitted from father to son as a complete set; therefore, anyone in the paternal lineage will have the same Y-chromosome profile. Due to multiple relatives having the same Y-chromosome profile, unique identifications are not possible from Y-chromosome analysis.

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a form of DNA that is transmitted from mother to child in a complete set; therefore, anyone in the maternal lineage will have the same mtDNA profile. This type of DNA testing can be useful on evidence items such as naturally shed hairs, hair fragments, bones, and teeth. MtDNA analysis is highly sensitive and may allow scientists to obtain information from items of evidence associated with cold cases, missing persons, samples from mass disasters, and small pieces of evidence containing little biological material. However, since multiple individuals can have the same mtDNA profile, unique identifications are not possible from mtDNA analysis.

Analyses

The DCU offers kinship analysis, which is the comparison performed to determine the possible familial relatedness between an evidence item and a known item using a software program. The DCU also offers criminal paternity testing as part of criminal, intelligence, and missing person casework. When appropriate, DNA results from evidence relating to criminal cases and missing persons will be uploaded into the National DNA Index System (NDIS).

Unit Operations

Under the direction of the DCU chief, unit operations effectively cascade across supervisors, examiners, and biologists. An examiner obtains a case and makes decisions based on the items of evidence available to test. The examiner then directs the biologist to perform the appropriate examinations on the specific items of evidence; once completed, the biologist provides their documentation notes to the examiner. The examiner then interprets the data, writes a report, and testifies as necessary in court.

The DNA Support Unit (DSU) ensures the DCU remains flexible and responsive to unpredictable case volume and evolving intelligence threats. The DSU is responsible for oversight and management of the FBI Laboratory's DNA programs and initiatives in research, validation, quality assurance, training, and information technology. The DSU enhances and maintains the Laboratory Division's capacity to conduct high-quality DNA and serological examinations in a skilled, progressive, and responsive manner to ensure compliance with all applicable guidelines and standards.

NIJ-FBI Sexual Assault Kit Partnership

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the FBI Laboratory have formed a partnership to help address one of the most difficult and complex issues facing our nation's criminal justice system: unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs). The FBI will be a centralized testing laboratory for SAKs, commonly known as rape kits, to be submitted from the nation's law enforcement agencies and public forensic laboratories.

Each month, the DCU will process and test a limited number of previously unsubmitted SAKs while scientists at NIJ collect and analyze data about the kits. The goal of this project is to better understand the issues concerning the handling of SAKs and suggest ways to improve the collection and processing of quality DNA evidence. Additionally, NIJ will gather information from the program to help inform training practices and testing protocols for SAKs and improve the quality and practices for collecting evidence and processing sexual assault kits.

Contact Us
If you have any questions about serological and/or DNA testing, please contact the DCU at (703) 632-8446, or write to the unit at:
FBI Laboratory
DNA Casework Unit
2501 Investigation Parkway
Quantico, VA 22135

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The DNA Casework Unit (DCU) provides forensic DNA examinations to the FBI and other duly constituted law enforcement agencies in support of criminal, missing persons, and intelligence cases through evidence testing using forensic serological, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA methodologies. Unit chief, forensic examiners, biologists, DNA technical specialists, DNA program specialists, management and program analysts, and contract employees.

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Biometrics- is the measurement and statistical analysis of peoples unique physical and behavioral characteristics. 

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Biometrics- is the measurement and statistical analysis of peoples unique physical and behavioral characteristics. 

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Biometrics is the measurement and statistical analysis of people's unique physical and behavioral characteristics. The technology is mainly used for identification and access control, or for identifying individuals who are under surveillance. The basic premise of biometric authentication is that every person can be accurately identified by his or her intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.

The term biometrics is derived from the Greek words bio meaning life and metric meaning to measure.

Types of biometrics

The two main types of biometric identifiers depend on either physiological characteristics or behavioral characteristics.

Physiological identifiers relate to the composition of the user being authenticated and include facial recognition, fingerprints, finger geometry (the size and position of fingers), iris recognition, vein recognition, retina scanning, voice recognition and DNA matching.

Behavioral identifiers include the unique ways in which individuals act, including recognition of typing patterns, walking gait and other gestures. Some of these behavioral identifiers can be used to provide continuous authentication instead of a single one-off authentication check.

How biometrics work

Authentication by biometric verification is becoming increasingly common in corporate and public security systems, consumer electronics, and point-of-sale applications. In addition to security, the driving force behind biometric verification has been convenience, as there are no passwords to remember or security tokens to carry. Some biometric methods, such as measuring a person's gait, can operate with no direct contact with the person being authenticated.

Components of biometric devices include:

A reader or scanning device to record the biometric factor being authenticated

Software to convert the scanned biometric data into a standardized digital format and to compare match points of the observed data with stored data

A database to securely store biometric data for comparison

Biometric data may be held in a centralized database, although modern biometric implementations often depend instead on gathering biometric data locally and then cryptographically hashing it, so that authentication or identification can be accomplished without direct access to the biometric data itself.

Security and privacy issues of biometrics

Biometric identifiers depend on the uniqueness of the factor being considered. For example, fingerprints are generally considered to be highly unique to each person. Fingerprint recognition, especially as implemented in Apple's Touch ID for the iPhone, is the first widely used mass market application of a biometric authentication factor.

Other biometric factors, including retina, iris, vein, voice and facial scans, have not been adopted widely so far, in some part because there is less confidence in the uniqueness of the identifiers or because the factors are easier to spoof.

Stability of the biometric factor can also be important to acceptance of the factor. Fingerprints do not change over a lifetime, while facial appearance can change drastically with age, illness or other factors.

The greatest privacy issue of using biometrics is that physical attributes like fingerprints and retinal blood vessel patterns are generally static and cannot be modified. This is in distinction to nonbiometric factors like passwords (something you know) and tokens (something you have), which can be replaced if they are breached or otherwise compromised, including over 20 million individuals whose fingerprints were compromised in the 2014 U.S. Office of Personnel Management data breach.

The increasing ubiquity of high-quality cameras, microphones and fingerprint readers in many of today's mobile devices means biometrics will continue to become a more common method for authenticating users, particularly as Fast ID Online (FIDO) has specified new standards for authentication with biometrics that support two-factor authentication with biometric factors.

While the quality of biometric readers continues to improve, they can still produce false negatives -- when an authorized user is not recognized or authenticated -- and false positives -- when an unauthorized user is recognized and authenticated.

Biometric vulnerabilities

While high-quality cameras and other sensors help enable the use of biometrics, they can also enable attackers. Because people do not shield their faces, ears, hands, voice or gait, attacks are possible simply by capturing biometric data from people without their consent or knowledge.

An early attack on fingerprint biometric authentication is called the gummy bear hack, and it dates back to 2002 when Japanese researchers, using a gelatin-based confection, showed that an attacker can lift a latent fingerprint from a glossy surface; the capacitance of gelatin is similar to that of a human finger, so fingerprint scanners designed to detect capacitance would be fooled by the gelatin transfer.

Other biometrics factors can also be defeated by determined attackers.

In 2015, Jan Krissler, also known as "Starbug," a Chaos Computer Club biometrics researcher, demonstrated a method for extracting enough data from a high-resolution photograph to defeat iris scanning authentication; in 2017, Krissler reported defeating the iris scanner authentication scheme used by the Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone. Krissler had previously recreated a user's thumbprint from a high-resolution image to demonstrate that Apple's Touch ID fingerprinting authentication scheme was also vulnerable.

After Apple released the iPhone X, it took researchers just two weeks to bypass Apple's Face ID facial recognition using a 3D-printed mask; Face ID can also be defeated by individuals related to the authenticated user, including children or siblings.

Continue Reading About biometrics

Dig Deeper on Biometric technology

Margaret Rouse asks:

Do you think biometrics will be the primary approach for authenticating people to prevent identity theft?

Margaret Rouse asks:

What is the most secure way to use biometrics for identification, authorization and authentication of people?

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What is biometrics? - Definition from WhatIs.com

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Biometrics is the measurement and statistical analysis of people's unique physical and behavioral characteristics. The technology is mainly used for identification and access control, or for identifying individuals who are under surveillance. The basic premise of biometric authentication is that every person can be accurately identified by his or her intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.

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-blends forensic science and computer technology into a tool for linking violent crimes.
-Began in 1990 as a pilot software unit then into a widely known and useful tool for federal, state, and local departments

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The Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS, blends forensic science and computer technology into a tool for linking violent crimes. It enables federal, state, and local forensic laboratories to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically, thereby linking serial violent crimes to each other and to known offenders. Using the National DNA Index System of CODIS, the National Missing Persons DNA Database also helps identify missing and unidentified individuals.

Overview

CODIS generates investigative leads in cases where biological evidence is recovered from the crime scene. Matches made among profiles in the Forensic Index can link crime scenes together, possibly identifying serial offenders. Based upon a match, police from multiple jurisdictions can coordinate their respective investigations and share the leads they developed independently. Matches made between the Forensic and Offender Indexes provide investigators with the identity of suspected perpetrators. Since names and other personally identifiable information are not stored at NDIS, qualified DNA analysts in the laboratories sharing matching profiles contact each other to confirm the candidate match.

History

The FBI Laboratory's CODIS began as a pilot software project in 1990, serving 14 state and local laboratories. The DNA Identification Act of 1994 formalized the FBI's authority to establish a National DNA Index System (NDIS) for law enforcement purposes. Today, over 190 public law enforcement laboratories participate in NDIS across the United States. Internationally, more than 90 law enforcement laboratories in over 50 countries use the CODIS software for their own database initiatives.

Mission

The CODIS Unit manages CODIS and NDIS. It is responsible for developing, providing, and supporting the CODIS program to federal, state, and local crime laboratories in the United States and selected international law enforcement crime laboratories to foster the exchange and comparison of forensic DNA evidence from violent crime investigations. The CODIS Unit also provides administrative management and support to the FBI for various advisory boards, Department of Justice grant programs, and legislation regarding DNA.

The Team

Program managers, forensics system program managers, biologists, auditors, management and program analysts, and paralegal specialists.

The Future

Through the combination of increased federal funding and expanded database laws, such as the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005, the number of profiles in NDIS has and will continue to dramatically increase, resulting in a need to re-architect the CODIS software. A considerable focus during this time will be to enhance kinship analysis software for use in identifying missing persons. This next generation of CODIS will utilize STR and mtDNA information as well as metadata (such as sex, date of last sighting, age, etc.) to help in the identification of missing persons. The re-architecture will also enable CODIS to include additional DNA technologies, such a Y Short Tandem Repeat (Y-STR) and mini-Short Tandem Repeat (miniSTR). The FBI Laboratory is committed to the support of the CODIS program. With the continued cooperation and collaboration of legislative bodies and all components of the criminal justice community-law enforcement, crime laboratories, victims, prosecutors, and the judiciary-the future of DNA, CODIS, and NDIS holds even greater promise to solve crime and identify missing persons.

The responsibilities of the FBI and the National DNA Index System participants are explained in this manual.

Frequently asked questions about the CODIS program and the National DNA Index System.

The National DNA Index System's statistical information broken down by state and other NDIS participants.

Learn more about Rapid DNA analysis, including the FBI's efforts to integrate it into the booking station process.

Quality Assurance

The DNA Identification Act of 1994 required the formation of a panel of distinguished professionals, from the public and private sectors, to address issues relevant to forensic DNA applications. This panel, titled the DNA Advisory Board (DAB), first convened in 1995. An early mission of the DAB was to develop and implement quality assurance standards for use by forensic DNA testing laboratories. The scope was quickly expanded to include forensic DNA databasing laboratories as well. The DAB fulfilled this role, recommending separate documents detailing quality assurance standards for both applications.

The Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories and the Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories were first issued by the Director of the FBI in October 1998 and April 1999, respectively. Both documents have become benchmarks for assessing the quality practices and performances of DNA laboratories throughout the country. When the DAB's statutory term expired, it transferred responsibility for recommending revisions of these quality assurance standards to the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM).

The DNA Identification Act of 1994 also required that the FBI Laboratory ensure all DNA laboratories that are federally operated, receive federal funds, or participate in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) demonstrate compliance with the standards issued by the FBI. Typically, documentation of a laboratory's compliance with a stated standard has been measured through an audit process. Such audits have been performed by forensic scientists, either internal or external to the laboratory, and serve to identify compliance with established standards.

The audit document defines and interprets each standard, with added discussion points clarifying the criteria necessary for compliance. Additionally, the document is structured such that criteria, which overlap between the FBI-issued standards and the corresponding American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB) elements, share a consistent interpretative view.

Active with the September 2011 audit documents and for audits conducted in accordance with the Quality Assurance Standards (QAS) effective September 1, 2011, separate audit documents will be used for forensic and databasing laboratories.

Please direct questions regarding training for the Quality Assurance Standards to QAS@fbi.gov.

QAS Revisions Effective September 1, 2011

Rapid DNA QAS Addenda Effective December 1, 2014

Planned Process and Timeline for Implementation of Additional CODIS Core Loci

Coinciding with the revision of the FBI Director's Quality Assurance Standards and an examination of the procedures for operation of the National DNA Index System (NDIS), the FBI Laboratory impaneled a CODIS Core Loci Working Group in May 2010 to evaluate the necessity for additional loci. Almost 12 years earlier, the FBI's original STR Standardization Project had recommended the 13 CODIS core loci required (and still being used) for DNA data uploaded to NDIS. Despite the different environments in which the original STR Project and the current working group were and are operating, both recognized the importance of balancing the privacy issues attendant to storing genetic information with ensuring the effectiveness of CODIS to assist criminal investigations. Among its first tasks, the current working group recommended criteria for acceptance of any new CODIS loci, including no known association to medical conditions or defects (this refers to whether or not the loci is diagnostic of any known medical condition or disease status). ¹

In a letter to the editor of Forensic Science International Genetics announcing the proposed additional loci under consideration for CODIS, the working group identified the following three factors in support of expanding the current CODIS core loci: 1) facilitates greater discrimination, 2) assists in missing person investigations, and 3) encourages international data sharing efforts by having more loci in common with other countries for comparison purposes. ² The chairperson of the working group updated the DNA community on the selection of the potential additional CODIS core loci at the 22 nd International Symposium on Human Identification, the 15 th- 17 th National CODIS Conferences, the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes' 2011 DNA Working Group meetings, and the 2011 semiannual meetings of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). As the working group addressed the validation and implementation phases of the project, the attached process and timeline for determination of additional CODIS core loci were developed to keep the community apprised of the group's progress and provide an outline for what remained to be accomplished. The working group held discussions with STR kit manufacturers (subject to non-disclosure agreements) on the development of STR kits that incorporate some or all of these proposed loci. Additionally, the working group identified the following statutory and operational requirements for adding new loci:

The Federal DNA Identification Act of 1994 [42 U.S.C. §14132] requires compliance with the quality assurance standards issued by the FBI Director. The Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing and DNA Databasing Laboratories define the minimum requirements for validation.

The Justice for All Act [Pub. Law 108-405 §203(f)] requires that the Department of Justice provide Congress with notice of the proposed use of new core markers 180 days in advance of any such implementation.

Operational Procedures for the National DNA Index System (NDIS) also contain minimum criteria for approval of additional loci or kits that will be acceptable at NDIS, such as concordant studies, mixed samples, non-probative samples, population studies, and precision studies.

Process for Determination of Additional CODIS Core Loci

Selection of Laboratories to Participate in Validation Studies

Based upon recommendations from the CODIS Core Loci Working Group, the FBI will select laboratories representative of the forensic DNA community (i.e., casework, database, missing person, instrument platforms, kits, etc.), to participate in a validation project for the proposed CODIS core loci using criteria derived from the Quality Assurance Standards and NDIS Procedures.

Participating laboratories will be responsible for:

Management approval of participation agreement

Dedicated personnel for the length of the project

Instruments required for the validation

Samples for analysis

The FBI will be responsible for:

Costs of the STR kits used by participating laboratories

Definition and coordination of validation experiments, data evaluation, and assessment

Validation of Proposed Additional CODIS Core Loci

Congress will be notified of the proposed additional CODIS core loci.

Participating laboratories will conduct validation experiments/studies in accordance with the Quality Assurance Standards.

Successful validation efforts will be dependent on as-yet-undetermined factors, such as:

Ability of kit manufacturers to make robust versions of kits available for purchase

Ability to include additional loci within existing 5-dye chemistry

Ability to configure existing instruments to run 6-dye chemistry

Separate validation tracks for casework and known database samples

Availability of federal funding

Compilation, review, and evaluation of validation results.

Feedback to kit manufacturers and incorporation of any resulting changes to kits in the validation plan.

Publication or posting of the validation results.

Ongoing progress reports to DNA community and other stakeholders.

Selection of CODIS Core Loci

Input will be obtained from, and progress reports provided to, the DNA community and other stakeholders.

Assessment and selection of new CODIS core loci will be performed.

Implementation of New CODIS Core Loci into NDIS Operations

The DNA community will be involved in review and development of the following:

Ongoing progress reports

Sufficient lead time necessary for implementation

Searching Strategies

Match Strategies

Confirmation Strategies

Congress will be notified of the new CODIS core loci required for upload and searching at NDIS.

Updated Timeline for Determination of Additional CODIS Core Loci

Twenty CODIS Core Loci

In early 2015, the FBI announced that the validation project for additional CODIS Core Loci had been completed and that an additional seven loci would be added to the CODIS Core effective January 1, 2017. ³ The additional seven loci-D1S1656, D2S441, D2S1338, D10S1248, D12S391, D19S433 and D22S1045-along with the original 13 loci, will comprise the new CODIS Core Loci. Below is a listing of the 20 CODIS Core Loci.

CSF1PO

D3S1358

D5S818

D7S820

D8S1179

D13S317

D16S539

D18S51

D21S11

FGA

TH01

TPOX

vWA

D1S1656 (effective January 1, 2017)

D2S441 (effective January 1, 2017)

D2S1338 (effective January 1, 2017)

D10S1248 (effective January 1, 2017)

D12S391 (effective January 1, 2017)

D19S433 (effective January 1, 2017)

D22S1045 (effective January 1, 2017)

Endnotes

¹ For the complete list of criteria, please refer to Expanding the CODIS Core Loci in the United States, D.R. Hares, Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 6 (2012), e52-e54.

² This formal notification of the additional loci proposed by the working group for consideration as CODIS core loci was announced in the April 2011 on-line edition of Forensic Science International (FSI) Genetics and published in the January 2012 edition of FSI Genetics (D.R. Hares, Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 6 (2012), e52-e54). An addendum (in press) is available online (D.R. Hares, Addendum to expanding the CODIS core loci in the United States, Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. (2012), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.01.003).

³ Selection and implementation of expanded CODIS core loci in the United States, D.R. Hares, Forensic Sci. Int. Genetics 17:33-34 (2015).

The FBI Laboratory's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) blends forensic science and computer technology into an effective tool for solving crime.

The FBI Laboratory announced an expansion of the original 13 short tandem repeat (STR) loci that have been the core of NDIS since 1997. Seven additional STR loci have been selected and will be required for upload and searching of DNA profiles at NDIS effective January 1, 2017.

In response to new, commercially available amplification kits that expand the number of loci in a multiplex reaction, the FBI Laboratory has retyped certain population samples to establish allele distributions for the additional loci and is providing the amended allele frequency tables for use by anyone interested in performing comparisons with previously published data.

DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005, Expungement Policy
Expungement of DNA Records in Accordance with 42 U.S.C. 14132(d)(1)(A)
These procedures are intended for expungement of DNA records resulting from a conviction for a qualifying federal or District of Columbia offense, as defined in 42 U.S.C. 14132(d)(1)(B) or resulting from an arrest under the authority of the United States. An expungement is the complete removal of a DNA profile from the National DNA Index System and the destruction of the associated DNA sample(s) (e.g., liquid blood sample, FTA card, non-FTA card, buccal collection device, extracted DNA, amplified DNA).

These procedures do not apply to the expungement from the National DNA Index System of DNA records resulting from state or Department of Defense convictions or arrests. Individuals who wish for information on how to expunge a state arrest or conviction should contact the appropriate state or the Department of Defense.

1. In order to request expungement of DNA records under 42 U.S.C. 14132(d)(1)(A), you or your legal representative must submit a written request to the following address:

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Laboratory Division
2501 Investigation Parkway
Quantico, VA 22135
Attention: Federal DNA Database Unit

2. If your request is for expungement of DNA records resulting from a conviction for a qualifying federal or District of Columbia offense, you must include, for each conviction, a certified copy of a final court order establishing that the conviction has been overturned.

3. If your request is for expungement of DNA records resulting from an arrest under the authority of the United States, you must include, for each charge for which your DNA record was or could have been included in the national DNA index, a certified copy of a final court order establishing that such charge has been dismissed, has resulted in an acquittal, or that no charge was filed within the applicable time period.

4. The copy of the court order must contain a certification that it is a true and accurate copy of the original court order and be signed and dated by an appropriate court official, such as a court clerk. The copy of the court order itself must be signed by a judge, be dated, and include sufficient identifying information (at a minimum the person's full name, social security number, and/or date of birth) to determine the identity of the person and the conviction offense that has been overturned, the charge that has been dismissed, the charge that resulted in an acquittal, or the arrest for which no charges were filed within the applicable time period.

If the written request does not include a copy of the final court order, the request will not be processed.

Familial searching is an additional search of a law enforcement DNA database conducted after a routine search has been completed and no profile matches are identified during the process. Unlike a routine database search, which may spontaneously yield partial match profiles, familial searching is a deliberate search of a DNA database conducted for the intended purpose of potentially identifying close biological relatives to the unknown forensic profile obtained from crime scene evidence. Familial searching is based on the concept that first-order relatives, such as siblings or parent/child relationships, will have more genetic data in common than unrelated individuals. Practically speaking, familial searching would only be performed if the comparison of the forensic DNA profile with the known offender/arrestee DNA profiles has not identified any matches to any of the offenders/arrestees.

Familial searching is often confused with what occurs when a partial match results from the routine search of the DNA database. A partial match is the spontaneous product of a regular database search where a candidate offender profile is identified as not being identical to the forensic profile but, because of a similarity in the number of alleles shared between the two profiles, the offender may be a close biological relative of the source of the forensic profile.

While familial searching is now being performed in several jurisdictions in the United States, the United Kingdom has the most experience conducting familial searching of their National DNA Database. Since 2003, the UK has conducted approximately 200 familial searches resulting in investigative information used to help solve approximately 40 serious crimes (as of May 2011). The UK has developed detailed protocols for familial searches that include an approval process, considerations for prioritization, research of family history, and training of law enforcement officers. One of the key components responsible for the effectiveness of the UK's system is that the search is not based upon genetics alone. Age and, more importantly, geographic location are combined with the genetic data to produce a ranked list of potential relatives of the unknown forensic profile.

In considering whether familial searching should be implemented in your jurisdiction, it is important to recognize that a relative must already be in the database in order for the search to identify them as a potential relative of the forensic profile. It should be noted that even if a relative is in the database, it is possible that the relative may not be included in the ranked list produced by the familial search. For example, California's validation of their familial searching protocol showed that approximately 93% of fathers and 61% of full siblings were identified by their familial search procedure using the CODIS 13 core loci in searching a database of approximately one million DNA profiles (96% of fathers and 72% of full siblings were identified using 15 loci). However, regardless of whether or not a relative is in the database, a familial search will always generate a ranked list of potential candidates for evaluation.

Familial searching is not currently conducted at the national level or performed by the National DNA Index System [see Federal Register Vol. 73, No. 238 (December 10, 2008, at page 74937)]. To evaluate the feasibility of familial searching at the national level, the FBI's CODIS Unit sought input from the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) on specific questions relating to the efficiency of kinship matching compared to counting shared alleles, false positives and optimal database size, and optimal number of ranked candidates for the 10 million DNA profile database. SWGDAM provided the CODIS Unit with the following recommendations: (1) the use of kinship LRs is the preferred method for familial searching; (2) ranked lists should be reviewed since the true relative is not always ranked as the #1 candidate, and additional filters should be used to reduce the number of false positives; and, (3) since it is difficult to establish a threshold ranking for review of a ranked list when searching a database of over 10 million records when additional filters of metadata, geography, and Y-STR testing may not be available, routine familial searching at the national level is not recommended at this time.

While familial searching is not performed at the national level, the following states currently perform familial searching at the state level: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Familial searching can help solve certain cases when applied properly. States considering familial searching may wish to review the discussion topics below as a starting point. Additionally, the "Recommendations from the SWGDAM Ad Hoc Working Group on Familial Searching" provide more information on this topic, including an appendix on their familial searching studies.

Discussion Topics for States Considering Familial Searching

Authority:
Consider the applicable state laws and regulations governing the DNA databasing program to determine the best legal approach. Because many state laws are silent on the issue of familial searching, it is important to have a full legal review to evaluate whether familial searching is authorized in your jurisdiction. Those states which have adopted or rejected familial searching have done so under a variety of authorities:
Several states perform familial searching with the approval of state officials-for example, California implemented its familial search program with the approval of the state attorney general. Other jurisdictions have implemented familial searching based upon an administrative determination or laboratory policy. Two jurisdictions, Maryland and the District of Columbia, currently prohibit, by law, the use of familial searching.

Resources:

Staff

Implementation of a successful familial search program takes time and requires significant resources and staff. Personnel with an expertise in kinship comparisons are necessary.

Consider forming a task force to review requests for familial searches as well as to evaluate the familial search results. Such a task force should include laboratory personnel as well as law enforcement personnel and/or prosecutors, who are authorized to access criminal history records for researching background information on potential candidates.

Because the results generated by familial searching are not the same as CODIS matches, it is important to train law enforcement personnel on the appropriate follow-up, including additional investigative work.

Software

The current version of CODIS software does not have the capability to efficiently search and return information for familial searching. The states that conduct familial DNA searches use specially-designed software (not CODIS) to conduct these searches.

As with implementation of any new software, validation is required before use of such software in laboratory operations. Any validation must be conducted in accordance with Standard 8 of the FBI's Quality Assurance Standards.

Develop standard operating protocols (SOPs) for familial searching prior to implementation of a familial search program.

Policies and procedures should be developed and approved prior to implementation and address, at a minimum, the following:

Privacy considerations

Release of information

Criteria for familial search requests:

Types of crimes eligible for searching

Types of forensic DNA records eligible for searching

If all other investigative leads must first be exhausted

Approval by task force, board, laboratory management, etc.

Processes for familial search:

Type of DNA records to be searched (e.g., offenders only, offenders and arrestees

Frequency of searches

Use of additional filters for search results (e.g., YSTR testing, metadata)

Reporting of search results

Missing Person Comparison Request

The FBI administers the National Missing Person DNA Database (NMPDD) as part of the National DNA Index System (NDIS). The NMPDD compares DNA records stored in the Missing Person, Relatives of Missing Person, and Unidentified Human Remains Indexes of NDIS.

Sufficient DNA data from both the human remains and the relatives of the missing person are needed to produce a statistically significant database association involving DNA profiles in a missing persons case. In order to maximize the potential for such associations, as much genetic information as possible should be requested and obtained in a missing person investigation. This may be accomplished by:

Collecting DNA samples from multiple relatives. Any relative of the missing person offering to provide a DNA sample should have a sample collected. The laboratory will assist in determining which samples should be analyzed and databased;

Requesting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis on at least one maternal relative for all missing person cases, regardless of gender;

Requesting YSTR analysis on at least one paternal relative if the missing person is a male; and

Requesting mtDNA analysis on all unidentified human remains and YSTR analysis on male remains.

However, despite these efforts, when limited genetic information is available, associations may not be possible through database searches. Circumstances that may prevent a database association from occurring include:

The DNA data has not been uploaded to NMPDD/NDIS;

Insufficient STR results were obtained from the human remains;

The resulting DNA data contains a mtDNA or YSTR haplotype that is relatively common in the relevant population; or

There is diminished allele sharing between relatives and remains when first-degree relatives (e.g., parents, offspring, or siblings) are not available to provide a sample.

If a law enforcement agency investigating a case believes that a particular set of remains may be those of a specific missing person, a request for a manual comparison may be warranted. A manual comparison is a direct comparison of the DNA data obtained from specific missing person-related records outside of the routine NMPDD searches. Known reference DNA records, such as offender and arrestee DNA records, are generally not subject to retrieval from CODIS for manual comparison purposes. Missing person reference DNA records, however, may be retrieved from DNA databases (CODIS) for manual comparison because these reference samples were obtained through a voluntary consent process and were contributed solely for the purpose of identifying a missing or unidentified person.

All requests for manual comparison shall be made by the investigating agency directly to the NDIS participating laboratory responsible for the missing person-related DNA records. Non-law enforcement agencies or organizations seeking manual comparisons should direct their requests to the appropriate investigating agency or medico-legal authority to ensure their involvement in this process. NDIS participating laboratories shall not consider a request for a manual comparison of missing person-related records submitted by a non-law enforcement agency or organization. When a laboratory receives a request for a manual comparison, all available information will be reviewed by the laboratory personnel. This includes not only the DNA data, but other case-specific information (metadata), such as the missing person's date of disappearance, the date the remains were found, the estimated age of the remains, the age of the missing person, and any other identifying features.

Using this information, the NDIS participating laboratory will determine whether a routine search of NMPDD would be expected to produce an association. Based upon this review, the laboratory may, in its discretion, deny the request for a manual comparison. If the genetic information from the human remains and/or relatives is limited, the laboratory may perform the comparison in accordance with its policies and protocols. When a manual comparison cannot exclude the possibility of a positive association, the laboratory will provide a report to the investigating agency that includes the appropriate kinship statistics.

If the DNA data for the human remains and reference samples are maintained by multiple NDIS participating laboratories, the laboratories will collaborate to exchange both DNA data and metadata. Once the comparison has been completed, the participating laboratories will ensure that all involved law enforcement agencies, medico-legal authorities, and laboratories are informed of the results.

Note: Please keep in mind that NDIS participating laboratories do not have the legal authority to declare or confirm the identity of human remains. That determination shall be made by the appropriate medico-legal authority (e.g., medical examiner or coroner).

Guidelines for Requesting a Missing Person Manual Comparison

1. All requests for missing person manual comparisons shall be submitted to the NDIS participating laboratory by the law enforcement agency or medico-legal authority responsible for the case.

2. Non-law enforcement agencies or organizations wishing additional information or a manual comparison shall submit the request to the law enforcement agency or medico-legal authority responsible for the case. That agency/authority will forward the request to the appropriate NDIS participating laboratory. NDIS participating laboratories shall not consider requests received directly from non-law enforcement agencies or organizations.

3. If the DNA data related to the case is maintained by multiple NDIS participating laboratories, the requesting agency shall make reasonable efforts to determine the laboratories involved and provide that information with the request for a manual comparison.

4. The NDIS participating laboratory/laboratories maintaining the relevant DNA profiles shall evaluate the data to determine, in its/their discretion, if a manual comparison is warranted. This evaluation shall include:

A comparison of metadata related to the individual reported missing and the human remains recovered; and

A review of the available DNA data for completeness, number of available references, and their relationship to the missing person.

5. In the event of a positive association, all law enforcement agencies and medico-legal authorities involved in the case shall be notified by an NDIS participating laboratory. These participating laboratories shall not provide laboratory reports or notifications to non-law enforcement agencies or organizations.

Questions regarding the Missing Persons program within the NDIS should be directed to the FBI Laboratory's CODIS Unit at 703-632-8315. Questions regarding a specific case or comparison should be directed to the NDIS participating laboratory that maintains the DNA data.

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The Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS, blends forensic science and computer technology into a tool for linking violent crimes. It enables federal, state, and local forensic laboratories to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically, thereby linking serial violent crimes to each other and to known offenders.